促双歧杆菌生长因子的比较试验

在其它培养条件完全相同的情况下，以脱脂鲜牛奶为基础培养液，分别添加９种不同的促双歧杆菌生长因子进行比较试验。结果表明，酵母粉、大豆蛋白胨、ＤＬ－半胱氨酸及α－乳糖对双歧杆菌的生长有明显的促进作用     

双歧杆菌表面多糖通过免疫调控和抑制病原菌侵染与寄主相互促进

双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)是人类胃肠道微生物群落的一个重要组成部分,许多双歧杆菌目前被应用于治疗干预方面,对人类健康具有益生作用。但是,双歧杆菌是如何在人类胃肠道中定殖并起着重要的益生作用还不清楚。最近,卡耐基梅隆大学和东安格里亚大学等研究人员发现,双歧杆菌能够在细胞表面产生一种表皮相关多糖,     

高活菌数复合益生菌发酵乳工艺优化

益生菌发酵乳中的活菌数是保证其功能特性的关键因素,为提高益生菌发酵乳中的活菌总数,以干酪乳杆菌和双歧杆菌复合菌种为试验对象,以发酵过程中的pH值和吸光度平均值值为试验指标,在单因素试验的基础上,利用 Box-Benhnken中心组合试验和响应面分析法研究了接种量、益生菌接种比例、发酵温度、葡萄糖添加量以及大豆多肽添加量对发酵乳pH值和活菌数的影响,并建立了复合益生菌发酵模型。响应面优化试验结果表明复合益生菌发酵的最佳工艺条件是脱脂乳乳固体质量分数为12%,接种量为6%,干酪乳杆菌：双歧杆菌接种体积比为3∶1,葡萄糖添加量为2.9%,大豆多肽添加量为0.8%,发酵温度为34℃,在此条件下预测值为1.076,验证试验得到实际值为1.087,与理论预测值相比,相对误差为1.0%。发酵乳最大活菌数为4.1×1011 cfu/mL,与已有研究相比,活菌数提高了1-2个对数级。在4℃条件下贮藏21 d后,发酵乳的活菌数仍然保持在4.7×1010 cfu/mL。研究结果为工业化生产高活菌数的益生菌饮料提供参考。     

根际促生菌应用于基质对水稻幼苗生长的影响

为了研究根际促生菌对水稻幼苗的促生效果，培育高效优质水稻育苗基质，本研究选用五株根际促生菌（LY5枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis），LY11解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens），X2摩拉维亚假单胞菌(Pseudomonas moraviensis)，X3沙芬西芽孢杆菌（Bacillus safensis），X8绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis)）分别与本实验室已筛选出的最适配比基质进行混合制作高效水稻育苗基质，以不添加促生菌为对照，在盆栽条件下，研究根际促生菌对水稻幼苗生长和代谢的影响。结果表明：1）解淀粉芽孢杆菌（LY11）应用于育苗基质对水稻幼苗的促生效果及代谢活性最好。2）在育苗基质中添加根际促生菌后，地上部生物量和壮苗指数均比对照显著增加，增幅分别在18.0%-31.5%和11.38%-23.28%之间。3）添加根际促生菌的育苗基质能够促进水稻幼苗根系的生长，根体积、总根长等均比对照显著增加，且改善了根系形态结构，显著提高了根系活力。4)根际促生菌处理显著促进了水稻幼苗对氮磷养分的吸收，且氮、钾的转运系数显著提高。5）水稻幼苗体内谷氨酰胺合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性在促生菌处理下均显著提高。因此，根际促生菌应用于水稻育苗基质能够促进秧苗的生长并提高其代谢活性，本研究结果能够为高效优质水稻育苗基质的研发提供理论支撑。     

区域尺度下水稻土微生物群落对施肥的一致响应

揭示土壤微生物响应有助于指导田间管理措施对农田生态系统可持续性的影响，但区域尺度下的指示物种尚不明确。本研究以我国亚热带区的六个野外试验站为研究对象，探究长期施用化肥和有机肥对水稻土微生物的影响。研究首先通过降噪排除土壤微生物地理学分布引起的物种差异，随后分析发现长期施肥因增加土壤全氮、全磷和易降解有机质含量，使得土壤微生物群落发生一致变化，主要增加了绿弯菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门和绿菌门的相对丰度。与化肥相比，有机肥施用进一步增加了与大分子有机物转化相关，以及喜好富营养环境的物种，如拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和β-变形菌纲、厌氧绳菌纲、褐藻菌纲。本文通过对我国亚热带区多个长期定位施肥试验土壤细菌群落进行研究，揭示了区域尺度下，2种典型施肥中较为普适的指示物种，以期通过微观世界的变化更好地指导宏观农业实践。     

