杉木、马尾松裸根苗水分关系研究

Water relation parameters of bare-root seedlings of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.)and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)were measured and changes of root growth potential as well as field survival rate of both species were studied after the bare-root seedlings were exposed in a sunny field condition.the results showed that masson pine had a lower osmotic potential(-2.07Mpa) at turgor loss point and at full turgor(-1.29Mpa),compared with Chinese fir(-1.80Mpa and -1.08Mpa respectively).The parameter Vp/Vo(63.27%) of Masson pine was higher than that of chinese fir (58.03%).This means that Masson pine has a stronger ability to tolerate desiccation,compared to Chinese fir according to analysis of above water relation parameters.Root growth potential and field survival rate decreased with prolonging duration of exposure.The field survival rate of both species was reduced to less than 40% after the seedling being exposed only two hours.Water potentials of -1.60 Mpa and -1.70 Mpa were suggested to be critical values for Chinese fir and Masson pine respectively in successful reforestation.     

Organic acid exudation from the roots of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana seedlings under low phosphorus stress

Organic acid exudation from the roots of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) seedlings under low phosphorus stress was studied using the solution culture method. The results revealed that organic acid exudation from the roots of Chinese fir and Masson pine seedlings under low phosphorus stress increased. Compared with P₃ (KH₂PO₄, 0.5 mmol/L), the average organic acid exudation from the root of Masson pine seedlings under P₀ (KH₂PO₄, 0 mmol/L), P₁ (KH₂PO₄, 0.03 mmol/L) and P₂ (KH₂PO₄, 0.09 mmol/L) increased by 328.6%, 267.9% and 126.4% respectively. Masson pine from Zhejiang Province in China had the highest organic acid exudation. Under low phosphorus stress, the increase in organic acid exudation from the different provinces of Chinese fir and Masson pine varied. Masson pine from Zhejiang Province mainly increased oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and malic acid exudation, that from Guangxi Province mainly increased oxalic acid and tartaric acid exudation, and that from Guizhou Province, China mainly increased oxalic acid, tartaric acid and malic acid exudation. Chinese fir mainly increased oxalic acid and tartaric acid exudation. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2007, 31(2): 9–12 [译自: 南京林业大学学报]     

五个主要树种的生物量转换系数分析

利用东北落叶松,南方杉木、马尾松、栎类和西北山杨5个树种(组)的实测数据,对3种平均生物量转换系数计算方法进行了比较分析,并利用假设检验方法,对落叶松和马尾松、2个区域杉木的生物量转换系数进行了差异显著性检验。结果表明:利用算术平均法计算平均生物量转换系数是合适的,阔叶树的生物量转换系数大于针叶树;落叶松和马尾松的生物量转换系数无显著差异,而2个区域杉木的生物量转换系数差异显著。     

Application of oxygen-sensing technology to measure seed quality of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ginkgo biloba</Emphasis>

Germination tests are currently the most widely used method to evaluate seed quality of Ginkgo biloba L., but they are time-consuming and labor intensive. Oxygen-sensing technology, based on the principle of fluorescence quenching to detect oxygen and assess seed quality was used to rapidly evaluate seed quality of two varieties (Shandong Tancheng 202 and Zhejiang Dafoshou) of G. biloba from five mother plants. Fifteen samples of three vigor levels were produced by accelerated aging treatments. This process was applied in duplicate. A portable oxygen-sensing detector was employed to measure oxygen content during seed germination in a closed system at 25 °C each day until day 14. Four oxygen metabolism indices were calculated: oxygen consumption index, oxygen consumption rate, critical oxygen concentration, and theoretical germination time (T _GT). Additionally, we tested laboratory germination and field emergence. The results of a one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis showed that T _GT was the candidate index to evaluate seed quality of G. biloba. Therefore, the T _GT value was used to validate the reliability of oxygen-sensing evaluation for Zhejiang Dafoshou seeds kept under four storage conditions. The trend in the change in oxygen metabolism agreed completely agreement with that of seed germination under all storage conditions. The oxygen-sensing test reliably and rapidly assessed seed quality of G. biloba. The germination rate of Zhejiang Dafoshou was accurately predicted by T _GT.     

