梁平柚嫁接美国积橙砧成功——开创我国柚树嫁接国外优良砧木先河

3月11日，记者在重庆市梁平县金带镇金桂村看到，嫁接到美国枳橙砧上的12，000株优良梁平柚树长势良好，这表明梁平柚树嫁接美国枳橙砧取得了成功。据悉，此举开创了用国内柚树嫁接国外优良砧木的先河。     

5种砧木对“华农本地早”桔和“国庆1号”温州蜜柑营养生长及果实品质的影响北大核心

在武汉地区,对枳、枳橙、枳柚、资阳香橙和红桔砧“华农本地早”桔和“国庆1号”温州蜜柑的树冠体积、砧穗亲和性等营养生长参数,以及果汁可溶性固形物(TSS)含量、可滴定酸(TA)含量、固酸比(TSS/TA)等果实品质指标进行了测定和评价。结果表明,砧木对“华农本地早”和“国庆1号”营养生长及果实品质的影响显著。枳柚砧和红桔砧嫁接树的树势较强,“华农本地早”与枳柚砧的亲和性及“国庆1号”与红桔砧的亲和性较差;资阳香橙砧和枳橙砧嫁接树的树势居中,砧穗亲和性较好;枳砧嫁接树的树势较弱,砧穗亲和性一般。枳砧和枳橙砧“国庆1号”和“华农本地早”的TSS高,TA居中,TSS/TA高。资阳香橙砧“华农本地早”的TSS较低,TA偏低,TSS/TA较高;资阳香橙砧“国庆1号”的TSS较低,TA较高,TSS/TA低。红桔砧“华农本地早”和“国庆1号”TSS偏低,TA也低,TSS/TA较高。枳柚砧“华农本地早”和“国庆1号”TSS较低,TA高,TSS/TA偏低。从树体矮化或树势中庸化作用、嫁接亲和性及果实品质等综合表现来看,与枳柚和红桔相比,枳、枳橙和资阳香橙是武汉地区宽皮柑桔的适宜砧木。     

5种砧木对“华农本地早”桔和“国庆1号”温州蜜柑营养生长及果实品质的影响

在武汉地区,对枳、枳橙、枳柚、资阳香橙和红桔砧"华农本地早"桔和"国庆1号"温州蜜柑的树冠体积、砧穗亲和性等营养生长参数,以及果汁可溶性固形物(TSS)含量、可滴定酸(TA)含量、固酸比(TSS/TA)等果实品质指标进行了测定和评价。结果表明,砧木对"华农本地早"和"国庆1号"营养生长及果实品质的影响显著。枳柚砧和红桔砧嫁接树的树势较强,"华农本地早"与枳柚砧的亲和性及"国庆1号"与红桔砧的亲和性较差;资阳香橙砧和枳橙砧嫁接树的树势居中,砧穗亲和性较好;枳砧嫁接树的树势较弱,砧穗亲和性一般。枳砧和枳橙砧"国庆1号"和"华农本地早"的TSS高,TA居中,TSS/TA高。资阳香橙砧"华农本地早"的TSS较低,TA偏低,TSS/TA较高;资阳香橙砧"国庆1号"的TSS较低,TA较高,TSS/TA低。红桔砧"华农本地早"和"国庆1号"TSS偏低,TA也低,TSS/TA较高。枳柚砧"华农本地早"和"国庆1号"TSS较低,TA高,TSS/TA偏低。从树体矮化或树势中庸化作用、嫁接亲和性及果实品质等综合表现来看,与枳柚和红桔相比,枳、枳橙和资阳香橙是武汉地区宽皮柑桔的适宜砧木。     

柑桔良种春季高接换种关键技术

我们已在锦橙、红桔、脐橙、柑、柠檬、柚和温州蜜柑等中间砧上高接过良种材料 80余个 ,现就品种、砧木特性和春季高换成败的关键技术作一总结 ,供生产者参考。1　高接品种和中间砧、基砧的特性接穗品种和砧木的亲和性是决定嫁接成败的首要条件。在当前推广的良种中 ,现已发现亲和性不良造成嫁接后成活率不高或生长不良的接穗品种 /砧木组合有 :长红脐橙 /枳 ,岩溪晚芦 /哈姆林甜橙 ,溪蜜柚 /枳和佛手 /枳。亲和性好、嫁接后生长良好的有 :溪蜜柚 / (柠檬、柚 ) ,(强德勒红心柚、晚白柚或矮晚柚 ) / (柚、温州蜜柑、枳 ) ,长红脐橙 / …     

