Atomic-resolution electrochemistry with the atomic force microscope: copper deposition on gold

The atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to image an electrode surface at atomic resolution while the electrode was under potential control in a fluid electrolyte. A new level of subtlety was observed for each step of a complete electrochemical cycle that started with an Au(111) surface onto which bulk Cu was electrodeposited. The Cu was stripped down to an underpotential-deposited monolayer and finally returned to a bare Au(111) surface. The images revealed that the underpotential-deposited monolayer has different structures in different electrolytes. Specifically, for a perchloric acid electrolyte the Cu atoms are in a close-packed lattice with a spacing of 0.29 +/- 0.02 nanometer (nm). For a sulfate electrolyte they are in a more open lattice with a spacing of 0.49 +/- 0.02 nm. As the deposited Cu layer grew thicker, the Cu atoms converged to a (111)-oriented layer with a lattice spacing of 0.26 +/- 0.02 nm for both electrolytes. A terrace pattern was observed during dissolution of bulk Cu. Images were obtained of an atomically resolved Cu monolayer in one region and an atomically resolved Au substrate in another in which a 30 degrees rotation of the Cu monolayer lattice from the Au lattice is clearly visible.     

Controlling chemical reactivity with antibodies

The remarkable specificity of an antibody molecule has been used to accomplish highly selective functional group transformations not attainable by current chemical methods. An antibody raised against an amine-oxide hapten catalyzes the reduction of a diketone to a hydroxyketone with greater than 75:1 regioselectivity for one of two nearly equivalent ketone moieties. The antibody-catalyzed reaction is highly stereoselective, affording the hydroxyketone in high enantiomeric excess. Similarly, the reduction of ketones containing branched and aryl substituents, including the highly symmetrical 1-nitrophenyl-3-phenyl-2-propanone, was enantioselective. The simple strategy presented herein may find general applicability to the regio- and stereoselective reduction of a broad range of compounds.     

The dependence of electron transfer efficiency on the conformational order in organic monolayers

The electron transfer through an organized organic monolayer of alkyl chains adsorbed on a silicon wafer has been studied. The silicon was used as an electrode in a three-electrode electrochemical cell, and the current versus voltage response was measured. The results show that when the chains in the monolayer are in the "all trans" configuration, the charge transfer efficiency is higher than when the chains have a "gauche" configuration. A mechanism rationalizing all the observations is suggested.     

An unexpectedly efficient catalytic antibody operating by ping-pong and induced fit mechanisms

A transition state analogue was used to produce a mouse antibody that catalyzes transesterification in water. The antibody behaves as a highly efficient catalyst with a covalent intermediate and the characteristic of induced fit. While some features of the catalytic pathway were programmed when the hapten was designed and reflect favorable substrate-antibody interactions, other features are a manifestation of the chemical potential of antibody diversity. The fact that antibodies recapitulate mechanisms and pathways previously thought to be a characteristic of highly evolved enzymes suggests that once an appropriate binding cavity is achieved, reaction pathways commensurate with the intrinsic chemical potential of proteins ensue.     

Development of Anti-Isoproturon Polyclonal Antibody

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) suitable for the determination of the urea herbicide isoproturon,3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, in food and environmental samples was developed. Two haptens named 1-(3-carboxypropyl)-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurca (hapten 4C) and 1-(5-carboxypentyl)-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurea (hapten 6C) were synthesized. The haptens were coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin(OVA), respectively, using the N-hydroxysuccinimide reaction. The hapten 6C-BSA conjugate was used as the immunogen,with which a high-titer anti-isoproturon polyclonal antibody (pAb) was successfully obtained by immunization of New Zealand white rabbits. The hapten 4C-OVA conjugate was used as coating antigen and a method of the indirect competitive ELISA for isoproturon was established. The haptens were confirmed with TLC, IR, and 1H NMR. The conjugation molar ratios of hapten 4C to OVA and hapten 6C to BSA were 36:1 and 46:1, respectively, as calculated by a UV spectrophotometry.The highest titer of the anti-isoproturon sera determined by a non-competitive indirect ELISA procedure was 1.6×105. The optimal concentrations of the coating antigen and the dilution of the anti-isoproturon sera used in the ELISA were 0.1 mg L-1 and 1.0 × 105, respectively. The concentration of isoproturon that inhibits 50% of antibody-antigen binding (IC50) was 0.07 mg mL-1.The cross-reactivities of six urea herbicides including chlorbromuron, fluometuron, monolinuron were lower than 0.1%. Isoproturon is a small molecule without immune activity and active functional group for attaching to carrier protein. To produce an antibody against isoproturon with high titer and high specificity is the most important step in the development of an immunochemical method for the determination of isoproturon in food and environmental samples. The two haptens synthesized in this study have carboxyl groups and accommodate different lengths of spacer arms, and the phenyl and isopropyl groups are fully exposed. An anti-isoproturon polyclonal antibody with high titer and high specificity was successfully obtained by immunization of rabbits with the conjugate of the hapten attached to the protein carrier.     

