Ein Klemmkäfig zur Haltung von Zikaden und Blattflöhen an der lebenden Pflanze

A clip-on cage, modified for feeding leafhoppers and planthoppers on particular parts of growing plants A clip-on cage, for feeding insects on particular parts of growing plants, modified for easy and quick handling of leafhoppers, planthoppers and similarly agile insects, is described. The main idea is the insertion of a tube, containing insects, into a central hole in the lower foam-plastic ring of the cage. This tube remains in place as long plastic ring of the cage. This tube remains in place as long as the feeding period required; it is moved away with the insects at the end of the feeding period.     

Vorratsschädliche Insekten in Marokko

Stored product insect pests of Morocco Over a period of 3 years stored product insects pests were collected from markets, storage places, houses etc., identified, and their economic importance estimated. 48 Lepidoptera and Coleoptera species were detected, 17 of which play an important econmic role. No mites were encountered, probably due to prolonged high temperature in summer.

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1 Beitrag im Rahmen der technisch-wissenschaftlichen Kooperation zwischen Marokko und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.     

Über die Wirkung des Entwicklungshemmers Dimilin auf Forstinsekten

Effects of Dimilin, a new selective insecticide, on forest insects Dimilin (PH60-40 (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea) is a new insecticide prohibiting the moulting of insect larvae. In last years studies were made in Munich in laboratory and under field conditions, partly by using of aeroplanes, to test the effects of Dimilin on several forest pests as well as on predatoring insects and parasites. The mortality of the phytophagous insects taking up the hormonoid by food reached 100% in all experiments. On the contrary the predators and parasites were spared. Solely some problems are included in the longevity of the substance.     

不同损伤形式诱导合作杨挥发物释放差异的研究

Three treatments including mechanical damage, Lymantria dispar attacking and daubing oral secretions of the insects on mechanically damaged cut were conducted on Populus simoniixPopulus pyramibalis c.v. in order to find the genuine reason leading to effective resistance response of tree to insects attacking. The release situation of the induced volatiles of the plant was analyzed by TCT-GC/MS at 24 hours after damages. The results indicated that some of the volatiles such as (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, decanal, 3-hexenyl isovalerate, nonanal, ocimene, and 2-cyanobutane can be induced by both insects attacking and mechanical damage, while 2,6-dimethyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene, 2-methyl-6-methylene-1,7-octadien-3-one, caryophyllene,Isovaleronitrile, diethyl-methyl-benzamide, and dicapryl phthalate were only induced by insects attacking. Such difference in volatiles was attributed to that there existed active components in oral sections of the larvae of Lymantria dispar     

Über die Laborzucht und Entwicklung des Pfirsich-Prachtkäfers,Capnodis tenebrionis L. (Col., Buprestidae)

Studies on rearing and development of the Peach Buprestid,Capnodis tenebrionis L. (Col., Buprestidae).

The composition of a semisynthetic medium for rearing the Peach Buprestid,C. tenebrionis, and the techniques for handling the insects and their eggs in the laboratory are described.

The period required for the biological cycle using this medium and the techniques described are about the same as the required on natural hosts. However the medium is not yet a perfect substitute for the natural food of the larvae and further experiments is carried out at present to reconsider it.

     

Experimentelle Bestimmung der Flugdisposition von Kirschenfliegen,Rhagoletis cerasi L (Dipt.: Trypetidae)

Experimental determination of the disposition of Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Dipt., Trypetidae) to fly An apparatus was described which serves for registering the flight frequencies of insects. It consists of a cage with insects hanging under an electronic balance, which registers the flight as reduction of weight. These electric signals of the balance are transformed by an electronic connexion into countable pulse, which are printed.     

Beitrag zur Kenntnis natürlicher Feinde der Platanen-Netzwanze (Corythuca ciliata (Say), Tingidae,Heteroptera)

Studies on the predatory insects of the Sycamore lace bug (Corythuca ciliata (Say)) In our previous work (Maceljski, andBalarin, 1974) we presented some results of our first investigations of the new insect introduced in Europe from North America, the Sycamore lace bug (Corythuca ciliata [SAY]). There we concluded that it is necessary to bring this insect under control especially by biological means.In our recent work we established that some most usual predatory bugs in Yugoslavia, i. e.Nabis pseudoferus Rm.,Rhinocoris iracundus iracundus (Pd.) andHimacerus mirmicoides (O. C.) are in the laboratory very effective sucking on the Sycamore lace bugs. Therefore it is possible that these predators will have a negative influence on the population-dynamic of this new nuisible insects in Europe. The investigation added to the knowledge of the possible preys of these bugs too.

