Effects of Steam,Moisture, and Screw Speed on Physical Properties of DDGS‐Based Extrudates

A fractional factorial design with a replicated central composite point was used to investigate the effects of extrusion processing on physical properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) based aquafeeds using a twin‐screw extruder. Extrusion cooking trials were performed with a nutritionally balanced ingredient blend for Nile tilapia, with two levels of screw speed (350 and 450 rpm), two levels of extruder water (0.236 and 0.302 kg/min), and two levels of conditioner steam (0.1 and 0.15 kg/min). The central point was 400 rpm screw speed, 0.271 kg/min extruder water, and 0.12 kg/min conditioner steam. Effects of these processing conditions on extrudate characteristics were extensively analyzed and included moisture content, water activity, thermal properties, expansion ratio, unit density, bulk density, color, water stability, sinking velocity, water absorption and solubility indices, and pellet durability index. Increasing the extruder water and conditioner steam resulted in a 5.3% decrease and nearly 8.6% rise in mass flow rate, respectively. As screw speed increased from 350 to 400 rpm, water stability and water activity increased by 13 and 58%, respectively. Increasing extruder water from 0.236 to 0.302 kg/min led to a significant increase in water stability by 12.5% and decreases in water absorption index, water activity, and expansion ratio by 13, 21, and 5.5%, respectively. As conditioner steam increased from 0.1 to 0.15 kg/min, sinking velocity and water absorption index decreased by 25 and 15%, respectively. Increasing conditioner steam from 0.1 to 0.12 kg/min resulted in 20, 5.5, 10, and 3% decreases in moisture content of the extrudates, brightness (L*), water stability, and expansion ratio, respectively. It also increased bulk density by 5.8% and unit density by 4.2%. Overall, all trials produced viable extrudates with properties appropriate for Nile tilapia feeding.     

Corn Gluten Meal as a Thermoplastic Resin: Effect of Plasticizers and Water Content

Corn gluten meal (CGM) was studied to investigate the effect plasticizers and water have on its melt processing, and how this melting affects its mechanical properties. GCM containing varying amounts of water were mixed with 23% (w/w) plasticizers; (glycerol, triethylene glycol (TEG), dibutyl tartrate, and octanoic acid in a Haake bowl mixer at 80°C. The amount of water in the CGM affected the amount of torque produced in the Haake mixer. This increase in torque was correlated with how well the CGM melted in the mixer. SEM images of CGM melted in the mixer showed a more uniform homogenous structure when processed at its optimum moisture content. Glycerol, TEG, and dibutyl tartrate produced the greatest torque when the CGM contained <1% water. Octanoic acid produced the greatest torque when the CGM was processed at 8% moisture. CGM plasticized with TEG and octanoic acid were mixed at either their optimum moisture or at 9.6% moisture and then compression molded into tensile bars. The tensile strengths of the bars that were mixed at their optimum moisture content were significantly greater than the bars mixed at 9.6% moisture. The tensile properties of the CGM samples were affected by relative humidity (rh). The tensile strength decreased and elongation increased as relative humidity increased. CGM plasticized with TEG saw a greater changes in its tensile properties due to relative humidity than did octanoic acid plasticized CGM.     

Inositol hexaphosphate hydrolysis by Baker's yeast. Capacity, kinetics, and degradation products

Phytases hydrolyze myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaphosphate (IP(6)), yielding lower inositol phosphates and inorganic orthophosphate. Two commercial strains of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Y(1) and Y(2), were able to express phytase activity. This was determined by the capacity to grow in a synthetic medium with IP(6) as the sole phosphorus source. IP(6) hydrolysis was rapid for both strains, and after 24 h, all IP(6) was degraded. Control cultures contained inorganic orthophosphate (P(i)) and no IP(6). Growth rate in IP(6) medium was for both strains essentially identical to growth in P(i) medium, indicating a well-adapted metabolism for utilization of phosphorus from IP(6). There was some difference in growth yield (milligrams of biomass per milligram of glucose) between the two strains: 0.95 (Y(1)) and 1.35 (Y(2)) in IP(6) medium and 1.03 and 1. 35, respectively, in P(i) medium. The phytases were of the 3-phytase type, forming mainly DL-Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P(5), DL-Ins(1,2,5,6)P(4), and DL-Ins(1,2,6)P(3).     