柑桔优质壮苗培育技术

1砧木种子的采集、处理和贮藏 砧木主要有枳、酸柚和红桔等，目前枳砧应用最广泛，可嫁接柑、桔、橙、柚、金柑等。枳种的采集方法有两种：一是嫩籽采集；二是成熟种子采集。     

不同橙类品种对枳砧效应研究

一、前言 枳(Poncirus trifoliate)是宽皮柑桔优良砧木,以枳嫁接的橙类具有矮化、早结、优质的性状,但在华南地区以枳作甜橙的砧木有不同程度的黄化现象。过去研究枳砧甜橙的砧穗组合与黄化关系者较多,阐明不同橙类品种与枳砧关系的报道较少。为探索不同橙类品种对枳砧的亲和性,作者收集了国内外橙类品种共75个,比较其对枳砧的     

卡里佐枳橙在中国的生产适应性调查与比较研究

卡里佐枳橙是重要的柑桔砧木,在世界范围内广泛应用,20世纪90年代作为一种新砧木被引进中国并在部分地区用于柑桔生产。为了全面了解卡里佐枳橙在中国的生产适应性,采用田间观察和问询相结合的方法在6个柑桔主产省16个区(县)的30多个果园开展了嫁接亲和性、早结丰产性、抗逆性等方面的调查,并在重庆和广西两个不同的生态类型共3个试验点连续3年对嫁接在卡里佐枳橙和枳砧上的梁平柚和纽荷尔脐橙的树体、产量、结果效率和果实品质等园艺学性状进行比较。结果显示,总体上卡里佐枳橙砧的嫁接亲和性较好,但与红江橙和无籽柠檬嫁接后表现出明显的不亲和;早结丰产性好,树势旺,结果效率不如枳砧;果实品质优良,与枳砧相比无显著性差异;对裂皮病、天牛比较敏感;对碱性土壤比较敏感,容易导致叶片缺铁黄化。     

柑桔砧木品种枳橙及其育苗技术

枳橙系枳与橙的杂种。以枳橙为砧嫁接的柑桔苗木，定植后主根粗．根系发达．耐旱，较耐寒，抗衰退病、脚腐病和线虫病等。植株生长快，树势壮，结果早，丰产优质。鉴于枳（目前使用最为广泛的砧木品种）为砧嫁接的柑桔树，冬季有叶片黄化、异常落叶、易早衰等现象，枳橙作为柑桔砧木品种在柑桔育苗上开始受到重视。特别是在柑桔品种大棚采穗圃中常用枳橙作砧．     

梁平柚矮化砧木的筛选

供试柚品种为梁平柚,砧木为枳、香橙、宜昌橙和酒饼簕、以酸柚砧为对照。1983年秋嫁接,1984年秋定植。7年观察结果表明,酒饼簕、宜昌橙、枳对梁平柚有矮化作用,其中以酒饼簕最明显。枳砧梁平柚定植后第2年(1986年),有1/3的植株试花,第3年全部开花,结果最多的一株达8个;香橙、宜昌橙、酸柚砧(对照)梁平柚定植后第3年试花;酒饼簕砧梁平柚第5年试花。枳砧梁平柚树高、树冠体积、枝条电阻值、枝条节间长度等均明显低于对照。初步认为,枳是梁平柚比较理想的矮化砧木。     

柑桔砧木枳橙及其育苗技术

枳橙系枳与橙的杂种。以枳橙为砧嫁接的柑桔苗木生长快，植株健壮，定植后的柑桔树主根粗，根系发达，耐旱，较耐寒，抗衰退病、脚腐病和线虫病等。树体生长快，树势壮，结果早，丰产优质。鉴于枳(目前使用最广泛的砧木品种)冬季落叶，有一定的休眠期，以枳为砧嫁接的柑桔树冬季有叶片黄化、异常落叶、易早衰等现象，枳橙作为柑桔砧木品种在柑桔育苗上开始受到重视，特别是在柑桔大棚采穗圃中常用枳橙做砧。     

不同柑橘砧木对锦橙果实品质的影响

 2006—2008年连续3年研究11种砧木对铜水72-1锦橙果实品质的影响。结果表明：不同砧木对果实颜色和内在品质均有影响,其中以卡里佐枳橙为砧的果实亮度最好,黄色度值最高,果实最大,果皮最薄;以路比枳为砧的果实红色度值和固酸比（TSS/TA）最高,果皮最厚;以沃尔卡姆为砧的亮度最差,黄色度值、单果质量和可食率最低,中心柱最小;以C35枳橙为砧的中心柱最大且维生素C含量最低;以光皮酸橙为砧的果实红色度最低而可食率最高;以里其16-6枳为砧的果实可溶性固形物（TSS）含量最高;以孙楚沙橘为砧的果实可滴定酸（TA）和维生素C含量最高,而TSS/TA最低;果实TSS和TA最低的砧木为枸头橙。品质综合评价,性状表现较好的为孙楚沙橘、卡里佐枳橙和C35枳橙,而表现较差的为兰普莱檬和沃尔卡姆柠檬。     

