主要国际组织和贸易国对葡萄中农药最大残留限量的规定

作为影响国际农产品贸易的主要技术性贸易措施和市场准入门槛,农药最大残留限量备受重视,许多国家和国际组织均制定了农产品中农药最大残留限量标准。葡萄是世界上分布最广的果树作物,遍布90多个国家和地区。我国是葡萄生产大国,2005年葡萄种植面积40.79万hm2,产量579.4万t(吨)     

我国与主要贸易国苹果农药最大残留限量标准对比

制定和实施科学合理的农药最大残留限量标准是保护消费者健康和规范农产品国际贸易的重要手段。对我国与国际食品法典委员会、苹果主要贸易国的苹果农药最大残留限量标准进行了系统比较,分析了我国苹果农药最大残留限量标准中存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议。     

柑桔农药最大残留限量标准研究

柑桔是我国水果进出口贸易的重要组成部分,其农药最大残留限量标准对保护消费者健康和农产品国际贸易至关重要.笔者研究比较了我国、国际食品法典委员会以及我国主要进出口国的柑桔农药最大残留限量标准,分析了我国柑桔农药最大残留限量标准存在的问题,并提出相应的建议.     

苹果农药残留限量国际标准和国家标准的比较分析

1.国内外苹果农药残留污染现状 比利时二恶英(dioxin)污染事件及欧洲疯牛病风波，引起世界各国政府和公众对食品安全性的广泛关注。苹果农药残留问题早在上世纪80年代就受到业内人士的高度重视。美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)从1987年开始实施《农药残留监测项目》，对市场上进口和国产水果农药残留进行了长达13年的监测。据报道，1998年检测1066个国产水果样品(批次)，农药检出率为58.6％，超标率为0.9％；其中苹果219个样品，农药检出率为68.9％，超标率为0.5%。同期检测进口水果1257个(批次)，农药检出率为36.0％，超标率为2.9％； 其中苹…     

《食品中农药最大残留限量》新标准8月实施

院新发布的《食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB2763-2014）规定了387种农药在284种（类）食品中3650项限量指标,较2012年颁布实施的《食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB2763-2012）,新增加了65种农药、43种（类）、1357项限量指标。     

柑桔农药最大残留限量标准的比对研究

对我国、国际食品法典委员会、主要贸易国的柑桔农药最大残留限量标准进行了系统比较,分析了我国柑桔农药最大残留限量标准存在的问题,提出了相应的建议。     

我国水果农药最大残留限量新标准及其特点

我国最早的农药最大残留限量标准发布于1981年,截至1999年共发布实施了18项与水果有关的农药最大残留限量标准[1]。2005年1月25日我国又发布了中华人民共和国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2005),以代替废止的GB 2763—1981、GB 4788—1994等所有此前发布实施的     

我国果品农药最大残留限量标准沿革与现状

我国果品农药最大残留限量标准经过了长期的发展和完善过程,目前有效的标准仅有2项,即GB2763—2016和GB 2763.1—2018。梳理了我国果品农药最大残留限量标准的发展历程,介绍了我国果品农药最大残留限量标准的现状,列出了新近发布的标准GB 2763.1—2018增补的37项果品农药最大残留限量。     

我国水果农药残留限量国家标准

农药残留标准包括农药残留限量标准（即最大残留限量）、农药残留检测方法标准等．与消费者直接关系最大的是食品或食用农产品中的农药残留限量标准。我国与欧美、日本、澳大利亚等发达国家一样．采用国际上通用的风险评估技术和方法．以考虑最大可能的风险为原则．     

联合国粮农组织对苹果农药最高残留量的规定

农药最高残留限量 (MRL)系指在生产或贮运商品过程中 ,直接或间接使用农药后 ,在食品和饲料中允许形成农药残留的最大浓度。我国即将加入世界贸易组织 (WTO) ,降低水果中农药残留 ,与国际标准接轨是我国果业健康持续发展的必由之路。现将联合国粮农组织对苹果农药最高残留量的规定汇总于表 1。表 1　联合国粮农组织对苹果农药最高残留量的规定农药名称　　　　　　　最高残留限量 ( mg/kg)农药名称　　　最高残留限量 ( mg/kg)保棉磷 Azinphos- methyl 2三环锡 Cyhexatin 5克菌丹 Captan 2 5溴螨酯 Bromopropylate 5甲萘威 Capbaryl 5…     

液体授粉对苹果坐果率及果实的影响

苹果液体授粉试验结果表明:液体授粉的花朵坐果率较自然授粉提高61.41%,花序坐果率提高13.73%;偏斜果率较自然授粉降低19.6%,果实纵径较自然授粉增加6.43 mm,果实横径较自然授粉增加8.27 mm。     

Influence of different disease control pesticide strategies on multiple pesticide residue levels in apple

Summary

Seven pesticide application strategies were investigated to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and, at the same time, fulfil the new quality standards implemented by some German retailers. These demand that pesticide residues should be below 80% of European Maximum Residue Levels (EU MRL) and that the number of residues present at levels above 0.01 mg kg^?1 should be limited to a maximum of four. The strategies fulfilled the requirement to use combinations of different active substances in order to prevent the emergence of resistance to pesticides. The trials were conducted at two sites in Switzerland, in 2007, and all strategies and applications were in accordance with actual practice. Four replicates of apple samples from each strategy were then analysed for pesticide residues. The incidence of infection with apple scab and powdery mildew were monitored during the season in order to evaluate the efficacy of the different strategies. The efficacies of the different strategies against apple scab and powdery mildew were between 84% and 100% successful. In general, the level of pesticide residues found correlated with application rate and time, and no measured residue level exceeded the EU–MRL. The numbers of residues present at > 0.01 mg kg^?1 were between two and five.     