水热对三峡水库消落带退耕稻田土壤有机碳矿化的影响

采用模拟培养的方法,研究了不同水热条件对三峡水库消落带退耕稻田土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化的影响。试验共设3个培养温度(10、20和30℃)和4个水分梯度(40%田间持水量(WHC)、70%WHC、100%WHC和浅层淹水)。结果表明:1在66天培养期内,各培养温度(10~30℃)下,70%WHC、100%WHC和浅层淹水处理之间的SOC累积矿化量均无明显差异,其中10℃培养时40%WHC处理下的累积矿化量要显著低于70%WHC和100%WHC水分处理(P0.05),但与浅层淹水无明显差异,而20℃和30℃培养时40%WHC处理下的累积矿化量则要显著低于其他水分处理,表明相较于70%WHC的水分处理,40%WHC水分处理会抑制消落带退耕稻田SOC矿化,而高水分(100%WHC和浅层淹水)对SOC矿化则无明显促进和抑制作用。2在相同水分条件下,消落带退耕稻田SOC累积矿化量均随培养温度升高而增加。3高温下各水分处理之间的温度敏感性无显著差异,而低温下水分对温度敏感性有显著影响,低温浅层淹水处理下的Q10为2.33,显著高于40%WHC处理,与70%WHC和100%WHC处理之间无明显差异。且随着温度升高,浅层淹水下消落带退耕稻田SOC矿化的温度敏感性显著降低,而在土壤含水量≤100%WHC下则无明显变化。温度和水分均能显著影响SOC矿化,但二者无明显的交互效应。4双库一级矿化动力学模型拟合结果表明,水分和温度通过影响消落带退耕稻田土壤易分解有机碳含量和难分解有机碳的矿化速率,从而影响SOC矿化。     

Honey as a protective agent against lipid oxidation in ground turkey.

Lipid oxidation is a major deteriorative factor in meats. Sources of natural antioxidants that are as effective as commercially available antioxidants are desired. The objective of this research was to investigate honey as an inhibitor of lipid oxidation in ground poultry. The antioxidant content of different varieties of honey was investigated spectrophotometrically and honey's effectiveness in reducing oxidation of ground poultry determined by monitoring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Buckwheat honey had the highest antioxidant content and acacia honey the lowest. Honeys of different floral sources differed in their protection against lipid oxidation. Buckwheat honey (5%, w/w) reduced TBARS approximately 70%, whereas acacia honey reduced TBARS approximately 34% at 3 days of storage at 4 degrees C. In comparison to butylated hydroxytoluene and tocopherol (0.02% of total fat), honey (at 5% of the weight of the meat) was much more effective at preventing oxidation. Honey has great potential as an antioxidant source and may result in greater acceptability of meat products and prevent negative health implications of oxidized meats.     

Determining Wheat Dough Mixing Characteristics from Power Consumption Profile of a Conventional Mixer

A Hobart mixer with a pin‐type attachment was used to mix soft wheat flour dough. Power consumption profiles were measured continuously during mixing for 20 min using a current transducer and a data logging system. Experimental variables were quantity of flour (500, 1,000, and 1,500 g of dry wheat flour), water content (43, 45, and 47%, wb), and mixer speed setting (low, medium, and high). The power consumption profiles were evaluated by moving average and spectral analysis. Peaks in the power consumption profiles were located to determine the optimal mixing time. The optimal mixing times were then compared with storage and viscous moduli measured using a dynamic rheometer to assure the maximum strength of wheat dough at the optimal mixing time. Tolerance was determined using the signal amplitude and phase angle data from spectral analysis. Optimal mixing times of various doughs at medium speed ranged from 510 to 850 sec; low and high flour quantities required longer mixing times than medium quantity of flour. The optimal mixing time increased when the moisture content was lowered. Tolerance was affected by mixing speed and moisture content of flour     

Physicochemical and microbiological qualities of steamed and irradiated ground black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)

The effects of steam and irradiation treatments on the physicochemical properties (moisture content, pH, extractable yield, reducing sugar, soluble pigment, antioxidant activity, piperine, Hunter's color, and sensory attributes) and microbiological quality (total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and yeasts and molds) of ground black pepper stored at refrigerated and room temperatures for 6 months were compared and evaluated. Irradiation resulted in a higher microbial reduction in pepper, with minimal effects on the proximate composition, functional components, color, and sensory attributes of the spice. Steamed peppers appeared darker, and a considerable decrease in the piperine content was observed after treatment and storage. This study illustrates that irradiation is a better decontamination method than steam treatment in eliminating microorganisms without apparently affecting the quality of the powdered spice. Storage at 4 degrees C enhanced the microbial quality and minimized the loss of piperine content in ground black peppers.     