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Die Untersuchungen wurden von der Stadt Zagreb unterstutzt.     

Darstellungen des Teufels und der abtrünnigen Engel in Insektengestalt

Summary Interpretation of the devil and of apostatized angles as insect.The origin of the interpretation of angles as insects must be sought in the sumeric and Babylonic cultures. At that time men thought that air-ghosts can transform themselves into insects. Up to 12th century the Devil was pictured in form of man. Than under the influence of Christian Church the holy animals of the Teutons, insects inclusive, were transformed into embodiment of the Evil One (the Devil).

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A-1040 Wien IV, Wiedner Hauptstr. 45–47, III/23.     

Insect Herbivore Responses to Management Practices in Conifer Forests in North America

ABSTRACT

Pine-dominated forests in southeastern North America and at low-to-mid elevations in western North America historically were characterized by frequent, low-intensity fire that maintained wide spacing of site-adapted tree species, conditions that optimized biochemical defenses of trees and dispersal distances of herbivorous insects. Mixed conifer forests at higher elevations were wetter, denser, and characterized by infrequent stand-replacing fire and relatively isolated insect outbreaks. Increased density and altered tree species composition in managed forests have increased forest vulnerability to extensive outbreaks of bark beetles and defoliators. Herbivore-generated tree mortality and litter accumulation increase the likelihood of catastrophic fire. Management practices that produce an appropriate mixture of site-adapted tree species and wide host spacing are recommended to minimize the negative effects of herbivorous insects and fire. However, the creation of stumps, as a result of mechanical thinning, can favor lower-bole and root-colonizing insects that also may vector root diseases.     

Entomologische Beobachtnngen an der Ladung der beiden Hamburger „Bitterseeschiffe”

Entomological investigations in ships retained for eight years in the Great Bitter Lake The holds of two ships, which had been retained for eight years in the Great Bitter Lake of the Suez Canal, were inspected and fumigated after their return to Hamburg. The commodities, mostly different sorts of animal feedingstuff, were found to be infested by infested by insects which are not commonly detected in large numbers in goods of the same origin (India and Pakistan) after a normal time of transport, such asAttagenus gloriosae, Gibbium psylloides, andAnthrenus flavipes.     

Assessment of technologies and dogs for detecting insect pests in timber and forest products

Abstract

Lack of accurate tools for detecting insect infestation in timber remains a big challenge for pest management authorities. Seven non-destructive insect detection technologies were used to assess their effectiveness in detecting insect borers and termites in timber samples. These technologies were: Termatrac®; Tramex Moisture tester; Acoustic Emission Device (AED-200L®); X-ray, thermal imaging camera; a termite detector dog; and trained quarantine inspectors using standard visual inspection (VI). The timber samples of Acacia parramattensis and Acacia decurrens used for the trial were naturally infested timber branches; timber blocks inoculated with lyctine beetles; timber blocks naturally infested with termites; and un-infested controls. All timber samples used were destructively sampled at the end of the trial to confirm the presence or absence of insects. The detector dog was 100% effective in detecting natural infested termite colonies but was totally ineffective in detecting termites on artificially inoculated timber blocks. The moisture metre and the thermal image camera were 100% effective in detecting large termite colonies but ineffective in detecting other insects in dry timber samples. The effectiveness of other methods of detecting insects or termites varied considerably. The AED was 79% effective, Termatrac 70%, X-ray 40% and VI 35%. Implications of these findings for quarantine and inspection purposes are discussed.     

