木材真空-过热蒸汽干燥的预热特性

在真空状态下，分别对过热蒸汽和空气为干燥介质时木材干燥预热阶段进行对比试验，探讨了木材在真空－过热蒸汽干燥中预阶段的工艺特性。结果表明：过热蒸汽干燥的预热阶段进行得非常迅速，同时其表面水分的凝结量也较以空气为介质时表面水分的凝结量大。     

浮压干燥的原理与国内外实践

在木材干燥领域内,常压不过是变压的特例;压力周期式往复变动不过是压力浮动的特例。长期以来,介质温度、相对湿度和气流速度构成“木材干燥三要素”。那末,对于构造及特性变异很大的众多树种木材的干燥,介质压力作用、控制的方式、带来的弊与利、学术意义尤其是生产实用价值     

人工林落叶松板材的真空干燥工艺

探讨2种真空压力下,不同初始介质温度时,落叶松板材的干燥规律.结果表明:真空干燥工艺有效提高了落叶松的干燥速率.初始介质温度和真空压力均对干燥速率有显著影响;同一真空压力下,干燥速度随温度提高而加快;分段干燥速率随介质温度的升高呈递减趋势;间隙式真空干燥工艺减小了试材厚度上含水率偏差.     

木材微波-真空干燥基本规律

对微波一真空干燥马尾松木材的干燥规律进行研究.结果表明:微波一真空干燥过程可分为加速、恒速和减速3个阶段,其中恒速干燥占整个干燥时间的50%以上;随着微波辐射时间和木材初含水率的增加,平均干燥速率显著增加;干燥室的真空度与木材的微波-真空干燥速率存在微弱正相关关系;木材厚度对干燥速率影响不显著.     

木材干燥预热过程的水分流和热流分析

本文将非平衡态热力学的水分流和热流线性耦合方程应用于多孔介质 (木材 )的干燥预热过程 ,从机理上分析了其水分流和热流的特性 ,同时运用在预热样品边界上积分的方法求解耦合流方程 ,针对木材干燥预热过程进行了具体计算 ,所得的有关结论与以往的实验结论相吻合。这一结果表明线性流耦合方程是研究多孔介质干燥过程中水分流和热流的特性及其相互作用规律的有效方法 ,既可揭示耦合过程中流的本质又可对其进行定量描述。因Soret效应预热过程中存在着进入木材内的水分热扩散流 ,预热结束后木材含水率将有所增加 ,而水分和热量的输运主要集中在预热开始的前 2h内。本文关于木材干燥预热的一些结果 ,可用于木材干燥预热的生产实际中     

杨木真空干燥的临界尺寸研究

以不同横截面、长厚比的杨木试材,在干燥温度为45、65、85 ℃,绝对压力0.02 MPa的真空干燥条件下,通过未封面与侧面封闭试件的对比试验,对杨木真空干燥临界尺寸进行了研究.结果表明:木材的临界尺寸随干燥温度的升高而增大,随侧面积与体积比率的减小而减小.     

白橡锯材热压干燥特性与工艺研究

以白橡锯材为研究对象,采用热压机对其进行热压干燥处理,系统研究了热压温度、热压压力和试件宽度等因素对白橡木材干燥特性、颜色、吸湿性和尺寸稳定性的影响规律,获得了优化的热压干燥工艺。研究结果表明:采用热压干燥法可以实现白橡木的快速高效干燥,随着热压温度的升高,木材干燥速度显著加快,颜色逐渐加深,热压压力和试件宽度对干燥速率和颜色的影响不明显;热压干燥可以显著减小白橡木材的平衡含水率(EMC)和湿胀率,提高其尺寸稳定性,且随着热压温度的升高,白橡木材EMC和湿胀率降低,热压压力和试件宽度对木材EMC和湿胀率无明显影响;与对照材相比,热压干燥白橡木材的EMC降低9.97%~33.67%,径向和弦向湿胀率分别降低8.54%~33.96%、11.26%~30.02%;白橡木材的优化热压干燥条件为:热压温度为140~150℃热压压力为0.1 MPa,板材宽度为自然宽。     