Effectiveness of Pyrites in Reclaiming Sodic Clay Soil under Laboratory Conditions

In a laboratory experiment pyrites at the rate equivalent to 75% of gypsum requirement was surface applied and mixed with a sodic black clay soil (Vertisol) at 15, 30, 45 and 60% soil moisture content. The soil samples were then incubated for 60, 120, 240 and 360 hours. A separate set of similarly treated soil packed in permeameters was used to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity. After incubation, FeS₂ was oxidised, soil pH and percentage of exchangeable sodium (ESP) decreased and water soluble sulphate and calcium increased with soil moisture content up to 45% and with time of incubation up to 120 hours. The surface application of pyrites proved superior as compared to mixed with soil. Leaching of the soil following incubation with three pore volumes of demineralised water removed most of the water soluble sodium and thus improved the effectiveness of the pyrites in lowering down the soil ESP. The saturated hydraulic conductivity also increased as a result of improved physico-chemical properties of the soil.     

不同调理剂对酸性土壤降酸效果及大麦幼苗生长的影响

采用土壤培养及盆栽试验研究5种调理剂(生石灰、油菜秸秆、有机肥、钾硅肥、土壤改良剂,用量均为1.8 g/kg)对酸性土壤(pH值3.9)酸度指标和大麦幼苗生长的影响。土壤培养试验结果表明,施用生石灰、有机肥和钾硅肥均能明显提高土壤pH值,降低土壤交换性酸总量、交换性H+和交换性铝含量。其中以生石灰降酸效果最好,到培养第90 d,相比于对照处理提高了0.66个单位,土壤交换性铝含量减少了2.01 cmol/kg;其次是有机肥和钾硅肥处理,pH值较对照处理分别提高了0.14和0.15,土壤交换性铝含量分别降低了0.23和0.19cmol/kg;油菜秸秆和土壤改良剂处理从酸度指标来看,与对照并没有显著差异。大麦幼苗盆栽试验结果表明,与对照相比,生石灰、油菜秸秆、有机肥、钾硅肥和土壤改良剂处理的大麦幼苗地上部生物量分别增加71.5%、24.1%、27.6%、28.2%、24.7%,大麦株高、根长、根系总表面积和根系活力均显著高于对照处理,根系平均直径减少,有利于养分和水分的吸收。综合结果表明,不同类型的调理剂对酸性土壤的降酸效果不尽相同,其中以生石灰效果最好,秸秆处理尽管没有有效降低土壤酸度但仍可明显促进作物生长,因此也可用作酸性土壤的改良物质,在实际生产中应因地制宜应用各种调节物质来促进作物生长。     

Straw and biochar effects on soil properties and tomato seedling growth under different moisture levels

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of wheat straw and its biochar on tomato seedling growth and soil physicochemical properties under different moisture levels. Treatments included control (no amendments, CK), three biochar amendments (B1: 1%, B2: 3% and B3: 6% w/w) and three straw amendments (S1: 1%, S2: 3% and S3: 6% w/w), under two moisture levels (M1: 40% water holding capacity (WHC) and M2: 70% WHC). The straw and biochar had contrasting effects on soil physiochemical properties and physiology of tomato seedlings. The B1 treatment significantly increased the soil urease activity (15%) and decreased the activity of dehydrogenase and β glucosidase enzymes (67% and 56%), as compared to the S1 treatment, especially for the high moisture condition. Biochar significantly improved shoot and root dry weights, biomass and altered chlorophyll contents. Plant antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly decreased in biochar treatments, however, an increasing trend was observed for straw treatments. The current findings suggest that application of high amount of biochar (6%) or low amount of straw (1%) would be a reasonable management practice in semi-arid regions to improve soil physiochemical properties and the physiology of tomato seedlings.     

