福州动物园白犀牛饲养管理

犀牛在地球上有近五千万年的生活史,近年来由于生存环境和偷猎等因素影响,犀牛的数量在急剧减少。犀牛的保护已迫在眉睫,而动物园在犀牛保护中充当重要角色。福州动物园饲养了一对白犀牛,本文从饲养笼舍、人员、日粮、疾病与治疗、日常管理等几个方面阐述福州动物园白犀牛的饲养管理,为研究白犀牛生态学和异地保护提供参考。     

PCR-DGGE分析白犀牛粪样菌群多样性

为研究不同食谱下白犀牛粪样菌群多样性变化,分别采集5头以青草为主食谱和以干草为主食谱的犀牛粪样,提取总细菌核酸,利用基于16S rRNA基因的变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术进行菌群分析。结果表明:在2种食谱条件下,5头犀牛粪样细菌DGGE图谱均出现较多条带;同一食谱时,5头犀牛样品存在较多共有条带。相似性分析显示,所有犀牛样品间的相似性较高,大于55%。各个体间,犀牛B、C和E样品归于同一簇,相似性大于70%;更换食谱后,未出现样品归于同一簇规律。与夏季青草为主食谱相比,冬季更换以干草为主食谱后,5头犀牛粪样细菌菌群的Shannon多样性指数显著升高(P<0.05)。结果提示,不同季节更换食谱在一定程度上会影响犀牛粪样菌群区系。     

非洲白犀牛血液常规参数的测定

本研究测定了石林龙晖野生动物科研中心饲养的非洲白犀牛的红细胞数、血红蛋白、红细胞比积、平均红细胞体积、平均血红蛋白含量、平均血红蛋白浓度、红细胞宽度变异系数、红细胞宽度标准差、血小板数、平均血小板体积、白细胞数、淋巴细胞绝对值、中间细胞绝对值、粒细胞绝对值、淋巴细胞百分比、中间细胞百分比、粒细胞百分比、大血小板百分比、血小板比积、血小板分布宽度。通过比较分析,雌、雄犀牛在红细胞数、大血小板百分比差异性显著（O．01〈P〈0．05）。其他雌、雄犀牛各项参数差异性不显著（P〉0．05）。雄性白犀牛与公乌蒙马相比,二者的血红蛋白差异性不显著。雌性白犀牛血液中的红细胞数与母乌蒙马的红细胞数差异性不显著。雌、雄白犀牛与安西牛的红细胞数和血红蛋白差异性不显著。因此,在诊断白犀牛血液常规指标时可参考乌蒙马和安西牛相关血液常规指标。     

人工饲养条件下非洲白犀牛的饲养与繁殖

为了对非洲白犀牛进行有效的饲养与繁殖管理,在浙江省杭州野生动物世界对非洲白犀牛的饲养情况进行了说明。此外,还对白犀牛的繁殖分娩行为作了介绍,这也是我国人工饲养条件下,白犀牛成功繁殖后代的首例。本文通过揭示亚成体犀牛生长发育到成体犀牛并交配、繁殖、分娩的过程,同时对习性进行了记录整理,供同行参考。     

两例非洲白犀牛肠道菌群失调引起腹泻的诊断与治疗

草食性动物肠道里有大量的微生物,统称为肠道菌群。正常情况下肠道菌群参与营养吸收、保护肠道黏膜、免疫、抗肿瘤等一系列生命活动。重庆动物园饲养的两头非洲白犀牛于2016年8月同时出现肠道菌群失调,引起腹泻,经过近9个月的治疗与调理转归良好,本文对该病治疗过程进行总结,供同行参考。     

白毛猪额部皮肤黑斑遗传规律的探讨

<正> 关于白毛色猪种皮肤黑斑的遗传研究,国内外报道较少。为了揭示白毛色猪皮肤黑斑的遗传规律,我们在1983年和1984年春对华中农大试验猪场的部分湖北白猪Ⅳ系仔猪额部皮肤黑斑情况进行了调查分析,其结果如下:1 观察额部无皮肤黑斑的公母猪交配产生了额部皮肤     

肉兔皮肤脓肿病例的病原诊断与防治

接诊福建省龙岩市某肉兔场患皮肤脓肿肉兔14只,采集患兔耳缘静脉血进行血常规检测,并无菌采集肉兔脓肿液进行病原菌分离纯化培养、染色镜检、PCR检查以及对所分离菌株进行药敏试验。结果表明：肉兔皮肤脓肿病为金黄色葡萄球菌感染所致。经手术和药物相结合治疗,并加强兔场的疫病防控后,患病肉兔恢复良好。     

