Separation of membranes from acid-solubilized fish muscle proteins with the aid of calcium ions and organic acids

Calcium chloride, and to a lesser extent MgCl2, aided in the separation of membranes by centrifugation from cod (Gadus morhua) muscle homogenates solubilized at pH 3 in the presence of citric acid or malic acid but not lactic acid. Adding citric acid and Ca2+ before solubilizing the cod muscle homogenates was needed for the effect. At 1 mM citric acid, 70-80% of the phospholipid and 25-30% of the protein were removed at 10 mM Ca2+. At 8 mM Ca2+, citric acid showed an optimal effect on phospholipid removal at 5 mM with 90% of the phospholipid and 35% of the protein removed. The treatment with citric acid and Ca2+ was also effective in separating the membrane from solubilized herring (Clupea harengus) muscle homogenate. Ca2+ and citric acid might exert their influence by disconnecting linkages between membranes and cytoskeletal proteins.     

Consistency and solubility changes in herring (Clupea harengus) light muscle homogenates as a function of pH

Fish muscle proteins can be isolated from a variety of low-value raw materials by solubilization in either acid or base. If the consistency of the resulting solution is sufficiently low, it is possible to recover most of the solubilized proteins and remove most of the lipids by centrifugation. Lipid removal should greatly stabilize the isolated proteins. In a previous investigation into the use of herring for production of these protein isolates, it was observed that this species had particularly high consistency values when the proteins were solubilized. This study was undertaken to determine the consistencies obtained with herring light muscle tissue over the pH range covered by the two processes, from about pH 2.7 to 10.8. Protein solubility was compared to consistency of the resultant solutions. Maximum consistencies of the homogenates, approximately 220 and approximately 175 mPa.s, were obtained at pH values of approximately 3.5 and 10.5, respectively. Consistency began to increase approximately when solubilization began. Storage of homogenates at pH 2.7 decreased the consistency over a 10 min time period. The magnitude of the consistency peaks at both acid and alkaline pH values increased when using ice-stored as well as frozen-stored herring, especially in the acid range. Protein solubility at pH <4 and pH >/=10.8 slightly decreased after post-mortem storage of the herring muscle. It is suggested that the observed changes in consistency result from the expansion and solvation of protein aggregates which eventually dissociate into smaller units, perhaps even monomers.     

Effect of chitosan and chitin on the separation of membranes from proteins solubilized by pH shifts using cod (Gadus morhua)

Studies with isolated membranes and isolated membranes suspended in muscle proteins solubilized at pH 3 showed that mixing chitosan and membranes at this low pH followed by a pH adjustment to 10.5 could sediment membranes effectively at 4000 g. In the solubilized muscle homogenate, the effectiveness of membrane removal by chitosan at 4000 g for 15 min was molecular weight dependent. About 80% of the phospholipids and 28% of proteins were sedimented from solubilized muscle homogenate by mixing muscle homogenate (10 g of muscle tissue homogenized with 90 mL of distilled water) with 10 mL of MW 310-375 k chitosan (10 mg/mL in 0.1 N HCl) before solubilizing it at pH 10.5, whereas 55% of the phospholipids and 12% of proteins were sedimented by mixing muscle homogenate with the MW 310-375 k chitosan before solubilizing the homogenate at pH 3. Low molecular weight chitosans (at MW 1k or 33k) showed little effect on membrane sedimentation under the same conditions. Chitin was not useful for removing membranes at either pH 3 or 10.5, whether added before or after pH adjustment.     

柠檬酸对珊瑚砂溶蚀过程及机理研究

有机酸在岩石矿物溶蚀风化及土壤形成的过程中具有较强的促进作用,了解柠檬酸对珊瑚砂的溶蚀过程对我国岛礁建设具有重要意义。本文通过不同浓度、不同pH柠檬酸溶液对珊瑚砂的溶蚀试验,研究柠檬酸对珊瑚砂的溶蚀过程,探讨其溶蚀机理。结果表明,在不同浓度柠檬酸溶液中,反应初期珊瑚砂中的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺迅速溶出,随后大量的Ca²⁺与柠檬酸反应生成柠檬酸钙沉淀。平衡时溶液中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度随着柠檬酸浓度的增加而增加。在不同初始pH柠檬酸溶液中,当pH<7时,溶液中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的浓度随着初始pH的升高而降低,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要由碳酸盐矿物与H+反应而溶出。当初始pH≥7时,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺与柠檬酸生成络合物促进Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的溶出,随着pH的升高,Ca²⁺、Mg^2...     