Laboratory experiments on the effects of antecedent moisture and residue application on aggregation of different soils

Aggregation of fine particles (<50 μm and <2μm) in a weakly structured or fragile soil with different amounts of residue and antecedent moisture was investigated using a hydrometer technique. Results indicated that aggregation of particles <50 μm was a linear function of addition and incorporation of residues, ranging from about 16% (w/w) for the non-residue soil treatment to about 50% (w/w) for the soil treated with 1.87% (w/w) residue.Studies of 5 soils with contrasting textural properties and different antecedent moisture conditions, showed that maximum aggregation of particles <50μm ranged from about 30% (w/w) on the coarse-textured Miles soil to 90% (w/w) for the soils which were high in clay and organic matter. Aggregation of particles <50 μm was a parabolic function of antecedent moisture with maximum aggregation occurring at a matric moisture potential of about −15 MPa. At high antecedent moisture, aggregation of particles <50 μm in the fragile soils was <20% (w/w), whereas aggregation of particles <50 μm at high antecedent moisture for two soils high in organic matter and clay was 40–50% (w/w). At high moisture content, aggregation of particles <2 μm on fragile soil ranged from almost 0 on the Miles to a high of about 45% (w/w) on the Abilene. In contrast, aggregation at high antecedent moisture of particles <2μm for two soils high in clay and organic matter ranged from 65 to 70%.These studies demonstrated that residue and antecedent moisture affect the stability of fine particles which can affect the structural properties of soils.     

Racemization kinetics of aspartic acid in fish material under different conditions of moisture, pH, and oxygen pressure.

The racemization kinetics of aspartic acid in heat-treated whole herring have been studied under conditions of treatment comparable to those that may occur in processing of fish meal. D-Aspartic acid content in the samples has been measured by RP-HPLC with precolumn automatic derivatization. The major parameters affecting the rate of racemization of aspartic acid k(Asp) have been demonstrated to be temperature (elevation of temperature from 95 to 120 degrees C resulted in an increase of k(Asp) from 0.46 to 3.39x10(-3) min(-1)), moisture of the raw material (reduction of the moisture content of the raw material from 80 to 15% lowered k(Asp) measured at 95 degrees C from 0.46 to 0.06x10(-3) min(-1)), and to a lesser extent, pH (k(Asp) at 95 degrees C was lowered from 0.46 to 0.37x10(-3) min(-1) following a decrease of pH from 7.0 to 4.0). No significant effects on the racemization rate of aspartic acid was observed for reducing the oxygen pressure to 0.8%. The results from the present study show that the content of D-aspartic acid in fish material is a function of heat exposure and may be used to predict the thermal history of fish meal.     

Influence of different oligosaccharides and inulin on heterocyclic aromatic amine formation and overall mutagenicity in fried ground beef patties

The effects of different oligosaccharides [fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and isomaltooligosaccharide (MOS)] and inulin on heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation and overall mutagenicity in fried ground patties were evaluated. Different oligosaccharides and inulin was added directly to ground beef. Patties (100 g) were fried at 225 degrees C (surface temperature) for 10 min per side. FOS added at levels of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g to 100 g of ground beef inhibited total HAA formation by 19, 32, 45, 51, and 58%, respectively. The addition of 1.5 g of FOS, GOS, MOS, and inulin to ground beef patties inhibited total HAA formation by 50, 47, 46, and 54%, respectively. They also reduced overall mutagenicity by 52, 51, 48, and 59%, respectively. These studies confirm that oligosaccharides and inulin have the potential to reduce HAA formation in cooked beef patties.     