Atomic force microscopy of the electrochemical nucleation and growth of molecular crystals

In situ atomic force microscopy reveals the morphology, surface topography, and growth and dissolution characteristics of microscopic single crystals of the low-dimensional organic conductor (tetrathiafulvalene)Br(0.76)' which are grown by electrocrystallization on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrode in an atomic force microscope liquid cell. The growth modes and the distribution and orientation of topographic features on specific crystal faces, whose identity was determined by "atomic force microscope goniometry," can be correlated with the strength and direction of anisotropic solid-state intermolecular bonding. Growth on the (011) face of (tetrathiafulvalene)Br(0.76) crystals involves the formation of oriented self-similar triangular islands ranging in size from 200 to 5000 angstroms along a side. These nuclei eventually transform into rectangular rafts at larger length scales, where bulk intermolecular bonding interactions and surface energies dominate over nuclei-substrate interactions.     

A

A solid state, electronically addressable, bistable [2]catenane-based molecular switching device was fabricated from a single monolayer of the [2]catenane, anchored with phospholipid counterions, and sandwiched between an n-type polycrystalline silicon bottom electrode and a metallic top electrode. The device exhibits hysteretic (bistable) current/voltage characteristics. The switch is opened at +2 volts, closed at -2 volts, and read at approximately 0.1 volt and may be recycled many times under ambient conditions. A mechanochemical mechanism for the action of the switch is presented and shown to be consistent with temperature-dependent measurements of the device operation.     

L-半胱氨酸自组装修饰金电极对尿酸和肾上腺素的同时测定

研究了在半胱氨酸自组装修饰金电极的电化学行为, 发现该电极对肾上腺素(EP)和尿酸(UA)具有良好的电催化氧化作用. 同时测定EP和UA采用差分脉冲法在pH为7. 7的磷酸缓冲溶液中进行. 尿酸的检出限为6. 5×10-7 mol/L, 肾上腺素的检出限为2. 4×10-7 mol/L. 该方法应用与EP和UA的同时测定, 结果令人满意.     

Purification of antibody to galactosyl-protein conjugates

A rapid procedure for purification of rabbit antibody to beta-D-galacto-sylphenylazo-bovine serum albumin is described. Antibody was precipitated with a heterologous antigen and was then dissociated from the precipitated complex with hapten. The antigen was partially removed by pH adjustment, and antibody was separated from residual antigen and from hapten by partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25. The antibody, obtained in 50 to 55 percent over-all yield, was 96 percent reactive with homologous antigen. It appeared to consist, of 95 percent of a single component, based upon physicochemical measurements.     

甲硝唑半抗原及全抗原合成与鉴定

在微波加热条件下,将甲硝唑与琥珀酸酐反应,合成半抗原甲硝唑半琥珀酸酯,氢核磁共振、电喷雾质谱、红外光谱方法的鉴定结果表明,目标半抗原合成成功;通过活泼酯法将半抗原与载体蛋白偶联制备甲硝唑全抗原,紫外光谱法鉴定结果表明,全抗原合成成功.     

Detection of molecular alignment in confined films

Optical second harmonic generation was used to study the in-plane alignment of self-assembled silane monolayers attached to a glass surface under mechanical loading. The measurements allow correlation of the macroscopic forces acting on the monolayer with the average orientation and the azimuthal molecular alignment of the terminal molecular entity. Compression and shear forces lead to an alignment of the initially randomly oriented molecules on a macroscopic length scale. The change in azimuthal alignment of molecules under mechanical stress was found to be irreversible on the time scale of 12 hours, whereas changes of the molecular tilt angle were reversible.     

绿豆白粉病的遗传

本文以白粉病敏感品种UT1和抗性品种组成的5个杂交组合为材料,研究了绿豆白粉病的遗传模式和遗传力。结果表明：UT1为白粉病高敏感品种,VC3528A和VC1560A为高抗品种,VC3890A和VC1482A为抗性品种,而VC3543A为中抗材料;白粉病在3个组合中由单个显性基因控制,但在一个组合中由两个显性基因控制,在组合3中,白粉病为多基因控制,遗传力为40.31%。     

Self-assembly of proteins into designed networks

A C4-symmetric tetrameric aldolase was used to produce a quadratic network consisting of the enzyme as a rigid four-way connector and stiff streptavidin rods as spacers. Each aldolase subunit was furnished with a His6 tag for oriented binding to a planar surface and two tethered biotins for binding streptavidin in an oriented manner. The networks were improved by starting with composite units and also by binding to nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid-lipid monolayers. The mesh was adjustable in 5-nanometer increments. The production of a net with switchable mesh was initiated with the use of a calcium ion-containing beta-helix spacer that denatured on calcium ion depletion.     