植物多糖的提取及对双歧杆菌的增殖作用

采用水提法提取枸杞、红枣、甘薯、淮山4种植物原料及花菇多糖,正交设计优化提取条件,并将植物提取多糖用于双歧杆菌的增殖试验。结果表明,植物多糖提取优化条件,加水比例分别为:枸杞、红枣1∶10,花菇1∶15,甘薯1∶3,淮山1∶9;提取温度:80～95℃;提取时间1～3h。5种原料在优化条件下的多糖提取率相对于植物取样质量分别为:枸杞51.8%、红枣53.2%、花菇28.2%、甘薯18.8%、淮山18.3%。5种原料提取多糖对双歧杆菌的增殖作用:菌体在对数生长期生长速率常数(R)提高135%～85%,世代时间(G)缩短56%～44%。     

添加巨大芽孢杆菌与胶质芽孢杆菌对土壤DTPA提取态Cd的影响

采用短期和长期恒温培养的方法,研究巨大芽孢杆菌、胶质芽孢杆菌及两菌混合液对土壤DTPA提取态Cd的影响.结果表明,短期试验中巨大芽孢杆菌对土壤Cd有一定的活化作用,不同Cd污染水平条件下,巨大芽孢杆菌使土壤DTPA提取态Cd增加比例在3.8％～24.4％之间,其中50 mg/kg CdCO3污染水平条件下,巨大芽孢杆菌加菌量为2 ml时活化效果最好,而胶质芽孢杆菌和混合菌则对土壤Cd无显著影响或有一定的钝化作用.长期培养试验中,巨大芽孢杆菌也表现出了对土壤Cd的活化作用,未添加Cd条件下,巨大芽孢杆菌加菌量为10,20 ml时,土壤DTPA提取态Cd较对照分别增加了44.0％,28.9％,而胶质芽孢杆菌和混合菌对土壤Cd无显著影响或有一定的钝化作用.     

微生物制剂对肉鸡屠宰废水生物降解效果的研究

采用沼泽红假单胞菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、酵母菌和有效微生物群组成不同组合，以pH值、浑浊度、氨氮浓度、亚硝酸盐氮含量、BOD₅值和COD_mn值为考察指标，研究不同微生物制剂对肉鸡屠宰废水生物降效果，结果表明：沼泽红假单胞菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和有效微生物群以25∶25∶1的比例组成的复合微生物制剂，以0.01%为添加量时效果最好。     

辣椒内生菌拮抗细菌的筛选

从广西一些县市采集辣椒茎标本，经分离得到41个细菌菌株，分属为土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium spp．)、分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium spp．)、微杆菌(Microbacterium spp．)、欧文氏菌(Eruinia spp．)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp．)，其中芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp．)为优势种群。用抑菌圈法测定对茄青枯病菌有拮抗作用的有3个菌株，用浸种法和注射法测定具内生性的有17个菌株，具内生性同时又具拮抗作用的有2个菌株。     

藜麦种子总黄酮的提取及体外抑菌作用

采用96孔板微量法和牛津杯法研究藜麦种子总黄酮对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌的抑制作用。结果表明,藜麦种子总黄酮对供试菌株的抑制效果由大到小顺序为大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌,对金黄色葡萄球菌基本没有抑菌作用。最低抑菌浓度值分别为:大肠杆菌32 mg/mL、枯草芽孢杆菌64 mg/mL、白色念珠菌128 mg/mL、铜绿假单胞菌256 mg/mL、金黄色葡萄球菌512 mg/mL。说明藜麦种子总黄酮对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌和铜绿假单胞菌有抑菌作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌不敏感。     

Andean yacon root (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. Endl) fructooligosaccharides as a potential novel source of prebiotics

The ability of three known probiotic strains (two lactobacilli and one bifidobacterium) to ferment fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from yacon roots (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. Endl) was compared to commercial FOS in this study. Results indicate that Lactobacillus acidophilus NRRL-1910, Lactobacillus plantarum NRRL B-4496, and Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 15696 were able to ferment yacon root FOS. FOS consumption apparently depended on the degree of polymerization and the initial FOS composition. L. plantarum NRRL B-4496 and L. acidophilus NRRL B-1910 completely utilized 1-kestose molecules, while B. bifidum was able to utilize 1-kestose molecules as well as molecules with a higher degree of polymerization.     