Root morphology and the effect of rootstocks on leaf nutrient acquisition of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Loureiro × Citrus reticulata Blanco)

The study aimed to understand the root morphological character of 1 year old seedling rootstock of citrus genotypes viz., rough lemon, Karna Khatta, Carrizo citrange, Rangpur lime, Troyer citrange, Jatti Khatti and sour orange as well as to investigate the effect of these rootstocks on the leaf mineral composition of Kinnow. Root morphological traits showed significant genotypic variation. Rough lemon seedlings had a higher root length, projected area, surface area, volume and the number of forks. Sour orange was moderate rootstock of the 7 genotypes for most of the root morphological characters, while citrange rootstocks expressed poor root morphology. The rootstocks also imparted significant influence on the leaf mineral composition. Leaf K, Ca and Mg content was recorded maximum in plants grown on rough lemon seedling, while N, P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentration was higher on sour orange rootstock. Kinnow trees on Rangpur lime rootstock accumulated more Na in their leaf tissue, where as Troyer citrange restricted the accumulation of Na. Considering the root morphological characters and nutrient accumulation pattern, rough lemon and sour orange for areas free from tristeza virus could be suggested as alternative rootstocks for the studied Kinnow mandarin under similar ecological conditions.     

Effect of salinity on uptake and distribution of chloride and sodium in some citrus scion-rootstock combinations

The effect of scion on Cl and Na accumulation and the transport properties of rootstocks was investigated using grafted plants. The combinations of Navel orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osb.) and Clementine (C. clementine Hort. ex Tan) scions on Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) and Troyer citrange (C. sinensis X P. trifoliata) rootstocks, were used in all experiments. Plants were grown under glasshouse conditions for 14 weeks supplied with nutrient solution containing 0-60 mM NaCl. Relative growth and defoliation were studied. The reduction in relative growth caused by salt, treatments was more scion- dependent, whereas defoliation was more rootstock-dependent. Changes in leaf and root ionic contents were measured. Scions on Cleopatra mandarin accumulated less Cl in their leaves and roots than did scions on Troyer citrange. The distribution of Cl in the whole plant showed that Clementine had a reduced ability to transport Cl from roots to leaves. However, sodium content was lower in scions on Troyer citrange than Cleopatra mandarin. The distribution of Na in the whole plant showed that Troyer citrange restricted the transport of Na to the scion. There was little difference in P content in all combinations. Salinity decreased sharply the N content of leaves and roots in plants on Troyer citrange, but there was only a slight effect in plants on Cleopatra mandarin. The pattern of N accumulation was inversely correlated with the pattern of Cl accumulation. Salinity decreased K, Ca and Mg contents in leaves and roots of all combinations.     

Rootstock influence on the incidence of rind breakdown in ‘Navelate’ sweet orange

Summary

The influence of three rootstocks, Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tanaka) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) on the incidence and severity of rind breakdown in ‘Navelate’ sweet oranges was studied over seven years in four orchards. The proportion of affected fruit was greater in trees on Carrizo citrange (60% on an average) followed by Cleopatra mandarin (38%) and then on sour orange (9%). There were also significant differences in the severity of the disorder among rootstocks; more than 35% and 20% of fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange and Cleopatra mandarin, respectively, were rejected for commercialization, whereas only 4% of fruit on sour orange was rejected. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fruit peduncles showed that average diameter of xylem vessel elements of peduncles of fruits on Carrizo citrange rootstock were 6% and 17% larger than those on Cleopatra mandarin and sour orange, respectively. Defoliation of fruit-bearing branches reduced water loss from fruit, maintained fruit peel water potential at a higher value than that of fruit on undefoliated branches and reduced the proportion and severity of affected fruit. It is concluded that fruit-tree water relationships are related to rind breakdown in ‘Navelate’ oranges and low fruit water content might be responsible for the disorder.     