基于国家森林资源清查数据的不同生物量和碳储量估计方法的对比分析

[目的]通过对不同生物量和碳储量的估计方法进行对比分析,为确定在国家森林资源清查中生物量和碳储量的具体估计方法提供依据。[方法]以广东省2012年森林资源清查的100个杉木林和80个马尾松林的实测样地资料为基础,利用近年来我国建立的主要树种立木生物量模型,对改进IPCC法、生物量模型法和转换因子连续函数法(即方精云法)3种方法按一元和二元模型共6种方案进行了对比;同时,基于改进IPCC法一元和二元模型的生物量估计值,用平均含碳系数法、组分含碳系数法和固定含碳系数(0.5或0.47)法分别对碳储量进行估计。[结果]用二元生物量模型法得到的杉木林和马尾松林样地的总生物量分别为320 Mg和331 Mg,一元生物量模型法的结果分别相差0.9%和6.2%;改进IPCC法的估计结果,采用二元和一元模型时杉木林分别相差-3.6%和-11.9%,马尾松林分别相差-8.5%和-19.6%;而方精云法的估计结果,采用二元和一元模型时杉木林分别相差6.65倍和6.60倍,马尾松林分别相差-14.3%和-18.0%。平均含碳系数法和组分含碳系数法的碳储量估计结果,杉木林仅相差0.2%,马尾松林相差约0.4%;固定含碳系数法的估计结果因树种而异,对杉木林要低估0.6%5.4%,对马尾松林要低估3.3%9.1%。[结论]对生物量的估计,采用生物量模型法准确性最高,而林木水平的生物量模型其预估精度要高于林分水平的模型;IPCC法是基于材积源的通用方法,将其中的缺省参数改进为可变参数模型,可大大提高方法的适应性;方精云法只是基于IPCC法所建立的林分水平模型在大尺度上的一种具体应用方法,其精度要低于林木水平的生物量模型法,不适于中小尺度应用。对碳储量的估计,采用平均含碳系数法与组分含碳系数法差异很小,但采用固定含碳系数法则误差较大。     

Studies on Electrolyte Conductivity and Activity of Dehydrogenase of Chinese Fir and Masson Pine Bare—Root Seedling under Water and Cold Stress

The electrolyte conductivity and activity of dehydrogenase of bare-root seedlings of both Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.)Hook.)and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) under freezing and desiccation treatments were studied.The results showed that needle electrolyte conductivity of both speices increase significantly after freezing treatment and there are no significant differences in needle electrolyte conductivity between the two species.The dehydrogenase activity(ARD) of fine roots of both Chinese fir and Masson pine was negatively correlated with increasing freezing and desiccation.The results suggest that both electrolyte conductivity and dehydrogenase activity could be used as quick indicators of Chinese fir and Masson pine bare-root seedling quality.     

北亚热带不同森林群落类型的生物多样性研究

北亚热带地区的人工针叶纯林可以通过抚育间伐或者封山育林等措施大大加快其向着该地区的顶级群落方向演替。该地区几种典型群落的乔木层生物多样性指数大小依次为：针阔混交林〉〉常绿阔叶纯林〉马尾松纯林（郁0.5）〉马尾松纯林（CK组）〉杉木纯林（修枝）〉杉木纯林（间伐10%）;灌木层生物多样性指数大小排序为：马尾松纯林（CK组）〉杉木纯林（间伐10%）〉杉木纯林（修枝）〉常绿阔叶纯林〉马尾松纯林（郁0.5）〉针阔混交林。     