Recovery of functional proteins from herring (Clupea harengus) light muscle by an acid or alkaline solubilization process

Proteins from herring (Clupea harengus) light muscle were extracted using acidic or alkaline solubilization; 92 and 89% of the initial muscle proteins were solubilized at pH 2.7 and 10.8, respectively, of which 96 and 94% were recovered during precipitation at pH 5.5. Consistency of the pH-adjusted muscle homogenates increased with increased raw material age and homogenization intensity; it declined following holding on ice. Some hydrolytic myofibrillar protein degradation occurred during cold storage of the acidified (pH 2.7) homogenates. With alkalized homogenates, hydrolysis was negligible. The total lipid content changed from 0.13 g/g of protein in the muscle to 0.04 g/g of protein in both the acid- and alkali-produced protein isolates. Corresponding values for the phospholipid content were from 0.037 to 0.02 g/g of proteins. Acid- and alkali-produced proteins made gels with equal strain and color. Stress values were equal or lower in acid- versus alkali-produced protein gels. When ice-stored raw material was used, strain and stress values of gels were reduced.     

Solubilization of Fe (III) from humic-Fe complexes,humic/Fe-oxide mixtures and from poorly ordered Fe-oxide by organic acids - consequences for P adsorption

The effect of organic acids on the solubility of Fe from humic Fe complexes, poorly ordered Fe-oxides and humic/Fe-oxide mixtures was investigated at pH 4 and 7. After reaction, the suspensions were filtered through a 20 000 D membrane and Fe and humic concentrations were determined in the filtrate. Among four organic acids, citric acid had the strongest effect on Fe-solubility and solubilized up to 25% of total Fe from the humic complexes at pH 4. Humic substances were solubilized by citrate too, the proportions being higher at pH 7 than at pH 4. Malic and tartaric acid solubilized substantial but lower amounts of Fe from humic complexes than citric acid, whereas phthalic acid did not solubilize Fe and humics. Citrate added to poorly ordered Fe-oxide and its mixtures with humics, aged for 65 days, increased 20 000 D filtrable Fe, the effect being higher for humic/Fe-oxide complexes. Adding citrate to humic/Fe-oxide mixtures and to Fe-oxide strongly decreased the P sorption, the extent, being higher for the former adsorbent.     

甘草根瘤菌CCNWGX035的抗逆特性及结瘤特征研究

Thirty-nine rhizobial isolates were isolated from the root nodules of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glyeyrrhiza glabra, growing in the arid and semiarid regions of northwestern China, to test their taxonomic position and stress tolerance and to select one promising putative inoeulant strain for further studies. On the basis of 113 physiological and biochemical characteristics, the isolates were clustered into three groups. One isolate CCNWGX035 was found to have high tolerance to NaC1, pH, and temperature. By sequencing the 16S rDNA, isolate CCNWGX035 was placed in genus Mesorhizobium. Nodulation tests demonstrated that the isolate not only formed nitrogen-fixing nodules on its original host plant Glyeyrrhiza glabra, but also on Sophora vieiifolia, Lotus cornieulatus, Trifolium repens, Melilotus suaveolens, and Sophora alopecuroides. On the basis of sequence analysis of the nodA gene, isolate CCNWGX035 was closely related to strains of the genus Mesorhizobium, exhibiting some novel characteristics of root nodule bacteria.     