内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊皮肤毛囊结构研究

对内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊皮肤、毛囊进行观察,结果显示,阿尔巴斯白绒山羊皮肤毛囊结构与其他绒山羊基本一致,由表皮层、真皮毛囊层和真皮网状层组成.表皮极薄,主要由角质层和生发层构成.真皮毛囊层以疏松的结缔组织为主,内有毛囊和皮脂腺等结构.毛囊群由1～4个初级毛囊和若干个次级毛囊组成.初级毛囊发生较早,附属结构齐全;次级毛囊发生较晚,无汗腺.内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊的皮肤毛囊结构有其品种特征,具有较高的密度和S/P(次级毛囊/初级毛囊)值,所以研究其皮肤毛囊结构对于提高内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羊毛品质和产绒量具有重要的意义.     

内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊皮肤毛囊发育及其活性变化规律的研究

选择初生内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊公,母羔各６只,测定其皮肤毛囊发育规律。另选择阿尔巴斯白绒山羊成年母羊６只,公羊４只,测定其皮肤毛囊性变化规律。结果表明,阿尔巴斯白绒山羊初生时,初级毛囊已发育成熟,而次级毛囊发育熟至４月龄才完成。成年白绒山羊皮肤中的初级毛囊和次毛囊活性的季节性变规律相似,其活性在冬季最 。组织学研究表明,在前一产绒周期绒毛脱落之前,次级毛囊就已开始活动。     

Semen collection in rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis, Diceros bicornis, Ceratotherium simum) by electroejaculation with a uniquely designed probe.

Electroejaculation in rhinoceroses has historically yielded inconsistent results, with the collection of high-quality, sperm-rich samples rare. The goal of this study was to develop a reliable method of electroejaculation in the rhinoceros by designing a rectal probe that appropriately fits the anatomy of this taxon and refining the procedure. A curved probe handle ending in an oblate, ellipsoid head was built using readily available supplies. A combination of rectal massage, penile massage, and electrical stimulation with a specially designed probe was employed in attempts to collect semen on 14 occasions from greater one-horned rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis; n = 4), black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis; n = 2) and a southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum; n = 1). During 13 of the 14 attempts, ejaculates were collected in multiple fractions. All but one of the ejaculates contained spermatozoa, and seven ejaculates contained good-quality fractions of semen (-60% sperm motility; > or =20 x 106 spermatozoa/ml) suitable for sperm banking and assisted reproduction procedures. Mean (+/-SEM) values for volume, pH, osmolality, and total sperm number for ejaculates containing good-quality fractions (98.2 +/-21.8 ml, 8.5+/-0.1, 290.4+/-6.7 mOsm, and 37.1+/-12.0 x 10(9), respectively) did not differ (P > 0.05) from those containing only poor-quality samples. Urine and/or erythrocyte contamination was not uncommon in fractions of both ejaculate types. Males producing good-quality samples ranged in age from 7 to 34 yr. None of the samples contained > or =75% morphologically normal spermatozoa. Electroejaculation with a uniquely designed probe consistently produced ejaculates in the rhinoceros. However, the production of high-quality samples continued to be challenging, occurring in only 50% of collection attempts. Regardless, the technology has progressed to a stage at which good-quality semen samples can be produced for sperm banking and assisted reproduction, and thereby can be integrated into intensive rhinoceros management strategies for the ultimate survival of this taxon.     

Capture of the White (Square-Lipped) Rhinoceros Ceratotherium Simum Simum (Burchell) with the Use of Drug Immobilization Technique

The capture of the white (square-lipped) rhinoceros ceratotherium simum simum (Burchell) by the drug immobilization method is described. Details are given of the drug doses and the reactions of the twelve animals immobilized.     