我国核果类水果中农药残留限量标准现状分析

《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》2019版的颁布,标志着我国农药残留标准制定迈上了新台阶。相比2016版,该标准对核果类水果制定限量的农药种类和最大残留限量均发生了较大变化。以GB2763—2019规定的限量数据为基础,按照农药用途进行分类,整理出核果类水果中规定的具体农药ADI值及其具体限量值,详细分析了我国核果类水果农药最大残留限量标准现状,以期科学指导生产中安全农药,保障核果类水果的食用安全。     

基质效应对气相色谱法检测苹果和梨中有机磷农药的影响

以丙酮、梨基质、苹果基质配制15种有机磷农药混合标准溶液,用气相色谱-FPD检测器进行检测并对响应值进行比较;用基质匹配标准曲线对测定值进行校准,对得出的结果进行比较,以探讨基质效应对有机磷农药测定结果的影响.结果表明,所选用的15种有机磷农药均有不同程度的基质效应,其中甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷和氧化乐果的基质效应较强;同一...     

苹果凹果类病毒(ADFVd)的检测与序列分析

采集新疆焉耆地区的老果园的苹果树枝条、叶片和韧皮部,利用自行设计的方法提取总RNA,根据GenBank中的X99487序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术扩增出苹果凹果类病毒(ADFVd)特异条带,通过回收克隆测序,结果表明,获得的7条序列,有5条同源性很高,均在98%以上,另外2条的同源性只有85%左右,这7条序列均已在GenBank中登录(登录号:EU031497_EU031503)。在此基础上利用插入ADFVd目的DNA的质粒为模板,成功合成了地高辛标记的cDNA探针,该探针能很好地用于ADFVd的检测。同时利用原位RT-PCR技术,做了进一步检测,证明苹果叶片中有苹果凹果类病毒存在,主要分布在叶肉细胞的细胞核中。     

甜瓜产业应对国际农药残留技术性贸易壁垒分析

我国是甜瓜种植面积和产量第一大国,但在国际出口市场所占份额较少,制约我国甜瓜出口的重要阻力是农药残留等技术性贸易壁垒。笔者以越南和新加坡、美国和欧盟分别作为主要出口、待进入高端市场代表,研究不同市场甜瓜农药最大残留限量及管控要求,提出符合我国产业的应对措施,为提升甜瓜质量安全水平与国际竞争力,稳定现有市场、扩大高端市场份额,增加产业效益与利润提供科学指导。     

The interaction of copper and zinc with calcium in apple fruit

Analysis of ions in cortical tissue of fruit after post-harvest dips in calcium with or without 0.2 and 2% copper or zinc, and after subsequent storage, show that calcium levels were reduced by the presence of both metals. Uptake of ⁴⁵Ca into both peel and cortical tissue disks was also reduced by copper and zinc. The reduction is probably due to exchange of copper and zinc with calcium, and increased membrane permeability due to the presence of these metals. These results do not support suggestions that calcium uptake is stimulated by copper or zinc in apple fruit.     

Effects of CPPU on fruit set and fruit growth in Japanese persimmon

The effects of hand-pollination and spraying with N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) on fruit set and fruit growth of ‘Matsumoto-Wase-Fuyu’, which is a member of the pollination-constant, non-astringent group of persimmons (PCNA) were investigated. Staminate flowers of pollinizers in the orchard were eliminated before anthesis. Hand-pollination was carried out at full bloom (FB). Without prior hand-pollination, CPPU at 5 or 10 mg 1⁻¹ was sprayed 11 days after FB. Hand-pollination and spraying with CPPU increased fruit set before thinning of fruits by hand. The number of fruits after thinning did not differ among treatments. The yield of marketable fruits after hand-pollination was similar to that after treatment at 5 mg 1⁻¹, but was higher than that for untreated trees. Formation of a sunken fruit apex, which was observed in about 30% of fruits from untreated trees, was suppressed by application of CPPU. CPPU also delayed coloration of fruit. There were no differences among treatments in firmness or soluble solids concentrations of marketable fruits.     

Gibberellic acid and fruit set in sweet orange

A single GA₃-spray at petal-fall to the entire tree enhanced initial set in the ‘Navelate’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), but this effect was transient and in most cases final yield was not increased. When followed by girdling, final yield was increased even in the most productive orchards, this effect being due to an increase in fruit number while fruit size was unaffected. The response was markedly dependent on the GA₃ concentration, 5 mg l^?1 giving the best results. Higher concentrations up to 20 mg l^?1 even reduced yield compared to the untreated control trees. Chlormequat reduced the number of fruits finally cropped without affecting their size, an effect which may be explained through a reduction in the endogenous gibberellin levels.