Selective growth-inhibiting effects of compounds identified in Tabebuia impetiginosa inner bark on human intestinal bacteria

The growth-inhibiting activity of anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid and lapachol identified in the inner bark of taheebo, Tabebuia impetiginosa, toward 10 human intestinal bacteria was evaluated by using a paper disk diffusion bioassay and compared to those of seven lapachol congeners (1,4-naphthoquinone, naphthazarin, menadione, lawsone, plumbagin, juglone, and dichlone) as well as two commercially available antibiotics, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid exhibited very strong growth inhibition of Clostridium paraputrificum at 1 microg/disk while 100 microg/disk of lapachol was needed for moderate growth inhibition of the same organism. These two isolates exhibited weak inhibition of Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli at 100 microg/disk while no adverse effects were observed on the growth of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei at 1000 microg/disk. Structure-activity relationships indicate that a methyl group in the C-2 position of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives might play an important role in antibacterial activity.     

Cordycepin: selective growth inhibitor derived from liquid culture of Cordyceps militaris against Clostridium spp

The growth responses of nine human intestinal bacteria to liquid culture of Cordyceps militaris Link. Pt. (Ascomycotina: Clavicipitaceae) collected from a pupa of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) were examined using spectrophotometric and impregnated paper disk methods and compared to those of tetracycline and chloramphenicol, as well as those of Coptis japonica root-derived berberine chloride. The biologically active constituent of the cultures was characterized as cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) by spectroscopic analysis. This compound revealed potent growth-inhibiting activity toward Clostridium paraputrificum and Clostridium perfringens at 10 microgram/disk without adverse effects on the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei, whereas tetracycline and chloramphenicol inhibited the growth of these lactic acid-producing bacteria, clostridia and Escherichia coli. However, C. militaris-derived materials revealed no growth stimulation on the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. These results may be an indication of at least one of the pharmacological actions of C. militaris. As a naturally occurring antibacterial agent, cordycepin could be useful as a new preventive agent against various diseases caused by clostridia.     

Growth-inhibiting effects of Coptis japonica root-derived isoquinoline alkaloids on human intestinal bacteria.

The growth-inhibiting activity of Coptis japonica (Makino) root-derived materials toward eight human intestinal bacteria was examined using an impregnated paper disk method and compared to that of four commercially available isoquinoline alkaloids [berberine sulfate (BS), berberine iodide (BI), palmatine chloride (PC), and palmatine sulfate(PS)], as well as that of Thea sinensis leaf-derived epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The biologically active constituents of the Coptis extract were characterized as the isoquinoline alkaloids berberine chloride (BC), palmatine iodide (PI), and coptisine chloride (CC) by spectral analysis. The growth responses varied with both chemical and bacterial strain used. In a test using 500 microg/disk, BC and PI produced a clear inhibitory effect against Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium paraputrificum, whereas weak or no inhibition was observed in Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Escherichia coli. At 1000 microg/ disk, CC revealed weak or no growth inhibition toward all test bacteria, whereas EGCG exhibited weak growth inhibition against only C. perfringens and C. paraputrificum. Among various isoquinoline alkaloids, BC exhibited more potent inhibitory activity toward C. perfringens than BI and BS, whereas the inhibitory effect was more pronounced in PI compared to PC and PS. The Coptis root-derived materials did not promote growth of B. longum and C. perfringens.     

Evaluation of enhanced hygroscopicity, bifidogenicity, and anticariogenicity of enzymatically synthesized beta-galactosyl-trehalose oligosaccharides

beta-Galactosyl-trehalose oligosaccharides (beta-GTOs) were enzymatically prepared as a mixture of 6-beta-galactosyl-trehalose (1) and 4-beta-galactosyl-trehalose (2) with a 9:1 ratio (w/w). The beta-GTO mixture showed a highly enhanced hygroscopicity as compared to those of trehalose and other sugars used. At 72 h of incubation under 90% relative humidity and room temperature, it had a large increase in weight due to its moisture absorption, which was five times larger than that of trehalose, 1.9 times larger than that of sucrose, and 1.5 times larger than that of maltotriose. It was very effective in the growth promotion of Bifidobacteria, such as Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum, which was better than the growth promotion in the cases of trehalose and galactooligosaccharide. It also showed a highly anticariogenic property; it had only 10% cell proliferation of Streptococcus sobrinus for that of the sucrose control and 60% inhibition of insoluble glucan synthesis. Its effectiveness of inhibition was two and 1.5 times better than that of trehalose and one and two times than xylitol, respectively, against cell growth and glucan synthesis. Conclusively, the functionality of the beta-GTO in terms of hygroscopicity, bifidogenicity, and anticariogenicity was considerably improved as compared to that of trehalose. It is thus suggested that the beta-GTO might be applied as an effective humectant and prebiotic substitute with enhanced noncariogenicity in food applications.     