Cloning, sequencing and expression of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and the production of rhinoceros IFN-gamma specific antibodies

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is endemic in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park (KNP). In addition to buffalo, Mycobacterium bovis has been found in at least 14 other mammalian species in South Africa, including kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) and lion (Panthera leo). This has raised concern about the spillover into other potentially susceptible species like rhinoceros, thus jeopardising breeding and relocation projects aiming at the conservation of biodiversity. Hence, procedures to screen for and diagnose BTB in black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) need to be in place. The Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) assay is used as a routine diagnostic tool to determine infection of cattle and recently African buffalo, with M. bovis and other mycobacteria. The aim of the present work was to develop reagents to set up a rhinoceros IFN-gamma (RhIFN-gamma) assay. The white rhinoceros IFN-gamma gene was cloned, sequenced and expressed as a mature protein. Amino acid (aa) sequence analysis revealed that RhIFN-gamma shares a homology of 90% with equine IFN-gamma. Monoclonal antibodies, as well as polyclonal chicken antibodies (Yolk Immunoglobulin-IgY) with specificity for recombinant RhIFN-gamma were produced. Using the monoclonals as capture antibodies and the polyclonal IgY for detection, it was shown that recombinant as well as native white rhinoceros IFN-gamma was recognised. This preliminary IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), has the potential to be developed into a diagnostic assay for M. bovis infection in rhinoceros.     

The cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine, azaperone, detomidine, and butorphanol in field-anesthetized white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum).

White rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) anesthetized with etorphine combinations develop severe pathophysiologic changes, including hypoventilation, hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of butorphanol to the immobilizing mixture on the cardiopulmonary effects in free-ranging white rhinoceroses darted from the helicopter. In the control group (n=15), the rhinoceroses were anesthetized with etorphine, azaperone, detomidine, and hyaluronidase administered intramuscularly. In the treatment group (n=16), 10-20 mg of butorphanol was added to the combination. Within 10 min of becoming immobile, vital parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature) and blood gas analyses were taken, and measurements were repeated after 10 (treatment group) and 20 min (control group). Both groups showed respiratory and metabolic acidosis, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. In the control group, the arterial partial pressure of oxygen was significantly higher and the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen pressure gradients were significantly lower in all body positions compared with the butorphanol group. Oxygen hemoglobin saturation in the control group was higher than in the butorphanol group only in the lateral position. Improvements in arterial oxygen levels were observed in all animals when placed in sternal recumbency. There were no significant differences in the mean induction times between groups, but the distance the butorphanol group ran was significantly less after darting than in the control group. By adding butorphanol to the immobilizing mixture, no benefits in ventilation were seen; although, size differences make comparisons difficult. Running for a shorter distance during induction could be beneficial in the prevention of severe acid-base imbalances and capture myopathy.     

Diagnosis and Treatment of Foot Infections

The equine foot is a prime candidate for bacterial and fungal infections. The majority of infections are abscess based and generally are easily managed. Prolonged infections can result in chronic lameness and in severe cases they can be life threatening. A systematic approach to evaluation of the equine hoof can expedite the diagnosis and treatment of foot infections.     

华南虎皮肤感染的诊治

由于南方雨水较多,气候温暖潮湿,细菌相对活跃,诱发韶关2只华南虎（Panthera tigris amoyensis）皮肤感染。2013年2月23日,发现506号雄性华南虎臀部两侧及后腿内侧成片（块状）脱毛和断毛,脱毛部位皮肤较红,湿疹状,初诊为细菌性感染。8月18日,发现470号雄性华南虎行走艰难,后脚趾间溃烂发炎,初诊为真菌感染。作者针对2例皮肤感染病症,采取口服和外用广谱消炎杀菌药物,加强虎舍杀菌消毒等治疗和卫生措施,使患虎3 d内病情得到有效控制,10 d后病情基本痊愈,30 d后皮毛恢复正常。此外,本文还对患虎致病原因进行了分析研究,并提出了预防措施。     

规模化猪场仔猪黄,白痢的防治研究

本研究采用麦康凯、 Ｅ Ｍ Ｂ 选择性培养基对四川绵阳、乐山、南充、温江、自贡、广汉、德阳等地规模化猪场仔猪黄、白痢黄型病例进行了大肠杆菌分离培养, 对分离株进行了详细的生化鉴定, 并用小鼠作致病性试验, 获得８８ 株致病性大肠杆菌。对８８ 株大肠杆菌中的１９ 株用１０ 种抗生素进行了药敏试验, 结果表明： 分离菌株对恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、庆大霉素较敏感, 而对多种常用抗生素产生了不同程度的耐药性。对四川９ 个规模化猪场进行了本场菌株大肠杆菌灭活苗免疫试验, 取得良好效果。根据本研究结果提出： 采用本场菌株灭活苗免疫, 结合使用少量敏感抗生素, 并配合加强饲养管理等综合措施是防治规模化猪场仔猪黄、白痢最为经济有效的方法。