对虾白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP28和VP26的毕赤酵母组成型分泌表达

近年来,重组 VP28和 VP26蛋白作为蛋白亚单位疫苗,在增强对虾抗白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染的过程中具有重要作用。本研究根据GenBank中WSSV的基因序列设计引物,以WSSV粗提液为模板进行普通PCR扩增,得到VP28和VP26基因,再用引物悬挂法将EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ酶切位点分别添加到 VP28和 VP26基因的5￠端和3￠端。目的基因经双酶切后插入到表达载体pGAPZαA,转化TOP10大肠杆菌,经博莱霉素(Zeocin)抗性筛选阳性重组酵母表达载体。AvrⅡ酶切线性化之后,电击转化 X-33毕赤酵母感受态细胞,经 Zeocin 抗性筛选得到阳性重组酵母。SDS-PAGE电泳分析重组酵母表达上清液的目的蛋白,没有检测到VP28和VP26重组蛋白。随后,采用蛋白质银染法,结果显示,与空载pGAPZαA组相比,VP28和VP26表达上清液组有明显的条带,证明VP28和VP26在毕赤酵母中成功表达,蛋白分子量大小约为32 kDa。     

黄鳍鲷白细胞介素1β基因2种表达载体的构建

根据黄鳍鲷白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)基因全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号为AY669059)设计、合成1对特异性引物,扩增编码黄鳍鲷IL-1β基因前体肽的基因序列,通过T-A克隆构建了克隆载体pMD18T-IL1β。以克隆载体pMD18T-IL1β为模板,以设计合成的带酶切位点的引物分别扩增黄鳍鲷IL-1β的前体肽和预测的成熟肽基因序列,经BamHI和SalI双酶切后将其插入表达载体pQE30中,构建了原核表达质粒pQE30-pIL1β和pQE30-mIL1β。经酶切、PCR鉴定并最终通过序列测定表明,基因已正确插入到载体的多克隆位点,序列和读码框都正确无误,为黄鳍鲷IL-1β基因的体外重组表达研究打下了基础。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒vp28基因的表达及其与血细胞的结合

根据GenBank上WSSV囊膜蛋白基因vp28的序列,设计合成引物,PCR扩增得到vp28基因,成功构建重组表达载体pBAD/gIIIA-VP28并转化大肠杆菌E.coli.用L-阿拉伯糖在37℃诱导重组基因工程菌,表达产物经SDS-PAGE和Western-blot检测,显示有与预期大小31kDa相符合的目的蛋白.荧光显微镜方法分析显示,表达的VP28可与克氏原螯虾血细胞结合.结果表明,在合适的培养条件下,构建的重组表达载体pBAD/gIIIA-VP28不仅能够表达vp28 基因,而且表达的VP28具有很高的抗原结合活性.     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6蛋白基因植物表达载体的构建

以据草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)VP6蛋白的全基因序列(GeneBank AF403394)为模板,采用RT-PCR构建了草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6蛋白基因植物表达载体的构建。结果显示:实验构建的pCR 2.1-VP6重组质粒含有NcoⅠ和BglⅡ酶切位点;pCR 2.1-VP6重组质粒经PCR扩增和测序显示含有1.3 Kbp的草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6基因读码框片段。将目的片段VP6酶切、克隆到携带有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA1302中,再经酶切、PCR扩增和序列测定显示,pCAMBIA1302-VP6含有1.3 Kbp的草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6基因片段,说明已插入植物表达载体pCAMBIA1302绿色荧光蛋白基因前,成功构建了融合表达草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白的植物表达载体pCAMBIA1302-VP6。     

白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白vp28基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

白斑综合征病毒(whitespotsyndromevirus,WSSV)是危害东南亚及北美洲沿岸养殖对虾的重要病原。近十年来,国内外对该病毒的形态结构、基因组全序列、宿主范围、传播途径、致病性和组织细胞特异性等作了大量的研究[1-7],并已确定该病毒的侵染与其囊膜蛋白vp28有关[8]。实验根据已发表的白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白vp28基因序列[9]设计一对引物,通过PCR扩增出该囊膜蛋白的基因片段。将该片段连接到毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZ上,在大肠杆菌中筛选到含目的基因的重组质粒pPICZVP28,用电穿孔法将重组质粒转化到毕赤酵母菌株X33中,获得了转化子X33 …     