动物尿液中苯乙醇胺A胶体金快速检测方法的建立

【目的】苯乙醇胺A为一种新型违禁添加剂,目前的检测方法繁琐耗时,故建立动物尿液中苯乙醇胺A胶体金免疫层析快速检测方法。【方法】通过苯乙醇胺A与溴代戊醛发生亲核取代反应,制备得到苯乙醇胺A半抗原,将苯乙醇胺A半抗原与载体蛋白偶联得到免疫原和包被原,经TNBS法测定半抗原与载体蛋白偶联比。用免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备特异性单克隆抗体,采用间接竞争ELISA方法测定单克隆抗体的灵敏度。选取与苯乙醇胺A结构类似的13种同类药物利用间接竞争ELISA方法进行单克隆抗体特异性的测定,计算交叉反应率。并通过胶体金、单克隆抗体-胶体金标记物、结合物释放垫、反应膜、样品吸收垫的制备以及试纸条的组装,建立了动物尿液中苯乙醇胺A胶体金快速检测方法,测定试纸条的检测限、假阳性率、假阴性率以及与ELISA方法的检测猪尿样品结果比较,验证试纸条的准确度,其中ELISA方法的标准品浓度分别为0、0.1、0.3、0.9、2.7、8.1 μg·L^-1,对猪尿样品的最低检测限为0.5 μg·L^-1,回收率为75%-105%。【结果】苯乙醇胺A半抗原制备结果显示从苯乙醇胺A的氨基端引入末端代醛基的连接臂,得到苯乙醇胺A衍生物,即苯乙醇胺A半抗原。TNBS法测定结果显示苯乙醇胺A-BSA和苯乙醇胺A-OVA成功偶联,苯乙醇胺A半抗原-BSA偶联比为11.38,苯乙醇胺A半抗原-OVA偶联比为10.66。间接ELISA检测结果显示MC-73杂交瘤细胞株的上清效价为1﹕2×10³,腹水效价为1﹕5×10⁷,较MC-33和MC-29的效价高,抗苯乙醇胺A单克隆抗体对苯乙醇胺A的IC₅₀为0.365 μg·L^-1,较MC-33和MC-29的IC₅₀低,得到MC-73单克隆抗体腹水灵敏度最高。苯乙醇胺A单克隆抗体与克仑特罗、莱克多巴胺和沙丁胺醇等共13种苯乙醇胺A的同类化合物的交叉反应率均小于1%,试纸条检测限为5 μg·L^-1,假阳性率为0,假阴性率为0。检测实际动物尿液样品时,试纸条与ELISA测定结果没有差异。【结论】成功研制出灵敏、特异、简便、快速的苯乙醇胺A胶体金免疫层析试纸条,可直接检测动物尿液,无需样品前处理,反应只需5 min即可得到检测结果。适合中国基层兽药检测实验室和企业大批量样品集中筛查及现场检测。     

应用Penman - Monteith简化公式计算极端干旱区参考作物潜在腾发量

[目的]用Penman - Monteith(P -M)简化公式代替标准的Penman - Monteith公式计算参考作物的潜在蒸腾量.[方法]通过2008 -2010年鄯善试验站的气象资料,对Penman - Monteith简化公式(忽略饱和差项)计算的参考作物潜在腾发量(ET0)与FAO推荐的P-M公式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量(ET0(PM))进行比较.[结果]Penman - Monteith简化公式计算的ET0年值略小于Penman - Monteith公式计算的年值,其绝对偏差为75 ～114 mm,相对偏差为10.5; ～14.3;,变异系数分别为0.04和0.06,简化公式的计算稳定性略好于标准的PM公式.两种方法计算的参考作物潜在腾发强度的月变化相近,统计分析的标准差分别为0.80和0.83,变异系数分别为0.23和0.2.空气动力学项中的饱和差项是Penman - Monteith简化公式和标准Penman - Monteith公式的主要差别,通过回归分析表明两种公式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量具有显著的线性相关性,各月a值很接近,差值最大为0.08,最小仅为0.0041,较好的说明了空气动力学项中的饱和差项对参考作物潜在腾发量的影响较小.[结论]在极端干旱区可利用Penman - Monteith简化公式代替标准的Penman - Monteith公式计算参考作物的潜在蒸腾量.     

