猪支原体肺炎研究进展

近年来，猪肺炎支原体和其它肺部病原体（如猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒、多杀性巴氏杆菌、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、猪流感病毒、圆环病毒2型等）共存的情况下，产生猪呼吸综合症（PRDC），导致呼吸道疾病严重性增加。例如，猪肺炎支原体和猪繁殖呼吸综合症病毒（PRRSV）混合感染，可导致猪对PRRSV的免疫抑制，加剧PRRSV引起的肺部症状，延长病程。这种情况下单独使用PRRSV疫苗效果不显著，只有同时使用PRRSV和猪肺炎支原体疫苗免疫才能减轻症状。这些因素说明，猪肺炎支原体在猪呼吸综合症（PRDC）中扮演着十分重要的作用。本文对综述了该病原及其疾病控制的进展。     

浅谈PCV2、PRRSV和肺炎支原体间的相互作用

猪呼吸道疾病是由多种因素引起的复杂性疾病,如多种传染性致病原的同时感染、对环境产生应激、饲喂方式生产体系的改变和不同的管理方式等引起。猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）和猪肺炎支原体被认为是引起猪呼吸道疾病综合征（PRDC）的主要病原体。传统观点认为PRDC的主要致病原为PRRSV和猪肺炎支原体,但就目前来说PCV2已成为主要的病原体之一。PCV2可以导致多种综合征,统称为圆环病毒相关性疾病（PCVAD）。虽然有大量的文献表明PCV2可以增加PRDC的检出率,但在没有PCVAD的时候PCV2是否对肺部疾病造成损伤是有争议的。越来越多的证据表明PCV2在PRDC中对肺部的病变微不足道,而起重要作用的是PCVAD。本文对三种病原体之间的相互作用进行探讨,为疫苗的使用提供参考。     

猪肺炎支原体与其他病原的相互作用

呼吸道疾病是威胁规模化猪场最为突出的问题,通常以猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、猪肺炎支原体(MH)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪流感病毒(SIV)以及伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)的原发感染,加之副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)、传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)和巴氏杆菌(PM)等细菌的继发感染为主,其中MH是最严重的呼吸道疾病的原发病原之一.     

猪肺炎支原体的分离鉴定

猪喘气病,也称为“猪支原体肺炎”,是猪的一种慢性接触性呼吸道传染病。该病在一些规模化的猪场中广泛传播,患此病的猪只表现出咳嗽等一些呼吸道疾病的症状,对猪只的生长也造成影响,给猪场带来了巨大的经济损失。     

猪肺炎支原体疫苗免疫的重要性

由猪肺炎支原体（Myeoplasma hyopneumoniae）引起的猪支原体肺炎（MPS）或猪地方流行性肺炎（SEP）是造成当今养猪业经济损失的最重要的疾病之一。最近,在我国猪支原体由于与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）和其它病原体的混合感染,导致猪呼吸道综合征（PRDC）的产生,使其危害的程度进一步的提高。     

猪呼吸道疾病的预防与治疗措施

呼吸道疾病是猪的常见疾病,多发生于春季,为此饲养人员在春季要做好预防措施,并针对猪呼吸道疾病采相应的治疗措施,避免不必要的经济损失。1发病原因猪呼吸道疾病多为细菌与病毒共同引起,主要有肺炎支原体、伪狂犬病病毒、流感病毒、圆环病毒2型、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒;多杀性巴氏杆菌、附红细胞体、副嗜血杆菌、猪链球菌等。同时环境因素、管理因素、药源性因素等都可以引发猪呼吸道疾病等。     

猪支原体肺炎及其继发性疾病的综合防制

猪支原体肺炎是由猪肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae,MH)引起的一种接触性、慢性、消耗性的呼吸道传染病,也称猪喘气病(MPS),在猪群中可造成地方性流行。患猪主要特征是有明显的喘气症状,咳嗽,腹式呼吸,体温及食欲变化不大而生长发育迟缓,多在天气变化、饲养管理方式改变等应激因素的作用下诱发本病。近年来由于猪病呈复杂化趋势,猪呼吸道疾病临床上多为猪支原体肺炎继发猪巴氏杆菌病、猪圆环病毒(PCV)病、猪流感、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)、猪胸膜肺炎等细菌和病毒性疾病引起的混合感染。各地生猪屠宰场和肉联厂调查结果显示,30%～80%的猪肺部都有不同程度的肺炎病变。     

