浅谈刺桐姬小蜂危害及防治方法

刺桐姬小蜂严重危害刺桐属植物,该虫生活周期短,1个世代大约1个月左右,1年可发生多个世代,世代重叠严重。造成叶片、嫩枝等处出现畸形、肿大、坏死、虫瘿,严重时引起植物大量落叶、植株死亡,可以采用严格检验检疫、人工剪除、化学防治、农业防治等防治措施。     

外来有害生物--刺桐姬小蜂

刺桐姬小蜂属外来有害生物,在我国大陆首次发现,已被列为我国植物检疫性有害生物.该虫生活周期短,生殖力很强,每个月可完成1代,并且世代重叠严重,已对深圳、珠海、东莞、中山等珠三角地区及福建厦门和海南三亚等地的刺桐属植物造成严重的危害.     

刺桐姬小蜂对几种刺桐的为害程度分析

将刺桐枝条的受害程度划分为6个等级,调查刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae对刺桐、刺桐东方变种、黄脉刺桐、龙牙花和鸡冠刺桐的危害程度.Ridit分析结果表明,刺桐东方变种受害最严重,其次为金脉刺桐,刺桐不受害.这一研究结果可为合理引种刺桐控制刺桐姬小蜂的扩散和为害提供参考.     

刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿密度与刺桐受害肿大程度关系

采用采样测定的方法,研究了金脉刺桐Erythrina variegata vat.orientalis(L.)Merr.上刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim虫瘿密度与受害部位肿大程度的关系.结果表明:刺桐姬小蜂危害后刺桐受害部位明显肿大,叶柄、枝条断面面积可增大到5～9倍;刺桐不同受害部位的肿大程度与虫瘿密度之间存在明确关系,建立了描述叶片上虫瘿总体积或枝条、叶柄肿大面积与虫瘿密度之间关系的幂方程;随着虫瘿密度增大,单个虫瘿对器官肿大程度的贡献越来越小,两者间关系也可用幂方程描述.     

刺桐姬小蜂在海南的发生与防治

文章在介绍外来入侵种——刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim）生物生态学的基础上,调查分析了刺桐姬小蜂在海南岛的发生和危害以及影响等情况,其中对刺桐姬小蜂在海南岛的扩散趋势及防治措施作了重点的介绍。     

刺桐姬小蜂的危害、传播及防治方法

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim是一种可将刺桐属植物危害致死的有害生物。我国大陆于2005年7月25日在广东省深圳市首次发现该虫,现已扩散至广东、广西和福建等地。刺桐姬小蜂繁殖能力强,成虫羽化不久即能交配。文章综述了刺桐姬小蜂的危害、分布特点及防治方法,为有效控制刺桐姬小蜂在我国的传播和危害提供参考和指导。     

刺桐姬小蜂药剂防治试验研究初报

用16％虫线清乳油,3％啶虫脒粉剂,雅丹（35％硫丹EC）油剂,20％阿维、三唑磷乳油和25％吡虫啉粉剂等5种药剂对刺桐姬小蜂进行药剂防治试验,试验结果表明,试验药剂对刺桐姬小蜂幼虫和蛹均不起作用,而对成虫有较强杀伤力。几种药剂以16％虫线清乳油、雅丹和20％阿维、三唑磷乳油防治效果比较理想,死亡率较高,最高的死亡率为100％,而各浓度之间的防治效果差异不显著。     

刺桐姬小蜂在东莞市城区绿地的发生情况及其防治技术初探

文章通过对东莞城区各主干道、广场、大型绿地上的刺桐属植物进行调查,摸清了东莞城区刺桐属植物上刺桐姬小蜂的发生和为害情况,同时,通过田间的试验研究和比较,初步评价了刺桐姬小蜂的各种田间防治方法,提出了城市园林绿地中刺桐姬小蜂的无公害防治对策。     

刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿发育及其结构

[目的]在研究刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿的形态学和解剖学特性的基础上,对刺桐成瘿过程中初始形成期、成长分化早期与晚期、成熟期和开裂期5个阶段虫瘿的发育及其结构变化进行相关研究,揭示刺桐姬小蜂诱导虫瘿的产生和发育过程.[方法]分别采集剌桐叶片上5个发育阶段的虫瘿及健康叶片、叶柄(各20个),用于形态学和组织学研究.测量虫瘿的直径、高(上下顶点之间的长度)和质量大小及虫体大小,并用Moticam 2506体式解剖镜和Motic Images advanced 3.2显微系统下拍照观察测量不同阶段虫瘿结构特征.同时利用常规的石蜡切片技术,分析不同发育阶段虫瘿和正常组织(叶片、叶柄)的结构特征.[结果]刺桐姬小蜂雌成虫选择将卵产于新生的幼叶上,幼叶叶片厚度、上表皮层及海绵组织部分均比健壮叶的要厚,且差异都达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);幼叶的上表皮层和栅栏组织中的细胞排列密度也显著小于健壮叶(P＜0.01).随幼虫的发育,刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿的大小和质量先迅速增加,后增加速度减缓,最后随成虫羽化离开而减小;刺桐姬小蜂的寄生使得原有的植物组织发生改变,形成了由内到外可分为:瘿室、薄壁层、保护层、表皮层的虫瘿组织.虫瘿组织的每层结构都先迅速加厚,之后缓慢降低;其中薄壁层作为营养物质的供给,在第Ⅲ阶段显著加厚(P＜0.05);保护层和表皮层是虫瘿的外层结构,第Ⅱ阶段各层厚度均达到差异极显著水平(P＜0.01),对生活在虫瘿内的虫体起保护作用.[结论]刺桐姬小蜂的产卵入侵使得原有的植物组织发生改变,且虫瘿的形成往往与寄主植物组织的成熟度有关;幼嫩的组织更易被诱导形成虫瘿;通过对5个发育阶段虫瘿结构的观察研究,可验证虫瘿内部结构的差异主要由营养物质的供给决定,而外部结构的差异由防御性决定;能更好地解释虫瘿存在的价值,为进一步研究刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿形成机制提供理论依据.     

剌桐姬小蜂在海南的发生与防洽

文章在介绍外来入侵种--刺桐姬小蜂(Quadrastichtts erthrinae Kim)生物生态学的基础上,调查分析了刺桐姬小蜂在海南岛的发生和危害以及影响等情况,其中对刺桐姬小蜂在海南岛的扩散趋势及防治措施作了重点的介绍.     

Screening of 19 genotypes of Eucalyptus spp. Against gall wasp (Leptocybe invasa) in North-western India

The present study was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University,Ludhiana,India.Nineteen clones of Eucalyptus spp.were evaluated for tolerance to gall wasp.The total number of galls per plant were recorded at 1 month after planting(MAP) and the number of galls per branch were recorded at 4 and 7 MAP.Gall wasp incidence(number of galls) was recorded on a whole plant basis during the seedling stage and the number of galls were recorded from the upper,middle and lower crown places at 4 and 7 MAP.Categorization was done on the basis of relative gall-wasp damage by keeping in view the total number of galls per plant and branch(leaves and petiole).No clone was found free from gall damage.Clones C-526,P-23 and P-103 were the least attacked by the gall wasp.Incidence as indicated by number of galls caused by Leptocybe invasa on eucalypts was higher in March than in December.     

3种药剂对枸杞红瘿蚊土壤封闭药效试验

本试验于2001年6月，在室内就40％毒死蜱、30％乙酰甲胺磷、40％辛硫鳞3种药剂毒力及其对枸杞红瘿蚊防治效果进行试验检测，表明这3种药剂对枸杞红瘿蚊有显著的防治效果，可以在生产中应用。     

Roles of gall morphology in determining potential fecundity and avoidance of parasitoid attack in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphelonyx glanduliferae</Emphasis>

This study addresses the relationship between gall morphology and some fitness components in the agamic generation of Aphelonyx glanduliferae. Larger A. glanduliferae adults that showed higher potential fecundity developed in larger galls. No fewer than 60% of A. glanduliferae individuals were attacked by parasitoids, and cynipids in smaller galls suffered more parasitoid attacks. Thus, large galls are likely to provide considerable food resources and avoidance of parasitoid attack for A. glanduliferae. Both thickness of gall walls (barrier to the parasitoid attack) and diameter of larval chamber (open space for the cynipid larva to move away) were positively correlated with gall size. Mean gall-wall thickness was significantly larger in galls harboring a living cynipid than in those harboring a living parasitoid, but the difference in the mean larval-chamber diameter was not significant. These results suggest that gall-wall thickness plays an important role in avoiding parasitoid attacks. However, the mean ovipositor length of the abundant parasitoid species exceeded the maximum gall-wall thickness, indicating that these parasitoids are potentially able to attack large galls. The higher rate of parasitoid attack in smaller galls suggests that (1) an individual of A. glanduliferae, even if it grows in a small gall, is large enough to be a host for parasitoids, and (2) parasitoids can oviposit more easily on smaller galls of A. glanduliferae, which have thinner walls.     