Evaluation of rootstocks for the Cyprus local lemon variety ‘Lapithkiotiki’

The effect of various rootstocks on yield, yield efficiency, tree size and fruit quality of the local lemon variety ‘Lapithkiotiki’ (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.) was studied under Cyprus conditions. Total cumulative yield over 13 years of production was the highest on rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush) followed by that on Volkameriana (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.), Yuma Ponderosa lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. F.), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), Citrus macrophylla Wester, Morton citrange (C. sinensis cv. Washington navel × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), Yuma citrange, Rangpur lime (C. limonia Obs.), Palestine sweet lime (C. limettioides Tan.), C-32 citrange and Citremon 1449 (C. limon × P. trifoliata), although no statistically significant differences were found between sour orange, the commercial rootstock used in Cyprus, and the other above mentioned rootstocks. Next in order as regards to total cumulative yield was Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanko.) followed by Carrizo citrange, with statistically significant differences compared with sour orange. Trees on Citrumelo CPB-4475 (C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata) and C-35 citrange died 3–4 years after grafting. Canopy volume was the lowest for trees on Cleopatra mandarin and Carrizo citrange. Yield efficiency A, expressed as total cumulative yield per trunk cross-sectional area, was the highest on C. macrophylla and lowest on Carrizo citrange. Rootstock significantly affected fruit size and weight, rind thickness, juice content, brix, total acids and brix:acid ratio. The results of the present study reveal that the most promising rootstocks that may replace sour orange for the local lemon variety ‘Lapithkiotiki’ under Cyprus conditions are Volkameriana, Yuma Ponderosa lemon, C. macrophylla and Citremon 1449.     

柑橘4种砧木幼苗对铜过量胁迫的生理响应与耐受性差异

为探究不同柑橘砧木的铜过量胁迫耐性差异,分析砧木铜过量胁迫的生理响应,试验选用4种常用的柑橘砧木枳、资阳香橙、红橘和沙田柚180 d实生苗为材料,用1.5（对照）、7.5、37.5、187.5和937.5 μmol • L-1的CuSO4溶液进行处理。结果显示,高浓度CuSO4处理导致叶绿素含量和光合能力下降,叶片细胞相对电导率和MDA含量值显著上升;SOD、POD酶活性上升;高浓度下,砧木对K、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn和Zn营养元素的吸收和转运下降。高CuSO4处理导致砧木叶片黄化脱落,根系褐变短小,生长受阻,严重时死亡。不同砧木对CuSO4过量胁迫耐受性差异明显,枳最先出现新叶失绿、老叶落叶、生长量下降和光合等生理指标下降,随后依次为沙田柚、红橘和资阳香橙。主成分分析和隶属函数综合分析显示,资阳香橙对铜过量胁迫耐性最强,红橘其次,沙田柚再次,枳对铜过量胁迫最敏感。     

Growth,root morphology and boron uptake by citrus rootstock seedlings differing in boron-deficiency responses

Boron (B) is an essential microelement for higher plants and has important physiological functions in plant growth and development. Citrus plants are frequently exposed to B-deficiency, but knowledge regarding the effects of B-deficiency on rootstock growth, root morphology and genotypic variations in citrus is limited. To evaluate the variations in plant-growth parameters in response to B-deficiency, five citrus rootstocks seedlings that grown in modified 1/2-strength Hoagland's solution that contained 0.25 μM H₃BO₃ (moderate B-level, Control) or 0 μM H₃BO₃ (B-deficiency, −B) were investigated before and 90 days after treatment. There are significant genotypic variations in plant-growth parameters (dry mass, leaf area and seedling height), root-morphological traits and B-concentrations. B-deficiency inhibited plant dry mass and leaf area expansion of Fragrant citrus, Sour orange and Trifoliate orange seedlings significantly (P < 0.05), whereas no effect was found on the total dry mass of Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine seedlings. Further, B-deficiency reduced the root number, root length and root surface area in Fragrant citrus and Trifoliate orange significantly (P < 0.05); however, no significant effect was detected on these root morphological traits of Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine (P > 0.05). In addition, B-deficiency reduced the B-concentration in the leaves of all the five genotypes and the B-concentration in the roots of Fragrant citrus and Sour orange, none effect was observed on the B-concentration in stems of all studied genotypes and roots. However, there were significant relationships between the root-morphological traits and B-uptake efficiency. These results showed that Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine are B-efficient, Trifoliate orange is the moderate B-efficient genotypic rootstocks, whereas Fragrant citrus and Sour orange are B-inefficient genotypic rootstocks. In addition, Trifoliate orange was the moderate B-efficient rootstocks of five genotypes. The root-to-shoot dry mass ratio (R/S) and longer root numbers were higher in the Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine than that of Trifoliate orange, Fragrant citrus and Sour orange genotypes. That is to say, maintaining higher R/S and numerous longer lateral roots is very important in improving the B-efficiency and thus contribute much to the resistance of seedlings to B-deficiency in the Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine genotypes.     