猪肺炎支原体YN200901株的分离鉴定

采集疑似猪肺炎支原体病理变化的肺脏,接种到改良牛心培养基、猪胃消化液培养基进行培养,经瑞特染色、镜检,菌落狄氏染色、PCR鉴定及序列比对、生化试验鉴定,抗猪肺炎支原体血清生长抑制试验,分离获得一株猪肺炎支原体云南地方流行菌株,命名为YN200901。试验结果为云南本地株猪肺炎支原体的后续研究提供了物质基础。     

PRRSV感染猪体内多杀性巴氏杆菌的分离与血清型鉴定

应用常规方法和PCR技术,对来自安徽肥西、庐江、肥东、定远、桐城5个地区猪场检测为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)阳性的肺脏进行多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pm)的分离及其血清型鉴定。结果显示,49份病料中分离鉴定出7株Pm,且均属于A型,分离率为14.3%,高于其他细菌(副猪嗜血杆菌、猪链球菌)的检出率。表明猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)患猪继发或混合感染Pm的比率较高,而且A型Pm是安徽省感染猪群中的主要血清型。     

中西疗法防治猪气喘病

猪气喘病也称猪地方流行性肺炎或猪支原体肺炎，该病发病率较高。主要症状为咳嗽和气喘，病变特征是融合性支气管炎。病猪初、中期食欲无变化，但生长缓慢，生长率减少16％，饲料利用率降低22％。在规模化猪场猪只多易继发猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、副猪嗜血杆菌以及猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪流感病毒等病菌，给养猪业带来很大的经济损失。     

Isolation of Mycoplasma salivarium from swine

Mycoplasma salivarium, a common human oropharyngeal mycoplasma, was isolated from nasal and pharyngeal secretions of 14 of 284 swine in a barrier-maintained, disease-free herd. M. salivarium was recovered from one boar 6 times over a 26-month period and one time only from 13 other swine. Human isolates of M. salivarium were compared with the swine isolates by DNA-DNA hybridization and SDS-PAGE of the cell proteins and the strains were shown to be closely related. One of eight of the swine from which M. salivarium was isolated had complement-fixing antibodies and another culture-positive animal had metabolic-inhibiting antibodies to M. salivarium. Overt disease was not associated with the organism. These results support previous findings that mycoplasmas closely related to M. salivarium may be isolated from the nasopharynges of swine and they further indicate that the organism can establish persistently in swine without evidence of overt disease.     

无需全群淘汰从肥育猪群中根除猪肺炎支原体

利用疫苗和药物,不需要将猪群全部淘汰将猪肺炎支原体从肥育猪群中根除。对3 243头来自猪肺炎支原体阴性猪群的保育猪在被转入猪肺炎支原体阳性肥育猪群前一次性注射灭活疫苗。在第1群已免疫的猪肺炎支原体阴性猪群被转入猪肺炎支原体阳性猪群时,对阳性猪群使用抗生素类药物。所有猪群按猪舍采用全进全出方法进行管理,猪舍内通风和清粪采用单独的处理系统。之后猪场只从猪肺炎支原体阴性母猪群所生产且没做疫苗免疫的仔猪群引猪。血清学调查结果显示,5年半无猪肺炎支原体抗体阳性。结论:这项无需使用全部淘汰方法建立无猪肺炎支原体猪群的根除计划已经获得成功。     

Genotype distribution of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine herds from different geographical regions

Genetic heterogeneity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs has been reported, however there has been limited reproducibility on the molecular methods employed so far. The aim of this study was to modify and standardize a high-resolution multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), to investigate the genetic variability of M. hyopneumoniae circulating in the United States of America (USA), Brazil, Mexico and Spain. The MLVA was standardized on the basis of the number of tandem repeats in two Mycoplasma adhesins, P97 and P146, which are proteins involved in the adherence of the pathogen to cilia. A total of 355 samples obtained from the four countries were analyzed. The Simpson's diversity index for the assay was D = 0.976 when samples from all countries were combined. A large number of MLVA types (n = 139) were identified, suggesting that multiple M. hyopneumoniae variants are circulating in swine. The locus P97 had 17 different types with 2–18 repeats. The P146 locus showed higher heterogeneity, with 34 different types, ranging from 7 to 48 repeats. MLVA types that presented more than 30 repeats in P146 were found in Spain and Brazil, while shorter repeats were observed in the USA and Mexico. This simplified MLVA method proved to be an efficient tool for typing M. hyopneumoniae with a high degree of stability, repeatability, and discriminatory power. In conclusion, M. hyopneumoniae showed a high variable number tandem repeat heterogeneity and this assay can be applied in molecular epidemiology investigations within farms and productions systems.     