乙二胺四乙酸和柠檬酸活化石灰性土壤磷素的潜力评估

  【目的】  长期施磷形成的高磷残留土壤,面临土壤酸化、钙镁离子淋失等问题。本研究采用肥料中常见的螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸 (EDTA) 和柠檬酸,研究其对不同磷含量的石灰性土壤中磷素的活化作用,以期为磷肥减施和土壤残留磷高效利用提供有效途径。  【方法】  供试低磷、高磷和白云石改良土壤取自北京市房山区的石灰性土壤,3种供试土壤的全磷含量依次为0.95、1.90和1.91 g/kg,有效磷含量依次为7.39、160和152 mg/kg。采用室内往复振荡浸提方法,两种浸提剂为EDTA和柠檬酸,低磷土壤浸提剂浓度为0.05 g/L,浸提时间为12 h,高磷土壤和改良土壤浸提剂浓度均为0.5 g/L,浸提时间分别为12 h和1 h。每个土壤样品采用相同方法连续浸提10次,同时以去离子水浸提作为对照。测定了浸提液中磷、钙、镁、铁、铝含量,计算各元素的单次浸提量和累积浸提量。全部浸提后,用蒋顾磷分组法测定了土壤中不同组分磷的含量。  【结果】  EDTA和柠檬酸在低磷土壤中单次磷素浸提量均较低,且累积浸提量之间差异不显著,连续浸提10次后磷素的累积浸提量不及土壤全磷的3%;而在高磷土壤和施入白云石的改良土壤中,柠檬酸和EDTA的单次磷素浸提量为低磷土壤的7～64倍,磷素累积浸提量超过土壤总磷的20%,且柠檬酸处理高于EDTA处理。在低磷土壤中,磷素的累积浸提量仅与铁和铝离子的累积浸提量显著相关,在高磷土壤中,磷素的累积浸提量与钙、镁、铁和铝离子的累积浸提量均显著正相关,且相关系数均在0.78以上,而在白云石改良土壤中,磷素的累积浸提量与铝离子的累积浸提量之间无显著相关关系。进一步分析浸提前后土壤磷素组分变化可知,在低磷土壤中,去离子水、EDTA和柠檬酸经10次浸提后土壤Ca₂-P显著增加;在高磷土壤中,EDTA和柠檬酸处理浸提的土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P较去离子水处理显著降低了16.1%、14.9%和37.1%、5.4%。此外,柠檬酸处理还降低了31.4%的土壤Al-P,EDTA和柠檬酸在改良土壤上对于各组分磷的浸提量与在高磷土壤上相似。  【结论】  在连续浸提的条件下,EDTA 和柠檬酸在低磷土壤上无明显活化磷素的效果,而在高磷土壤上和施入白云石的改良土壤上则可持续浸提出大于总磷量20%的磷素。高磷土壤和改良后土壤中被浸提磷素主要来自Ca₂-P和Ca₈-P,少部分来自Al-P和Fe-P。     

ALLEVIATION EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATIOS OF Al TO Ca ON Al TOXICITY FOR MORPHOLOGICAL GROWTH OF MUNGBEAN SEEDLING

Aluminum (Al) is one of the major factors limiting plant production in acid soils. Calcium (Ca) plays a very important role in the response of plants to salt stress. Little information is available about ratios of Al/Ca on the growth of mungbean seedlings under Al stress. Mungbean seedlings were grown in solution with combined concentrations of Al (0, 2, and 5 mM) and Ca (0–10 mM) in a randomized complete block design experiment for 16 days, to evaluate effects of the ratios on alleviation of Al toxicity for the morphological growth under Al stress. The results showed that Al0 + CaO significantly decreased the epicotyl length, seedling height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight by 25%, 15%, 16%, 16%, and 16%, respectively, compared with a control (Al0 + Ca0.5). At 2mM Al without Ca in the solution (Al2 + Ca0), the epicotyl length, seedling height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight were decreased by 26%, 12%, 12%, 14%, and 12%, respectively, compared with a control (Al2 + Ca0.5). At 5mM Al without Ca in the solution (Al5 + Ca0), the epicotyl length, seedling height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight were also decreased by 16%, 8%, 4%, 9%, and 7%, respectively, compared with a control (Al5 + Ca0.5). At 2mM Al stress, with the ratio of Al/Ca = 1:2 (Al2 + Ca4), the epicotyl length, seedling height, and fresh weight increased 13%, 5%, and 15%, respectively, compared with the control (Al2 + Ca0.5). While at 2mM Al stress, the root length at Al/Ca = 2:1 (Al2 + CA1) and dry weight at Al/Ca = 1:1 (Al2 + Ca2) were shown to be increased by 4% and 5%, respectively. At 5mM Al stress, with the ratio of Al/Ca = 2:1 (Al5 + Ca2.5), the epicotyl length, seedling height, and fresh weight increased 12%, 4%, and 7%, respectively, compared with the control (Al5 + Ca0.5). However, the root length and dry weight with the ratio either of Al/Ca = 2:1, 1:1 or 1:2, had no ameliorating effect, but was shown to have a negative effect, compared with the control (Al5 + Ca0.5). This suggests that the alleviation effect and its extent of Ca on Al toxicity for the seedling morphological growth are dependent on characters, the degree of Al stress, and the ratio of Al to Ca.     