施用秸秆对土壤可溶性有机碳氮及矿质氮的影响

为了研究施用秸秆对土壤可溶性有机碳氮及矿质态氮含量的影响,设置CK（对照）,M₂,M₄,M₆共4个处理,处理中每100 g干土中加入秸秆量分别为0,2,4,6 g。在室温为25℃、土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%的条件下进行培养试验,分别在15,30,45,60,105,150 d时,采取各处理中的土壤样品,观测土壤可溶性有机碳氮及矿质氮的动态变化。结果表明:4个处理的土壤可溶性有机碳、氮具有相同的变化趋势,表现为随着培养时间的推移,先增加,再减小,然后经过一段时间的波动后趋于平稳。在培养的整个过程中,M₄与M₆处理的土壤可溶性有机碳、氮明显高于CK中的含量,表明了施用秸秆可以促进土壤可溶性有机碳氮的累积。在相同时间段内,各处理之间铵态氮含量无明显差异,与对照相比,加入秸秆后,土壤中硝态氮的含量明显下降。     

Isolation and thermal characterization of an acidic isoperoxidase from turnip roots

An acidic peroxidase (pI approximately 2.5) was purified from turnip roots (TAP), and its thermal properties were evaluated. TAP is a monomeric protein having a molecular weight (MW) of 49 kDa and a carbohydrate content accounting for 18% of the MW. The yield of pure TAP was relatively high ( approximately 2 mg/kg of fresh roots), with a specific activity of 1810 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) units/mg at pH 6. The activity increased 4-fold at the optimum pH (4.0) to 7250 ABTS units/mg, higher than that of most peroxidases. TAP was heat stable; heat treatment of 25 min at 60 degrees C resulted in 90% initial activity retention, whereas an activity of 20% was retained after 25 min of heating at 80 degrees C. TAP regained 85% of its original activity within 90 min of incubation at 25 degrees C, following heat treatment at 70 degrees C for 25 min. Thermal inactivation caused noticeable changes in the heme environment as evaluated by circular dichroism and visible spectrophotometry. TAP was rapidly denatured by heating in the presence of 1.0 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, but the Soret band and activity were fully recovered by adding an excess of Ca(2+). This is further evidence that Ca(2+) plays an important role in the stability of TAP. The high specific activity of TAP, together with its relatively high thermal stability, has high potential for applications in which a thermally stable enzyme is required.     

土壤水分对冬小麦气孔导度及光合速率的影响与模拟

为了更精确掌握水分在作物模型中的贡献,通过田间设置5种不同程度的水分控制试验,分别选择冬小麦抽穗期（2011年4月18日）和开花后期（5月5日）两个典型日,利用Li-6400光合作用仪测定冬小麦叶片气孔导度和光合速率的日变化及其光响应过程,并利用SPSS软件进行分析;考虑土壤湿度因子,对气孔导度模型（Jarvis模型）和光合模型（非直角双曲线模型）进行修订,利用实测资料拟合得到各项参数,并分析其模拟效果。结果表明,气孔导度、光合速率的日变化与土壤水分含量间呈正相关关系,土壤含水量越少,气孔导度、光合速率越小。加入土壤湿度因子的气孔导度和光合作用模型,两个指标均具有更好的模拟效果,实测值与模拟值之间的相关系数由修订前的0.907、0.769分别提高至0.967、0.987,实测值与模型回代值之间的相关系数也由修订前的0.572、0.316分别提高至0.768、0.874,且均方差均显著降低。因此,土壤湿度对调节冬小麦叶片气孔导度和光合作用非常重要,在气孔导度模拟和光合作用模拟中不能忽略土壤湿度的影响。     

含水量、坡度和流量对土壤分离能力的影响

土壤分离过程为侵蚀产沙提供了物质准备,对其发生、发展的过程进行准确模拟具有重要的实践和理论意义。选取棕壤为研究对象,设计6个土壤含水量(3%,6%,9%,12%,15%,18%)、3个坡度(5°,10°,15°)和3个流量(8,12,16L/min),分析含水量、坡度和流量对土壤分离能力的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤分离能力均随含水量的增大呈下降趋势,且土壤分离能力间的差异随含水量的增大而减小,当含水量18%时,土壤分离能力几乎为0。土壤分离能力与含水量呈现二次多项式关系,在含水量3%时,土壤分离能力最高。(2)土壤分离能力在含水量6%,9%,12%,18%时均随坡度的增大而增大,并且与坡度呈二次多项式关系,在坡度15°时,土壤分离能力达到最大。(3)土壤分离能力在含水量3%~12%均随流量的增大而增大,并且与流量呈二次多项式关系,流量为16L/min时,土壤分离能力最大。(4)仅考虑两者对土壤分离能力的影响,误差的贡献率均为最高。若考虑三者的影响,坡度对土壤分离能力变异的贡献率最大(29.64%),其次为含水量(22.29%)和流量(19.72%),土壤分离能力的模拟精度分别由0.550,0.638,0.498显著提高到0.995。     