罗氏沼虾白斑综合症病毒WSSV ORF147片段的克隆、表达与序列分析

白斑综合症病毒WSSV(White Spot Syndrome Virus),是严重危害虾类养殖业的主要病原之一.本实验根据已知南美白对虾WSSV ORF147序列设计1对特异性引物,从患疑似白斑病毒病的罗氏沼虾中提取总DNA,用PCR法扩增得到1特异性片段.将该片段克隆进pET-28a( )载体,测序表明该片段全长1 475 bp,最大开放式阅读框为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸,预计其相对分子质量为51.9 kDa;与GenBank登录的WSSV ORF147序列(登录号AF369029)进行比对,核苷酸同源性为99%,证实为WSSV ORF147片段.将该片段在大肠杆菌E coli中进行表达,能获得相应的特异多肽条带.根据测序结果推导WSSV ORF147多肽在N端有信号肽序列,并且在氨基酸序列的122～144区间形成跨膜螺旋区.     

锦鲤疱疹病毒主要囊膜蛋白基因的PCR扩增与序列分析

为了进一步研究锦鲤疱疹病毒主要囊膜蛋白（KHV-MEP）的功能及锦鲤疱疹病毒（KHV）的感染机制,根据KHV-MEP基因序列设计并合成1对引物,从自然感染KHV发病的锦鲤（Cyprinus carpio Koi）肝组织总DNA中扩增获得特异性基因片段。将所得基因片段克隆到pMD18-T Simple Vector载体中,获得重组质粒T-KMEP;酶切鉴定后进行序列测定,并采用氨基酸亲水性分析软件TMpred对其编码氨基酸序列进行分析;在对该片段所编码氨基酸可能抗原位点分析的基础上,进行PCR改造构建原核表达载体,获得重组表达载体pBV-KMEP1和pBV-KMEP2。所获得的基因片段大小为771bp,该基因片段与GenBank中已登录的KHV-MEP基因（AB178537）的同源性为100%,是一个完整的开放阅读框,所编码的蛋白由256个氨基酸组成,分子量为28.2kD,等电点（PI）为8.65。该序列含有4个跨膜区,可构成主要抗原决定簇。结果显示所获得的目的基因片段就是锦鲤主要囊膜蛋白全基因。     

虎纹蛙病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及其序列

从新分离感染虎纹蛙的病毒培养细胞中提取病毒DNA作模板，用分别对应于蛙病毒－3型（FV3）主要衣壳蛋白（Major Capsid Protein,MCP）基因读码框两侧的寡核苷酸片段作引物进行PCR扩增，得到预期大小基因片段，进一步将此基因片段插入到pGEM-T载体中，进行全长片段的序列测定和分析。结果表明，编码虎纹蛙病毒的MCP基因的读码框核苷酸数为1392bp，编码463个氨基酸；基因的核苷酸序列与其他脊椎动物虹彩病毒的MCP基因序列比较结果显示，该病毒与蛙病毒属的FV3的同源性（98％)明显高于囊肿病毒属的FLDV－1（52％），并且与虹彩病毒科其他成员的MCP基因序列均有所不同，说明该病毒株是虹彩病毒科蛙病毒属的新成员。     

急性病毒性坏死病毒引物酶表达及酶学活性分析

根据急性病毒性坏死病毒(acute viral necrosis virus,AVNV)ORF 024序列设计引物,以AVNV的DNA为模板进行扩增AVNV引物酶(primase)基因,同时构建表达质粒pET32a-prim,并转化至E.coli BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE检测显示诱导表达两条蛋白条带,其中分子量为60 ku的蛋白条带与预期表达蛋白条带大小一致,另一蛋白条带分子量约为55 ku,经Western-blotting及质谱分析鉴定分子量60 ku的蛋白条带为AVNV-引物酶,而表达出的55 ku蛋白条带存在部分引物酶多肽片段。RNA结合荧光染料Pico-Green在30 min内荧光强度比较稳定,从而确定30 min为进行AVNV引物酶活性分析的最佳终止反应时间,并在引物合成实验中观察到30 min内引物酶活性较高。当使用多聚胞嘧啶寡核苷酸poly(d C)为模板时,重组引物酶能特异性催化底物GTP。0.1 mmol/L Zn2+可显著增强引物酶活性,而1mmol/L Mn2+和EDTA能抑制引物酶活性。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.