Purification and partial characterization of acetic acid esterase from malted finger millet (Eleusine coracana, Indaf-15)

Acetic acid esterase (EC 3.1.1.6) cleaves the acetyl groups substituted at O-2/O-3 of the xylan backbone of arabinoxylans and is known to modulate their functional properties. To date, this enzyme from cereals has not received much attention. In the present study, acetic acid esterase from 72 h ragi malt was isolated and purified to apparent homogeneity by a four-step purification, i.e., ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose, Sephacryl S-200, and phenyl-Sepharose column chromatography, with a recovery of 0.36% and a fold purification of 34. The products liberated from alpha-NA and PNPA by the action of purified ragi acetic acid esterase were authenticated by ESI-MS and 1H NMR. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were found to be 7.5 and 45 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme is stable in the pH range of 6.0-9.0 and temperature range of 30-40 degrees C. The activation energy of the enzymatic reaction was found to be 7.29 kJ mol-1. The apparent Km and Vmax of the purified acetic acid esterase for alpha-NA were 0.04 microM and 0.175 microM min-1 mL-1, respectively. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was found to be 79.4 kDa by GPC whereas the denatured enzyme was found to be 19.7 kDa on SDS, indicating it to be a tetramer. EDTA, citric acid, and metal ions such as Fe+3 and Cu+2 increased the activity while Ni+2, Ca+2, Co+2, Ba+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, and Al+3 reduced the activity. Group-specific reagents such as eserine and PCMB at 25 mM concentration completely inhibited the enzyme while iodoacetamide did not have any effect. Eserine was found to be a competitive inhibitor.     

不同pH下有机酸对针铁矿和膨润土吸附Cd2+、Pb2+的影响

用平衡吸附法研究了不同pH下,三种有机酸(乙酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸)对针铁矿和膨润土等温吸附Cd2 、Pb2 的影响。结果表明:在加入的Cd2 、Pb2 浓度分别小于0.2 mmol L-1和4.0 mmol L-1时,针铁矿和膨润土吸附平衡体系的pH随加入重金属浓度的增加而降低,膨润土体系的pH降低更明显。在有机酸作用下,pH对针铁矿和膨润土吸附Cd2 、Pb2 的影响差异显著。3酒石酸>乙酸,其对膨润土吸附的影响差异不明显。     

Einfluß von Ca2+ und pH auf das Fettsäuremuster von Phospholipiden der Rapswurzel (Brassica napus L.)

Effect of Ca²⁺ and pH upon the fatty acid composition of phospholipids from roots of rape plants (Brassica napus L.) The influence of Ca²⁺ and pH upon the dry matter of the shoot and the root of rape plants (Brassica napus L.) as well as upon the accumulation of nutrients in the shoot and the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PÄ) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) from rape plant roots was tested by means of a water culture experiment. The experiment was designed with two concentrations of Ca-nutrition (3 mM and 0,03 mM CaCl₂ · 6 H₂O) and with three levels of pH (3,5; 5; 8) on the basis of four replications. The amounts and percentages of macro nutrients in the shoot indicated a specific effect on ion uptake by the treatments. K and Mg absorbed as cations were accumulated most intensively in the shoot at pH 5 whereas P absorbed as an anion was accumulated independent of pH at the same Ca-concentration. The fatty acid composition of PÄ and PC was distinctly dependent on the treatments. With regard to linolenic acid it appeared that Ca-nutrition may soften the harmful effect of a high H⁺-concentration. The results were discussed in relation to membrane functions.     

Growth and Physiological Changes in Bitter-Gourd Plants Grown with Variable Calcium Supply in Sand Culture

Bitter-gourd (Momordica charantia L.) cv. ‘Jhallari’ plants were grown in refined sand at graded levels of calcium (Ca) supply ranging from acute deficiency (0.02 mM) to excess (8 mM). Apart from the production of characteristic visible symptoms of the respective stresses, deficient (< 4 mM) or excess (8mM) supply of Ca restricted plant biomass and fruit yield. In leaves, the concentration of chlorophyll, Hill reaction activity and the activities of catalase, peroxidase, acid invertase, ATPase, and α-amylase were reduced, but the activity of acid phosphatase was increased by deficiency of Ca. Excess Ca (8 mM) supply significantly reduced the concentration of chlorophyll, Hill reaction activity and the activity of catalase and increased the specific activities of peroxidase, acid invertase, ATPase, α -amylase, and acid phosphatase. Tissue concentration of Ca in leaves and fruits increased with increase in Ca supply from 0.02 to 8 mM. Tissue concentrations in young leaves representing the thresholds of deficiency or toxicity of Ca are found to be 1.12 and 1.98%, respectively. The critical tissue concentration in these leaves suggestive of severe deficiency of Ca is 0.85%.     