水分和热胁迫处理对三个针叶树种苗木叶绿素荧光的影响

本文测定了三个周期水分和热胁迫处理对杉木、马尾松和北美乔柏苗木叶绿素荧光的影响。结果表明：三个树种的可变荧光与最大荧光之比值(Fv／Fm)对水分胁迫的反应不同。水分胁迫处理后北美乔柏的(Fv／Fm)值大大降低，而杉木的(Fv／Fm)值只有轻微下降，马尾松的(Fv／Fm)值则没有显著变化。实验结果还表明：热胁迫处理对三个树种的(Fv，Fm)值都有显著影响。就三个水分和热胁迫周期而言，研究发现：在每个水分和热胁迫周期结束时测定的杉木和马尾松(Fv／Fm)值没有显著差异。但随着胁迫时间的延长，北美乔柏的(Fv／Fm)值显著下降。图4表4参20。     

Aboveground biomass of three conifers in the Qianyanzhou plantation, Jiangxi Province, China

Regressive models of the aboveground biomass for three conifers in subtropical China—slash pine (Pinus elliottii), Masson pine (P. massoniana) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)—were established. Regression analysis of leaf biomass and total biomass of each branch against branch diameter (d), branch length (L), d ³ and d ² L was conducted with functions of linear, power and exponent. A power law equation with a single parameter (d) was proved to be better than the rest for Masson pine and Chinese fir, and a linear equation with parameter (d ³) is better for slash pine. The canopy biomass was derived by adopting the regression equations to all branches of each individual tree. These kinds of equations were also used to fit the relationship between total tree biomass, branch biomass, foliage biomass and tree diameter at breast height (D), tree height (H), D ³ and D ² H, respectively. D ² H was found to be the best parameter for estimating total biomass. However, for foliage biomass and branch biomass, both parameters and equation forms showed some differences among species. Correlations were highly significant (P<0.001) for foliage biomass, branch biomass and total biomass, among which the equation of the total biomass was the highest. With these equations, the aboveground biomass of Masson pine forest, slash pine forest and Chinese fir forest were estimated, in addition to the allocation of aboveground biomass. The above-ground biomass of Masson pine forest, slash pine forest and Chinese fir forest was 83.6, 72.1 and 59 t/hm² respectively, and the stem biomass was more than the foliage biomass and the branch biomass. The underground biomass of these three forests which estimated with others’ research were 10.44, 9.42 and 11.48 t/hm², and the amount of carbon-fixed were 47.94, 45.14 and 37.52 t/hm², respectively. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(8): 1382–1388 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

云杉、落叶松等树种种子发芽对水分胁迫的反应

云杉、落叶松等树种种子发芽对水分胁迫的反应马常耕，王建华关键词云杉，落叶松，聚乙二醇，水分胁迫聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）是一种中性长链多聚化合物，可配成预定水势溶液，用来模拟土壤的自然水势，造成水分胁迫，以研究植物对水分胁迫的反应［１，２］，揭示其抗旱能力。...     

The Effects of Seed Mass on Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Early Seedling Growth of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.)

Half-sib seed of several eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) families was used to examine seed mass effects on laboratory germination, and seedling emergence and growth under moderate and low light (47 and 13% full sunlight) in a greenhouse. Percent germination and speed of germination under laboratory conditions were not related to seed mass among half-sib families or multi-family seedlots bulked by seed mass. Percent seedling emergence in the greenhouse was not related to seed mass, but families with heavier seeds exhibited faster emergence. Both rate and percent emergence were significantly increased under low light. Family differences in leaf, stem, root, and total seedling dry mass, primary root length, and the number of first-order-lateral-roots were positively related to seed mass in both light environments. Low light diminished the absolute biomass increment per unit seed mass, but the proportional change in biomass with seed mass was similar between light environments. Rate of emergence also influenced seedling size within families, with earlier emergence increasing seedling dry mass from 7 to 58%, dependent on light environment. Biomass partitioning coefficients were influenced by light environment but largely independent of seed mass.     