Selective responses of three Ginkgo biloba leaf-derived constituents on human intestinal bacteria

The selective responses of Ginkgo biloba leaf-derived materials against six intestinal bacteria was examined using an impregnated paper disk method and compared with that of bilobalide, ginkgolides A and B, kaempferol, and quercetin. The components of G. biloba leaves were characterized as kaempferol 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside), kaempferol 3-O-(2' '-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, and quercetin 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside) by spectroscopic analysis. The growth responses varied with each bacterial strain tested. At 2 mg/disk, kaempferol 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside) and quercetin 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside) revealed potent inhibition against Clostridium perfringens, and kaempferol 3-O-(2' '-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside showed a clear inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli. At 0.5 mg/disk, quercetin 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside) showed a strong activity against C. perfringens, but weak activity was exhibited by kaempferol 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside) against C. perfringens and kaempferol 3-O-(2' '-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside against E. coli. No inhibition was observed from treatments conducted with bilobalide, ginkgolides A and B, kaempferol, or quercetin. Furthermore, these isolated compounds did not inhibit Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. adolescentis, or Lactobacillus acidophilus.     

Comparison of the concentrations of phenolic compounds in olive oils and other plant oils: correlation with antimicrobial activity

The antimicrobial activity of different edible vegetable oils was studied. In vitro results revealed that the oils from olive fruits had a strong bactericidal action against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, this effect being higher in general against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. Thus, olive oils showed bactericidal activity not only against harmful bacteria of the intestinal microbiota (Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli) also against beneficial microorganisms such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Otherwise, most of the foodborne pathogens tested (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Yersinia sp., and Shigella sonnei) did not survive after 1 h of contact with olive oils. The dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl oleuropein and ligstroside aglycons, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, were the phenolic compounds that statistically correlated with bacterial survival. These findings were confirmed by testing each individual phenolic compound, isolated by HPLC, against L. monocytogenes. In particular, the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycon showed a potent antimicrobial activity. These results indicate that not all oils classified as "olive oil" had similar bactericidal effects and that this bioactivity depended on their content of certain phenolic compounds.     

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of oxazepam dosage forms: collaborative study

A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of oxazepam in tablets and capsules was collaboratively studied by 9 laboratories. Collaborators were supplied with 6 samples that included synthetic and commercial formulations. Tablet and capsule composites are diluted with methanol and filtered. Oxazepam is determined at 254 nm by using a C18 column. Mean recoveries of oxazepam from synthetic tablet and capsule formulations were 97.2 and 99.0%, respectively. Mean coefficients of variation for tablets and capsules ranged from 1.85 to 2.86%. The method has been adopted official first action.     

Ascorbate regeneration by the reduced form of 2-amino-3-carboxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone, a strong growth stimulator for bifidobacteria

Nonenzymatic reduction of dehydroascorbate into ascorbate by the reduced form (quinol form) of 2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, a strong growth stimulator for bifidobacteria, has been found. The bimolecular reaction rate constant was evaluated as 9 M(-)(1) s(-)(1) at pH 7.0. This reaction has been successfully coupled with enzymatic regeneration of the naphthoquinol by NAD(P)H in cell-free extracts of Bifidobacterium longum 6001. The overall reaction is a regeneration of NAD(P)(+) by dehydroascorbate [or a regeneration of ascorbate by NAD(P)H], in which the naphthoquinone/quinol redox couple functions as an electron transfer mediator. Kinetic study of the reduction of dehydroascorbate with related quinol compounds suggested the significance of the amino substituent of the naphthoquinol. A mechanism of the electron transfer from the quinol to dehydroascorbate is proposed, where the first step of the reaction is a nucleophilic addition of the C(2)-amino substituent of the naphthoquinol to the C(2)-position of dehydroascorbate to form a Schiff base intermediate.