Production and characterization of O/W emulsions containing droplets stabilized by lecithin-chitosan-pectin mutilayered membranes

The possibility of producing stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing oil droplets surrounded by multiple layer interfacial membranes from food grade ingredients has been demonstrated. These emulsions were produced using a three stage process that relies on the adsorption of charged biopolymers to oppositely charged surfaces. Emulsions (0.5 wt % corn oil, 0.1 wt % lecithin, 0.0078 wt % chitosan, 0.02 wt % pectin, and 100 mM acetic acid, pH 3.0) containing oil droplets stabilized by lecithin-chitosan-pectin membranes were formed using this interfacial layer-by-layer deposition process. The droplets in these emulsions had good stability to aggregation over a wide range of pH values and salt concentrations (pH 4-8 at 0 mM NaCl and pH 3-8 at 100 mM NaCl). This technology could be extremely useful to the food industry for the creation of O/W emulsions with improved properties or novel applications, e.g., improved stability to environmental stresses, protection of labile substances, controlled release, and triggered release.     

重金属污染土壤清洗导致几种营养元素流失的研究

通过HCl、柠檬酸、EDTA这3种提取剂对Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn污染土壤的漫提试验，研究了土壤清洗洗脱重金属的效果，并探讨了土壤清洗导致K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn这几种营养元素的流失和有效性的改变。试验结果表明，土壤清洗能有效地洗脱土壤中的Ph、Cd、Cu、Zn，伺时也造成了土壤中K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn的流失，降低了其中部分营养元素的有效性。EDTA对重金属的洗脱能力大于HCl和柠檬酸。HCl漫提造成的K、Ca、Mg的流失量大于柠檬酸和EDTA，柠檬酸浸提造成的Fe流失量大于HCl和EDTA，EDTA漫提造成的Mn流失量大于HCl和柠檬酸。HCl和柠檬酸浸提降低了土壤K、Ca、Mg的有效性EDTA浸提提高了土壤K的有效性。降低了土壤Ca的有效性。在高浓度时（50mmol／L），EDTA显著地降低了土壤Mg的有效性。HCl漫提导致土壤K的有效性下降比柠檬酸严重，高浓度的EDTA浸提导致土壤Ca的有效性下降比HCl和柠檬酸严重。HCl、柠檬酸、EDTA浸提都能提高土壤中Fe的有效性．且EDTA的效应大于其它2种萃取剂；在低浓度时，3种提取剂都能提高土壤中Mn的有效性，且以柠檬酸的作用最为明显，当提取剂浓度增加时，Mn的有效性有所回落。     

Impact of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the oxidative stability of rat liver microsomes and skeletal muscle homogenates

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 0-2.0%) increased CLA concentrations in liver microsomes and skeletal muscle homogenates from rats. Dietary CLA decreased oleic and arachadonic acid concentrations in both liver microsomes and skeletal muscle. The presence of CLA in liver microsomes had no impact on linoleic acid, arachadonic acid, and alpha-tocopherol oxidation rates. Dietary CLA (2.0%) also did not alter alpha-tocopherol oxidation rates in liver microsomes or muscle homogenates. Formation of malonaldehyde (MDA) in oxidizing liver microsomes decreased with increasing CLA concentration as determined by measurement of thiobarbituric acid-MDA complexes by HPLC. The ability of CLA to decrease MDA formation without impacting other lipid oxidation markers such as the disappearance of fatty acid and alpha-tocopherol suggests that decreased MDA concentration was the result of CLA's ability to lower polyenoic fatty acids such as arachadonic acid. While CLA does not appear to act as an antioxidant, its ability to decrease polyenoic fatty acid concentrations could decrease the formation of highly cytotoxic lipid oxidation products such as MDA.     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation are not affected by superoptimal concentration of ammonium in flowing solution culture with pH control

While it is known that superoptimal concentrations of the nitrate (NO3-) ion in solution culture do not increase NO3- uptake or dry matter accumulation, the same is not known for the ammonium (NH4+) ion. An experiment was conducted utilizing flowing solution culture with pH control to investigate the influence of superoptimal NH4+ concentrations on dry matter, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) accumulation by nonnodulated soybean plants. Increasing the NH4+ concentration in solution from 1 to 10 mM did not affect dry matter or N accumulation. Accumulations of K, Ca, and Mg were slightly decreased with increased NH4+ concentration. The NH4+ uptake system, which is saturated at less than 1mM NH4+, is able to regulate uptake of NH4+ at concentrations as high as 10 mM.     