马尾松、杉木容器苗培育基质研究

以１０种培养基质，对马尾松和杉木两种树种进行容器育苗研究，结果表明，以竹叶为基本材料配制基质，比纯黄心土基质培育的马尾松和杉木百日苗，干物质重分别增加９３．２％和５３．９％，与蛭石配制的基质相比，分别增加４３．９％和１０４．０％，与松树皮配制的基质相比，分别增加２５．０％和４２．９％，以松针为基本材料配制的基质效果似于竹叶。两者对苗木生长的影响，与各处理相比较，均达到了极显著水平，通过培养基质理化     

Impact of the invasion of pinewood nematode and the following different removal disturbance intensities on the plant diversity of Masson pine community

Reported in this paper are our findings of the study on changes in species diversity of different Masson pine communities after the invasion of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhren) Nickle and subsequent and different removal disturbance management approaches. Based on the results, the species diversity indices for the arbor layers of the different communities can be arranged in the following order (from high to low): 1) broad-leaved stand after the removal of all infected pine trees in the pure pine stand in Fuyang; 2) lightly infected Masson pine and Schima superba mixed stand in Fuyang; 3) uninfected stand mixture of Masson pine and Castanopsis fargesii as a control; 4) lightly infested pure Masson pine stand in Fuyang; 5) Quercus variables stand formed following the selective removal of infected pine trees from a mixed Masson pine and Q. variables stand in Zhoushan Islands; 6) pure young Masson pine stand formed following the removal of all infected pine trees from a pure Masson pine stand; 7) pure Liquidambar formosana stand after the removal of infected pine trees from a pure pine stand in Zhoushan Islands; 8) a mixed stand consisting of Pinus thunbergii and the Masson pine in Zhoushan Island; and 9) moderately infected Masson pine stand in Zhoushan Islands. All the three diversity indices (R ₀ = richness, H′ = Shannon-Wiener index, and E = evenness) for the shrub layer did not show any significant differences among the various communities except for the pure pine stand in Zhoushan Island, which had the lowest diversity. The three indices for the herb layer of the pure young Masson pine, Q. variables stand, and L. formosana stand were higher than that of other stands. The integrated analysis showed that the Masson pine forest in different geographical situations and extent of damage had distinct disparity, just as in different disturbance degrees and restoring manners. We created the “index of disturbing intensity of stump and fallen woods” (IDISFW) to represent the degree of disturbance of tree removal to plant diversity. We found that the relationship between the species diversity index and the IDISFW shows both a lower and higher degree of removal disturbance that follows the “mid-altitude bulge” theory. Specifically, both excessive and insufficient removal of infected trees will cause a decline of plant species diversity to a certain degree. Covariance analysis indicated that different IDISFW had no significant effects on the species diversity of the arbor layer, but had different impacts on that of the shrub and herb layers, and therefore can be used to assess changes in species diversity of different Masson pine communities after the invasion of pine wood nematode. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(7): 1,157–1,163 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Effect of electrostatic field on seed germination and seedling growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorbus pohuashanesis</Emphasis>

A study was conducted to determine the effects of electrostatic field (ESF) treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of Sorbus pohuashanesis. The experiments were arranged by uniform design computed by the Data Processing System (DPS), including three levels of seeds soaking time, four levels of ESF intensity and four levels of ESF treatment time, with 12 treatments. Ten seeds were used in each treatment with three replicates. Seed vigor, seed germinating ability, emergence rate of seedling, survival rate of seedling, and seedling height and diameter, as well as the change in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), soluble protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, soluble total sugar contents in leaves of S. pohuashanensis seedlings were measured after ESF treatments. The experiment results show that ESF treatment could improve the water absorption ability of dry seeds of S. pohuashanensis, resulting in fast germination at room temperature under light conditions. Combined treatment of ESF with cold stratification could increase seed germination percentage significantly (to 42.20%), promote seedling height growth, affect leaf SOD activity, and could raise contents of total chlorophyll, soluble protein, and total soluble sugar in leaves. Seed soaking time had a significant effect on seed relative electroconductivity, seed germination under light, SOD activity, soluble protein content and total soluble sugar content of seedling leaves. ESF intensity exerted a moderate effect on these indexes. ESF treatment time only had significant effect on total chlorophyll contents, no evident effect on other indexes.     