猪肺炎支原体对猪气管上皮细胞的黏附作用

采用气管结扎、链霉蛋白酶灌注冷消化法分离猪气管上皮细胞,并以对数生长期的猪肺炎支原体(Mhp)感染猪气管上皮细胞,通过间接免疫荧光技术定性定量研究不同滴度的猪肺炎支原体对猪气管上皮细胞的黏附及相同滴度的猪肺炎支原体随时间变化对猪气管上皮细胞的黏附。结果表明,分离的猪气管上皮细胞存活率为95%以上,广谱角蛋白染色阳性;Mhp野毒株XLW-1与猪气管上皮细胞37℃作用30min就能看到少量的支原体黏附,作用4h以上时黏附更明显,并且,二者作用1、2、4、6、10h,XLW-1对猪气管上皮细胞的黏附与阴性对照相比差异极显著(P0.01);1×107、2.5×106 CCU/mL的XLW-1与猪气管上皮细胞37℃作用6h,能看到支原体黏附于细胞表面,并且与阴性对照相比差异极显著(P0.01),而其他低滴度的XLW-1则看不到黏附。     

猪肺炎支原体的研究进展

猪支原体肺炎是一直困扰养猪业发展的重要疾病之一。本文综合国内外对其病原一猪肺炎支原体的最新研究情况，从其对猪生长性能的影响、防治动向、检测、主要抗原的研究、基因工程疫苗研制等五个方面进行讨论。     

Fluorescence serological and culture detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in swine lungs

The present paper compares the fluorescence-serological detection of M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis in frozen sections with cultural procedures. In 161 lungs of swine the agent of enzootic pneumonia, M. hyopneumoniae, was found almost exclusively in frozen sections (22 times). Only one strain was cultivable. M. hyorhinis was detected 59 times by culture but only 18 times in the sections. For the detection of M. hyopneumoniae therefore the fluorescence-serological investigation of lung sections is the preferable method.     

猪肺炎支原体DJ-166株的分离鉴定

从山西某猪场采集疑似猪支原体肺炎肺组织病料,接种CH培养基培养,克隆纯化获得一株菌株。该菌株经PCR、培养特性、生化特性和血清学特性试验鉴定为猪肺炎支原体,命名为DJ-166株。该分离菌株在人工合成培养基上传8代稳定后,活菌计数达到108CCU/m L;菌液培养物气管注射猪后,致病性较弱;免疫原性试验证明该分离菌株具有良好的免疫原性,此结论为猪支原体肺炎疫苗的研究提供了必要条件。     

猪肺炎支原体S株的分离与鉴定

从典型猪肺炎支原体病变肺组织传代分离到一株支原体,经培养特性、血清学鉴定、生化鉴定、PCR检测及测序分析证明其为猪肺炎支原体,纯化后命名为S株。将S株P46基因和P97基因R1区的氨基酸序列与其他菌种的相应序列进行同源性分析,该菌株P46基因氨基酸序列与其他菌种同源高达99%以上,P97基因R1区的氨基酸重复数为11个,不同于其他菌株;免疫原性试验结果表明该菌株具有良好的免疫原性。     

Eradication of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from infected swine herds joining the LSO 2000 health class

The study was conducted in order to determine if eradication of swine enzootic pneumoniae (SEP) had succeeded with different variants of partial depopulation during the eradication programme on swine farrowing farms joining a health class, LSO 2000. The farms in the health class need to be free from swine enzootic pneumoniae, swine dysentery, sarcoptic mange and atrophic rhinitis. Twenty-one eradication attempts for M. hyopneumoniae were carried out using different variants based on separating adult animals for 2 weeks from infected young pigs which were not returned to the herd. The infected young pigs were kept in the same building (variant 1) in 4 herds and on the same compound (variant 2) as disease-free pigs in 12 herds. The infected young pigs were finally all sold. In 5 herds only adult animals were present during the eradication (variant 3). The eradication attempt succeeded in 81% and failed or remained uncertain in 19% of the herds. The result was confirmed with 1) frequent clinical follow-up of the health status in the herds (both the farrowing and the finishing units) joining the LSO 2000 health class 2) milk and/or blood serology. Possible causes of the failure of the eradication attempt were described: a short distance between infected and uninfected animals, the time period between diagnosis of SEP and initiation of the programme, the age of the youngest animal kept on the farm, the period of time when animals with different status were reared close to each other, the medications used, the cleaning of the facilities during the programme and the season. Further, a good cooperation between the farmer, the local veterinarian and the animal health service of the slaughterhouse was an essential part of the initiation and the follow-up of the programme. The secondary aim of the study was to collect information about the expenses during the programme. Only 57% of the farmers gave some estimates for the expenses on their farms. For variants 1, 2 and 3 the expenses were 879, 1110 and 1274 FIM per sow (1 USD = 5.5 FIM), respectively (p > 0.1).