不同pH值混合螯合剂对土壤重金属淋洗及植物提取的影响

为了得出混合螯合剂（MC）淋洗去除重金属的最佳pH值以及对后续植物提取重金属的影响,用Ca(OH)2将pH值为2.75的MC提高至pH值5、7和9,对重金属污染土壤进行了盆栽淋洗试验,而后种植东南景天（Sedum Alfredii）,测定淋出液及植物重金属含量。另外,通过浸提试验研究了含有不同阳离子的MC对重金属淋洗效果的影响。结果表明,pH值为5和7的MC显著提高了Cd、Pb和Cu的淋出率。与Na+、K+离子相比,Ca2+的存在能够提高MC对重金属的淋洗去除。pH值7和9的MC淋洗土壤后提高了东南景天的生物量,但是降低东南景天中Cd和Zn的浓度,导致其植物提取率低于无淋洗剂对照。在化学淋洗+植物提取联合技术中,Cd和Zn主要靠植物提取去除,植物提取率分别可达土壤Cd的30%～40%和土壤Zn的6.5%～6.9%;而Pb和Cu主要靠混合螯合剂淋洗去除,去除率分别为2.3%～2.6%和1.6%～2.0%。综合来说,如果需要同时去除Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu,降低土壤重金属有效态含量,用pH值9的MC淋洗土壤联合植物提取较为合适。     

Effect of Solution pH and Calcium Concentration on Germination and Early Growth of Groundnut

Abstract

Most investigations on the effect of acid soil on legumes have focused on growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and mineral nutrient uptake. Very little attention has been given to the effects of H⁺ toxicity per se and calcium (Ca) deficiency per se on germination and seedling survival of legumes, particularly groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). This paper reports the effects of solution pH and external Ca on seed germination, seedling survival, and growth of groundnut cv. Falcon in sand culture. The treatments consisted of solution pH values ranging from 3.0 to 6.0 in Experiments 1 and 2, and a factorial combination of pH (3.5, 4.5, and 5.5) and Ca (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM) in Experiments 3 and 4. The percentage of groundnut kernels that germinated was little affected by solution pH, and ranged from 86% at pH 3.0 to 92% at pH 6.0. By contrast, seedling survival was more sensitive to pH, with only 51% surviving at pH 3.0 compared with 85% and 92% at pH 5.0 and 6.0, respectively. Increasing the solution Ca concentration diminished the adverse effects of low pH on germination and seedling survival. Total root length increased 425‐fold as the pH was increased from 3.0 to 6.0. Increasing the Ca concentration from 0 to 2.0 mM Ca increased root length by 140% and total root surface area by 95%. Lateral root formation was retarded by the combination of low Ca and low pH. Shoot and root dry mass increased with increasing solution pH and Ca concentration. Results of this study indicate that low pH per se did not impact on germination of groundnut, but significantly reduced seedling survival and early growth. The adverse effects of low pH on seedling growth of groundnut were alleviated by high solution Ca concentrations.     

盐碱地高盐废水电解脱氯同步制氢特性

就近利用风光能电解盐碱地治理过程中产生的高盐废水,是同步实现风光消纳、废水处理和H₂/Cl₂生产的有效途径。然而,盐碱地治理废水盐浓度较低且盐离子种类众多,直接电解严重影响脱氯制氢效率。该研究通过开展盐碱地治理废水的电解试验,讨论了盐浓度及不同除杂工艺对废水脱氯制氢特性的影响规律。结果表明,不同盐浓度废水电解的H₂/Cl₂产率与电流密度呈线性关系,且产H₂速率稍大于产Cl₂速率。电流密度和pH值均随盐浓度升高先增大后减小,废水中盐浓度为3.5 mol/L时,电解后最终电流密度和阴极的pH值均最大,电解效果最优。添加Ca(OH)₂对废水进行电解前除杂,可将浓缩废水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-浓度分别降低至0.02、0.1和0.2 mol/L。电解过程中通入CO₂能够进一步降低杂质离子对废水电解的不利影响,使电解脱氯制氢性能相...