基于对偶回归的杉木与马尾松地位指数互导模型

应用对偶回归分析法,结合相关系数分析,对雪峰山地区324块同时具有杉木和马尾松地位指数值数据的样地进行对偶回归分析,建立了不同地地貌类型的雪峰山杉木与马尾松地位指数互导模型,模拟效果较好。预测误差值分布稳定,建模的平均相对误差为1.95%,模型适用性检验的平均相对误差为3.18%。不仅解决了地位指数代换偏差较大,精度不够高的问题,而且简化了建模的过程,提高了模型的实用性。     

湘乡市林地森林碳储量及碳密度研究

通过对湘乡市林地的森林碳储量、碳密度及碳储量的空间分布特征进行研究,得出:①在各优势树种组中,中生阔叶树组的碳储量和碳密度都是最大的,碳储量排序依次为:中生阔叶树组>马尾松组>杉木组>竹木组>国外松组>经济林组〉慢生阔叶树组>灌木组>速生阔叶树组,碳密度排序依次为:中生阔叶树组>国外松组>竹木组>马尾松组〉慢生阔叶树组>杉木组>经济林组>速生阔叶树组〉灌木组;②除马尾松组和中生阔叶树组外,各优势树种小班的碳储量主要集中分布在0~100t的区域内,且与人类活动呈负相关。     

杉木种子萌发过程中细胞超微结构的变化及其与种子活力的关系

种子活力研究工作目前已由简单的发芽生理指标深入到细胞器、酶及核酸代谢等研究中。Woodstock及傅家瑞等在论述种子活力及其生理生化基础时,都首先强调了细胞膜和细胞器的完整性及结构上的变化对活力的影响。至今,国内外已在花生、黑麦、意大利伞松,大豆,绿豆等种子的细胞超微结构变化方面作了不同程度的报道。但这些研     

Ex situ genetic conservation potential of seeds of two high elevation white pines

Genetic variation in a plant species is a key to its ability to survive and evolve in the face of changing environmental pressures. Due to insect and disease impacts, changes in fire regimes, and a changing climate, many populations of high elevation white pine species continue to experience high mortality levels and potentially worrisome decreases in genetic variation. In recent years, some trees rated highly for resistance to the non-native white pine blister rust have been killed by fire or mountain pine beetle. Ex situ genetic conservation offers the possibility to conserve the genetic variation within a species before much of it is lost. For many conifer species, freezer storage of seed offers a relatively inexpensive, long-term method of storing germplasm for future use. However, there is uncertainty concerning how long seed of some conifers can be stored and retain viability. We report here on results of germination testing of the oldest known seedlots of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana Grev. & Balf.), some of which had been in storage for several decades. The 52 whitebark pine seedlots averaged 47.7% germination (average seed age of 19.2 years), while the four foxtail pine seedlots had an average germination of 71.3% (average seed age of 15.3 years). Some seedlots of both species had greater than 90% germination. Refinements to the stratification procedure have since been developed which should enhance germination further. A follow-up study examining seedling vigor of long-stored whitebark pine seed is planned.     

毛竹叶及其竹鞭生化物质对杉木种子的发芽效应

通过杉木种子发芽试验,检测毛竹叶及竹鞭生化物质对杉木的化感作用;就总体而言,毛竹叶和竹鞭生化物质对杉木种子发芽有着一定程度的促进作用;毛竹叶及竹鞭非极性与极性生化物质的差异而言,毛竹叶及鞭弱极性生化物质对杉木种子发芽的促进作用强于极性生化物质。     

不同基肥混合施用对杉木种子出苗影响的研究

采用正交试验方法 ,对过磷酸钙、菜籽饼粉及复合肥不同的施肥水平影响杉木种子出苗情况进行了效果对比试验。结果表明 :混合施用过磷酸钙与复合肥的处理组合均能促进杉木种子出苗 ,最佳组合为每hm2 混合施用 75 0kg过磷酸钙及 375kg复合肥 ,出苗率比对照高出 30 3%。