DNA-templated self-assembly of protein arrays and highly conductive nanowires

A DNA nanostructure consisting of four four-arm junctions oriented with a square aspect ratio was designed and constructed. Programmable self-assembly of 4 x 4 tiles resulted in two distinct lattice morphologies: uniform-width nanoribbons and two-dimensional nanogrids, which both display periodic square cavities. Periodic protein arrays were achieved by templated self-assembly of streptavidin onto the DNA nanogrids containing biotinylated oligonucleotides. On the basis of a two-step metallization procedure, the 4 x 4 nanoribbons acted as an excellent scaffold for the production of highly conductive, uniform-width, silver nanowires.     

莠去津人工抗原的合成与鉴定

以除草剂莠去津原药、巯基丙酸等为起始原料,经过亲核取代反应合成了莠去津的半抗原:2-硫丙酸基-4-乙胺基-6-异丙胺基-1,3,5-三嗪,并用UV、IR以及NMR等手段证明合成成功,用活泼酯法将半抗原与载体蛋白成功的进行偶联,根据紫外吸收的加和性原理,比较测定半抗原、载体蛋白及偶联物的吸光值,并计算出半抗原与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)的结合比为16:1和6:1。     

细胞凋亡对宰后肌肉嫩化作用机理的研究进展

嫩度是决定肉食用品质的重要指标。宰后肉的嫩度发生不连续变化,严重降低了消费者的购买意愿,因此阐明宰后嫩化机理一直是肉品科学领域的研究热点。自“凋亡”的概念引入至宰后肌肉嫩化过程后一直广受关注,动物被屠宰放血后,活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）大量累积,ATP（adenosine triphosphate）逐渐耗尽,必然导致细胞死亡。宰后肌细胞死亡和肌肉嫩化都是在一系列调控因子作用下激活肌肉内源酶,并由内源酶水解蛋白质破坏细胞结构,因此这两个生化过程被认为高度相关。本文综述了宰后肌细胞主要以凋亡的形式死亡,分析了除凋亡外,宰后早期产生少量ROS时细胞会通过自噬启动自身防御系统,宰后后期ATP逐渐耗尽肌细胞可能从凋亡转变为坏死;明确了线粒体通路是宰后肌肉中细胞凋亡酶激活的关键路径,线粒体死亡因子释放是细胞内死亡级联反应的总开关,其开放状态直接决定着细胞以何种途径进行死亡,并进一步从线粒体膜通透化和内膜嵴重构两方面,讨论了宰后线粒体损伤诱导凋亡因子的释放机理;综述了线粒体损伤变化及其对嫩化过程的影响,并从线粒体通过参与能量代谢影响肌肉pH以及通过释放凋亡因子调控细胞凋亡酶活性两方面分析了其潜在机理;探讨了宰后肌肉线粒体与内质网间相互作用以影响Ca²⁺信号传导以及细胞凋亡过程,或与溶酶体相互作用,破坏溶酶体膜稳定性,使其释放组织蛋白酶以激活线粒体Bax和Bid而加速线粒体膜通透性;综述了细胞凋亡酶在宰后早期被激活,并参与部分肌原纤维蛋白的有限降解,但随着宰后时间的延长,ATP逐渐耗尽等因素导致细胞凋亡酶失活,因此细胞凋亡酶只参与宰后早期的嫩化过程。综述内容可为完善宰后肌肉嫩化过程提供理论参考。     

辛伐他汀对人高转移卵巢癌细胞HO-8910PM增殖的抑制作用

目的研究辛伐他汀(SIM)对人高转移卵巢癌细胞HO-8910PM体外增殖的抑制作用。方法MTT法检测SIM对HO-8910PM细胞增殖的抑制作用;流式细胞术分析SIM对细胞周期的影响;Hoechst 33258荧光染色观察细胞凋亡的形态学改变。结果SIM抑制HO-8910PM细胞的增殖,细胞被阻滞在G0/G1期;荧光染色法显示经SIM作用后细胞出现变形,染色质浓缩,产生凋亡小体。结论SIM在体外能有效地抑制癌细胞的增殖,其作用可能是通过诱导其凋亡产生的。     

食品中残留喹乙醇人工抗原的制备与鉴定

[目的]合成喹乙醇人工抗原。[方法]通过化学合成方法,将喹乙醇与琥珀酸酐反应,合成半抗原喹乙醇半琥珀酸酯(OLA-HS),通过活泼酯化法将半抗原与载体蛋白偶联制备喹乙醇全抗原。[结果]TLC、紫外光谱法的鉴定结果表明,目标半抗原合成成功;紫外光谱法鉴定结果表明,全抗原合成成功。[结论]建立了一种喹乙醇半抗原及全抗原的合成方法,为进一步制备喹乙醇抗体奠定基础。