Relationships among abundance of galls,survivorship, and mortality factors in a cynipid wasp, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Andricus moriokae</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

We describe the relationships among patterns of abundance of galls, survivorship, and mortality factors in the sexual generation of a cynipid wasp, Andricus moriokae, and detail the impacts of abundant parasitoid species on the survivorship of the cynipid in relation to the abundance patterns of galls. The mean number of galls per shoot, the frequency distribution of number of galls on a single shoot, and the mean number of galls per shoot in respective shoot size classes (the number of leaves per shoot) did not differ significantly between two sample trees. The relative impacts of the three mortality factors differed between trees, having different consequences for the survivorship of the cynipid. The rate of parasitoid attack, the main cause of mortality, was higher in the tree on which the cynipids survived better. On the other hand, the mortalities caused by gall predation and gall abortion were higher in the tree with the lower survival rate of the cynipid. Galls appeared more frequently on larger shoots on both trees. However, the survival rate and the mortality rates caused by three mortality factors did not differ among shoot size classes within each tree. The species composition of the parasitoid assemblage changed with shoot size, but the patterns of change differed between trees with similar abundance patterns of galls. Thus, the survivorship and mortality factors of the cynipid were probably not related to the abundance patterns of galls.     

海南琼海沿海农村自然植被的物种组成及植被类型分析

选择海南省琼海市东线高速公路以东的沿海农村周边自然植被作为调查对象,采用路线调查和样方调查相结合的野外植被调查方法,研究该地区自然植被的物种组成及其植被类型的情况,结果显示:该地区自然植被物种比较丰富,共记录维管植物有426种,隶属108科,311属,其中双子叶植物占绝对优势。另外,对该地区的不同生境下的自然植被聚类结果显示,总体植被类型可分为3个植被型,10个群丛。     

几种松树受松突圆蚧危害程度的调查研究

通过对几种松树受松突圆蚧危害程度和松树枯死木的调查研究,5 a中黑松、马尾松、湿地松的中重度危害程度所占的平均比例依次为76.9%、57.8%和13.3%;3 a中黑松、马尾松、湿地松受害松树枯死率平均比例依次为9.8%、1.3%和0.069%,其结果表明,受害程度为黑松重于马尾松,马尾松重于湿地松,并建议在松突圆蚧疫区营造松类,应尽量选择湿地松树种。     

2008年平顶山市常绿园林植物冻害调查及分析

2008年春调查了平顶山常绿木本植物冻害情况,结果发现,外地引进种受冻害影响较为普遍,有13种在不同程度上受害,冻害影响存在区域差异,郊区冻害比城区严重;之后分析了冻害原因,并对其引种提出建议。     

2008年平顶山市常绿木本植物冻害调查及分析

2008年春调查了平顶山市常绿木本植物冻害情况,结果发现,外地引进种受冻害影响较为普遍,有13种在不同程度上受害,冻害影响存在区域差异,郊区冻害比城区严重;之后分析了冻害原因,并对其引种提出建议。       

Suppression of debris movement by forests and damage to forests by debris deposition

 Forest buffer zones have recently been introduced in an attempt to suppress debris movement caused by mass wasting. There are, however, many questions left unsolved regarding the role of forests in suppressing debris movement and damage to forests by debris deposition. A number of debris avalanches occurred in southern Fukushima Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture in August 1998 and June 1999, respectively. Suppression of debris movement by forests and damage to forests by debris deposition were investigated in this study using aerial photographic interpretation and topographic analysis. Of the debris avalanches delineated in the Fukushima and Hiroshima areas, 282 and 84 sites, respectively, were forested, and 43 and seven sites, respectively, were nonforested. Topographic parameters, land use, and forest type at each site were surveyed by aerial photographic interpretation and topographic analysis. Suppression of debris movement by forest vegetation was confirmed by higher equivalent coefficients of friction and shorter average deposition zone length (about 28% and 55% shorter in the Fukushima and Hiroshima areas, respectively) in forested sites compared with nonforested sites. While previous studies suggested that the width of the forest zone required to prevent sediment outflow by surface erosion increases with increasing slope gradient, no clear relationship was found in this study. While the length of deposition zone of debris material (this study) is strongly affected by the dynamic solid friction coefficient and fluid friction of debris material, the length of deposition zone of the outflow of surface wash (past studies) is mainly affected by the tractive force of water flow. Among the 65 trees that remained at the terminus of deposition zones at five sites, 36 were alive and 29 were dead. Damage to the forest increases with increasing thickness of deposits and decreases with increasing tree diameter. Such results are useful for designing forest buffer zones. Received: June 18, 2001 / Accepted: August 21, 2002 Correspondence to:Y. Ishikawa