Zur Ausbreitung des Rapsglanzkäfers (Meligethes aeneus F.; Col., Nitidulidae) vor der Überwinterung

The dispersal of the blossom beetle (Meligethels aeneus F.; Col., Nitidulidae) before hibernation In July 1975 about 300 000Meligethes aeneus F. imagines marked with fluorescent stain were set free at a distance of 12 km away from the beach of the Baltic Sea. Catching the insects took place with 75 yellow traps, which were exposed at 15 localities. 953 marked beetles were retrapped, of which 160 were caught next to the coast. These insects spread over a distance up to 12 km. The first ones were already caught at the coast two days after release. The mean distance per day seemed to be limited between 1–3 km.     

Adelina tribolii Bhatia und A. mesnili Pérez (Sporozoa,Coccidia) als Krankheitserreger bei vorratsschä dlichen Insekten im Gebiet von Kosova,Jugoslawien

Adelina tribolii Bhatia and A. mesnili Pérez (Sporozoa, Coccidia) infecting insect pests of stores in Kosova region, Yugoslavia Till now little is known about the three species of genusAdelina (Spor., Coccidia) living as pathogens in insects pests of stores. In the course of investigations in old mills in the Kosova region, Yugoslawia, twoAdelina species were found in insects.Adelina mesnili parasitized in two species of Lepidoptera(Ephestia kühniella, E. elutella) and was restricted to four of nine places. Its quota in the total parasitization withAdelina amounted to 15,7%.Adelina tribolii parasitized in six species of Coleoptera.(Attagenus pellio, A. piceus, A. fasciolatus, Laemophloeus ferrugineus, Trogoderma granaria, Gracilia albanica) and was be found in all the nine places which were investigated. Its quota amounted to 84,3%.     

补充营养对白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂寄生效率和发育进程的影响

[目的]为了探明补充营养是否对白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂雌蜂的寄生效率、生殖能力和寿命有显著影响。[方法]本文通过在白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂搜寻到寄主前期为其提供寄主血淋巴和蜂蜜补充营养,调查有前期补充营养经历的肿腿蜂对寄主麻天牛的寄生率、母蜂生殖能力和子代蜂发育进程的变化。同时,给予刚羽化的肿腿蜂雌蜂短期的补充营养的过程,调查其寿命长短的变化情况。[结果]研究结果表明,寄主血淋巴和糖类物质均可以作为供肿腿蜂补充营养的潜在食物源。寄生前期取食寄主血淋巴和蜂蜜的肿腿蜂寄生率显著高于前期仅补充蒸馏水的个体。补充营养后可促使寄生蜂卵的成熟,可以使肿腿蜂更快的开始产卵进程。前期取食寄主血淋巴的肿腿蜂生殖能力显著高于寄生前期仅补充蒸馏水的个体,取食蜂蜜的肿腿蜂产卵量较前2组均无显著差异。寄生蜂母蜂是否补充营养对其子代的发育过程和性比无显著影响。此外,生存分析结果表明,刚羽化的肿腿蜂补充营养后,其寿命显著延长。取食寄主血淋巴或蜂蜜的寄生蜂寿命均约为羽化后无营养补充经历雌蜂个体的2倍。[结论]以上结果表明,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在寄生过程开始前期的补充营养过程可以显著的增强其对寄主害虫的控制作用和延长其寿命。取食蜂蜜或寄主血淋巴对肿腿蜂生殖和寿命的增强作用相近。建议在害虫的生物防治中,可以通过在天敌释放区周边配植一定的蜜源植物以此实现对天敌昆虫资源更有效的利用和保护。     

The use ofBacillus thuringiensis on Forest Integrated Pest Management

Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors give a brief summary ofBacillus thuringiensis used on the integrated pest management in forestry. The derivatives of Bt strain HD1 subspkurstaki have been widely used to control the forest pests such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha). Some progresses of transferring and expressing Bt toxin gene in forest trees are offered with a discussion on the limits and future prospects of using Bt products in forestry. Biography: Li Gui-ming (1967-), male, engineer in Pingshan Forestry Chemicals Insecticides Factory, Harbin 150324, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

白蜡虫蜡酯合酶基因cDNA全长克隆及原核表达

正白蜡虫(Ericerus pela)是我国特有的资源昆虫,泌蜡是白蜡虫二龄雄虫最为特化的性状[1]。白蜡虫分泌的白蜡在食品、医药、纺织等行业具有重要的经济价值[2]。白蜡的主要成分是26酸26酯[3],已有研究表明,蜡酯的生物合成在动植物中存在保守途径[4]。蜡酯生物合成的第一步由脂酰辅酶A还原酶催化脂酰辅酶A转化为脂肪醇,第二步由蜡酯合酶(WS)催化脂肪醇和脂肪酸的酯化反应[5]。WS     