土壤水分对冬小麦气孔导度及光合速率的影响与模拟*1

为了更精确掌握水分在作物模型中的贡献,通过田间设置5种不同程度的水分控制试验,分别选择冬小麦抽穗期（2011年4月18日）和开花后期（5月5日）两个典型日,利用Li-6400光合作用仪测定冬小麦叶片气孔导度和光合速率的日变化及其光响应过程,并利用SPSS软件进行分析;考虑土壤湿度因子,对气孔导度模型（Jarvis 模型）和光合模型（非直角双曲线模型）进行修订,利用实测资料拟合得到各项参数,并分析其模拟效果。结果表明,气孔导度、光合速率的日变化与土壤水分含量间呈正相关关系,土壤含水量越少,气孔导度、光合速率越小。加入土壤湿度因子的气孔导度和光合作用模型,两个指标均具有更好的模拟效果,实测值与模拟值之间的相关系数由修订前的0.907、0.769分别提高至0.967、0.987,实测值与模型回代值之间的相关系数也由修订前的0.572、0.316分别提高至0.768、0.874,且均方差均显著降低。因此,土壤湿度对调节冬小麦叶片气孔导度和光合作用非常重要,在气孔导度模拟和光合作用模拟中不能忽略土壤湿度的影响。     

两种水分含量下生物质炭对黑土N2O排放及硝化反硝化基因丰度的影响

生物质炭对土壤结构改良、土壤肥力提升和农田温室气体排放具有重要意义。本研究以吉林省梨树县典型黑土为研究对象，通过培育实验，研究不同土壤水分含量（40%WHC和100%WHC）下，生物质炭种类（玉米秸秆生物质炭和稻壳生物质炭）和施加量（0%、1%和4%（w/w））对黑土N2O排放及硝化反硝化功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明，随着秸秆生物质炭施加量的增加，土壤N2O排放呈下降趋势，4%高量秸秆生物质炭添加下，土壤N2O排放量仅为1%低量秸秆生物质炭添加下的33.9%。同时土壤NO- 3-N也表现出一致性规律，4%高量生物质炭添加下土壤NO- 3-N含量显著低于1%低量生物质炭。在100%WHC土壤水分状况下，玉米秸秆生物质炭显著增加了土壤N2O排放，而稻壳生物质炭则显著降低了土壤N2O排放。高土壤水分显著促进了土壤N2O排放，进一步为实时荧光定量PCR结果所证实，高土壤水分通过增加nirS基因丰度进而促进了土壤反硝化作用过程，而4%高量稻壳生物质炭添加下nosZ基因丰度显著高于玉米秸秆生物质炭添加，表现出更强的N2O还原潜力。尽管amoA-AOA基因丰度在不同生物质炭添加量下并未发生显著变化，但amoA-AOB基因丰度在高量玉米秸秆生物质炭添加下显著下降。结果说明，土壤水分和生物质炭通过影响土壤硝化反硝化微生物的营养底物和代谢过程，进而影响土壤N2O排放特征。     

前期不同水分状况对土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

田间采集的新鲜土壤样品分别在室温下风干(土样D)和淹水(土样S)保存110d后,将二者的含水量分别调至20%、40%、60%、80%、100%持水量(WHC,Water Holding Capacity),在25℃下培育138h,设置不通和通入10%(v/v)乙炔的处理。结果显示,在20%～80%WHC下培育时,土样S的氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量为土样D的2.48倍～6.36倍(p<0.01),而在100%WHC水分含量下培育时,土样S的N2O排放量仅为土样D的19%(p<0.01),通入乙炔不但未使土样D的N2O排放量增加,反而显著减少。通入乙炔的处理,培养结束后硝态氮的含量增加。随培育水分含量的升高,土样S和土样D的二氧化碳排放量增大。供试土样可能存在异养硝化作用。前期水分的差异显著影响土壤N2O排放量,故在田间测定土壤N2O排放量时,要考虑土壤前期水分的差异。