Rootstock Induced Seasonal Changes of N,P and K Nutrient Levels in Satsuma Mandarin cvs. ‘Okitsu’, ‘Clausellina’ and ‘Silverhill’

Rootstocks-scion relations have critical consequences about nutritional status, tree vigour, resistance to pest and pathogens, yield and yield quality. In this study, we therefore investigated seasonal variations of leaf mineral nutrient concentrations in Satsuma mandarin’s cvs. ‘Okitsu’, ‘Clausellina’ and ‘Silverhill’ budded on different citrus rootstocks under Dörtyol-Hatay, Turkey ecological conditions. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and K (potassium) concentrations of the leaves showed slightly similar trend each other, in general these nutrients reduced from January to March–April, and increased during the growing season until mid- and late summer, then decreased until December. Despite rootstocks did not significantly affect the leaf N, P and K concentrations rootstock-scion relation was pre-eminent and nutrient dependent. Most conspicuous scion dependent changes were recorded for K concentration whereas P concentration was little influenced. In terms of scion-rootstock combination, the range of N and K concentrations were 2.11% (‘Okitsu’/sour orange) to 2.34% (Silverhill/sour orange), and 1.09% (‘Okitsu’/Carrizo citrange) to 1.39% (‘Clausellina’/Carrizo citrange), respectively; but P concentrations were highly similar %0.13 (‘Okitsu’/sour orange) – %0.16 (‘Clausellina’/Carrizo citrange), in the entire growing season. It can be concluded that there are considerable differences in nutrient uptake ability of scion-rootstock combination.     

柑桔砧木矮化预选指标的解剖学研究

以74—1枳、紫花宜昌橙、Rusk枳橙、香橙、Troyer积橙、江南柑、92号红桔和蟹橙为标准系列砧木,研究了它们的解剖学特征,从中筛选了根皮率、根导管总面积、栅海比、叶气孔密度4个砧木矮化预选指标和皮率、木质率、根导管密度、叶主脉导管数4个辅助预选指标.利用这些指标,可把31种砧木分为矮化砧、半矮化砧、半乔化砧与乔化砧4类.     

Selection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for citrus growth promotion and Phytophthora suppression

In order to reduce unnecessary amount of P-fertilizer and severity of Phytophthora root rot in citrus orchards, the experiment was set up. Thirteen indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi species were isolated from rhizosphere soil of citrus orchards in Thailand and were then propagated into three host plants [sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), maize (Zea mays), and leek (Allium cepa)] by trap culture. We also tested whether indigenous AMF species (13 different species) could colonize into three cultivars of citrus scions and rootstocks (Shogun: Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun; Tangerine: C. reticulata; and C-35 citrange: Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata). With root colonization rates, the results indicated that Acaulospora tuberculata and Glomus etunicatum provided the best colonization in all citrus cultivars. We selected, therefore, those AMF species to verify their influences on citrus growth and Phytophthora root rot resistance. Three cultivars of citrus scions and rootstocks, Shogun, Tangerine and C-35 citrange, were inoculated with two effective indigenous AMF species, G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata in order to determine the influences on citrus growth. The plants were investigated to determine the mycorrhizal efficiency index (MEI), AM colonization, P content, and other parameters. Co-inoculation of AMF species (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) with Phytophthora nicotianae was also carried out in Shogun scion/C-35 citrange rootstocks. The results of citrus growth revealed that Shogun and Tangerine inoculated with G. etunicatum produced the highest MEI. Tangerine and C-35 citrange amended with fertilizers and G. etunicatum showed the highest P content in leaves. This indicated that G. etunicatum has an influence on citrus growth and P uptake, suggesting it to be the highly effective strain. Shogun scion/C-35 citrange rootstock combinations that were inoculated by both P. nicotianae and different AM fungi (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) showed root injury at low level of root rot symptom. However, the part of Shogun scions grafted on rootstocks showed severe symptom of shoot die back in treatment inoculated with P. nicotianae alone, while treatment inoculated with different AM species (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) and P. nicotianae rendered lower shoot die back symptoms than that of Phytophthora treatment. The low level of shoot die back symptom was shown at first, then healthy young shoot was restored. Our results indicated the facts that different host plants and different AMF species produced different outcomes of growth and pathogen resistance. The application of both AM isolates, therefore, has an enormous potential to be produced the inoculum for citrus orchards.