Fungi and insects associated with Euphorbia ingens die-off in South Africa

Euphorbia ingens, landmark succulent trees in savannas of South Africa, have been dying in large numbers over the last 10–15 years. Initial studies conducted in the Limpopo province of South Africa revealed a diverse group of biotic agents including fungi, beetles and moths associated with dying trees, but due to the limited geographic extent of these studies, it was not known if the same agents were associated with dying trees regionally. In this study, diseased and insect-infested trees were sampled for fungal pathogens and insects at six sites in four provinces located across South Africa. Fungi were identified based on morphology and DNA sequencing of the ITS, LSU, β-tubulin and TEF 1-α gene regions, and insects were identified based on morphology. Fungal isolates were identified as Aureovirgo volantis, Fusarium solani, Lasiodiplodia × egyptiacae, Ophiostoma thermarum and a Readeriella species. Five insects were identified, all in the family Curculionidae, including two ambrosia beetles, Cyrtogenius africus and a Stenoscelis species. All fungi and insects collected are known to be opportunistic and occur on stressed trees as secondary agents of mortality or disease. These results suggest that the die-off is not related to attack of the trees by aggressive insects or pathogens, but rather that E. ingens in this region is under stress from environmental factors that supports the ability of opportunistic insects and pathogens to establish.     

Direct measurements of carbon exchange at forest disturbance sites: a review of results with the eddy covariance method

ABSTRACT

Boreal and temperate forests cover a large part of the Earth. Forest ecosystems are a key focus for research because of their role in the carbon (C) balance and cycle. Increasing atmospheric temperatures, different disturbances (fire, storm and insects) and forest management (clear-cutting) will change considerably the C status of forest ecosystems. Using the eddy covariance (EC) method, we can define interactions among environmental factors that influence the C-balance and whether a forest ecosystem is functioning as a C-sink or C-source or possibly is C-neutral. In our review of published studies of different disturbances, we found that most of the post-disturbance studies based on EC method focused on the effects of forest fire and clear-cutting, only a few studies studies focused on the effects of storms and insects. Generally a forest is a C-source until several years after disturbance and then a forest is able to absorb C and become a C-sink. Recovery to C-sink status required up to 20 years in clear-cut areas. Recovery following wildfire disturbance was much longer, possibly more than 50 years. Recovery to C-sink status required approximately 5 years after storm and insect outbreak, however we can not predict overall recovery period because of the missing data.     

Zwei Schizogregarinen-Arten (Protozoa,Sporozoa) bei vorratsschädlichen Insekten in jugoslawischen Mü hlen

Two species of Achizogregarina (Protozoa, Sporozoa) as pathogens of insects pests in Yugoslawian mills Closing the studies made in 1972–75 on Sporozoa as pathogens of insect pests in mills in the Kosova district, Yugoslawia,Farinocystis tibolii Weiser andMattesia dispora Naville, both belonging to group of Schizogregarina, are viewed.F. tribolii was restricted to beetles particularly toTribolium, Laemophloeus andGracilia. InTenebrio andTenebrionides this pathogen can not develop. On the other handM. dispora is restricted to butterflies, particularly toEphestia kuhniella, which was infected at all the 9 localities examined.     

Mit fremden Hölzern eingeschleppte Insekten,insbesondereScolytidae undPlatypodidae

Summary Scolytidae and Platypodidae as well as other insects and mites found in imported wood. Part II The new list deals with insect and mite species collected in imported wood byWichmann () andCola last years. 40 species were found in 11 kinds of wood, most of them inPinus echinata Mill, imported from Norfolk, Virginia (U.S.A.). Nearer information onReticulitermes flavipes Koll, found byWichmann inPinus echinata in Mannheim, 1957, is given. Finally completitions are made of the list of species published in Anz. f. Schädlk. u. Pflanzenschtz. XLIV (5) p. 65–68, 1971. This list contents 41 species of insects and mites found in 9 kinds of imported wood.