辊压预处理条件对蒙古栎干燥速率及纹孔结构的影响

[目的]针对木材干燥耗时长、效率低的问题,以改变司职水分疏导功能的木材分子关键部位的微观结构为手段,通过改善木材的渗透性和水分的流动性,建立易于水分移动的新路径,达到缩短木材干燥时间的目的.在描述蒙古栎导管分子细胞壁构造变异的形态、数量和程度以及表征处理材在常规蒸汽干燥全程和各阶段干燥速率变动的基础上,探索并建立辊压预处理工艺条件、构造特征变异与干燥速率三者的相关关系.[方法]依托木材的黏弹性和水分移动机制,以蒙古栎为试材,对其含水率47％～55％、900 mm(长)×100 mm(宽)×30 mm(厚)的径切板和弦切板施行2个压缩方向(径向和弦向)、3种压缩率(10％,20％和30％)和3种压缩次数(1,4和9次)的辊压预处理,使用环境扫描电子显微镜(Fei Quanta 200)观察研究辊压处理材的导管分子微观构造特征变异,并在常规蒸汽干燥全程和各阶段测试和分析处理木材的干燥速率变动规律.[结果]环境扫描电镜观察表明,辊压压缩预处理使蒙古栎导管分子纹孔膜破裂和细胞壁出现裂隙,可形成水分移动的微观新路径;随着压缩率增大、压缩次数增加,纹孔膜破裂的数量和程度、细胞壁破坏的规模和尺寸增加,木材的渗透性和水分的流动性得到改善,缩短木材干燥时间.在常规蒸汽干燥的6个阶段和干燥全程,辊压预处理材的干燥速率均大于未处理材;压缩率和压缩方向相同时,干燥速率随压缩次数的增加而增大;压缩方向和压缩次数相同时,干燥速率随压缩率的增加面加快;压缩率和压缩次数相同时,径向压缩的弦切板干燥速率快于弦向压缩的径切板.[结论]以试材初含水率50％、终含水率15％计算,辊压预处理材的全程干燥时间均少于未处理材,弦向压缩径切板干燥时间缩短6.67％～23.64％,径向压缩弦切板缩短4.55％ ～ 13.02％.辊压预处理可在蒙古栎试材内部形成微观的水分移动新路径,改善水分的渗透性和流动性,缩短木材干燥时间.     

柞木常规干燥过程中预热处理条件及其效果初探

以35 mm厚柞木板材为对象,在常规干燥过程中的预热阶段分别对其进行不同条件(时间、温度)的处理,之后以相同工艺基准实施第一阶段干燥,检测试件干燥速度、含水率分布、残余应力指标及表面缺陷,通过对上述参数的对比分析,确定适宜预热处理条件,以及该条件对中间处理时机的影响。结果表明:预热时间是决定预热处理过程中含水率梯度的重要因素,预热温度对其没有影响;增加预热时间、提高预热温度,可以使干燥前期的干燥速度加快、含水率梯度和残余应力指标减小、中间处理时机滞后;对于35 mm厚柞木板材,温度70℃、湿度100%预热处理8 h为最佳条件,可以得到较好的干燥效果。     

干燥处理木材动态黏弹性的含水率依存性

采用高温干燥、低温干燥和真空冷冻干燥方法对杉木人工林木材进行干燥处理,测定3种干燥处理材在不同含水率平衡态的动态黏弹性质.测定的温度范围为-120～40℃,频率范围为0.5～10 Hz.结果表明:1) 随着含水率增加,木材的贮存模量E'随温度升高而降低的程度增大,其中高温干燥处理材的贮存模量降低程度最小;2) 在测定温度范围内观察到2个力学松弛过程,较高温度域的α力学松弛过程是由低分子质量的半纤维素发生玻璃化转变引起的,低温域的β力学松弛过程是基于木材细胞壁无定型区中伯醇羟基的回转取向运动与吸着水分子的回转取向运动两者叠加而成的;3) 力学松弛过程的损耗峰温度随着含水率的增加而降低,随着测量频率的增加而向高温方向移动;4) 力学松弛过程的表观活化能随着含水率的增加而减小,对于α力学松弛过程,高温和低温干燥处理材的表观活化能低于真空冷冻干燥处理材的表观活化能.     

Study on Wood Drying Properties under Vacuum-floating Pressure

Using Masson pine as specimens, when drying mediums are overheated steam and hot-air respectively, preheating characteristics of wood under vacuum-floating pressure drying are discussed by measurement of internal temperature field and variation of moisture content during period of preheating. The relationship between drying medium conditions and drying rate of wood reveals that, firstly, compared with process of air-drying, time needed to be preheated under vacuum-floating decreased dramatically, meanwhile, the magnitude of condensation on the surface is relatively larger. Secondly, drying rate of wood under vacuum-floating pressure increases coupled with temperature of medium, reduction of absolute pressure, and raise of fluctuation rate of pressure. The sequence of factors contribution to drying rate is listed as following: temperature of medium (t) > fluctuation rate of pressure (f)> absolute pressure (p).     

The temperature and moisture content in lumber during preheating and drying

Summary The time required to thoroughly preheat/presteam green 8/4 (51 mm) thick red pine and white birch lumber was determined. Thermocouples imbedded in the centre of samples were used to determine presteaming/preheating times for experimental material. These data were then compared to time determined by analytical methods (using formulae developed by Kollmann). No significant differences were found.During the subsequent drying period data were collected on interior wood temperature, mousture content and gradient. Results of the drying tests indicated: i) interior temperature increases in direct relation to elapsed time, ii) moisture content drops exponentially with elapsed time, and iii) an exponential relationship exists between average moisture content and the core temperature of the lumber.Results indicate that monitoring of the lumber drying process through measurements of interior wood temperature may be feasible.The first author was visiting Canada under the Chinese Scholar Program established by the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. His research work was carried out at Forintek Canada Corp., Eastern Laboratory, OttawaThe authors would like to acknowledge the assistance and support of the following: Dr. M. Y. Cech, Manager, Lumber Manufacturing Technology, Forintek Canada Corp., Eastern Forest Products Laboratory-Senior Project Supervisor, and Mr. F. Pfaff, Research Scientist, Forintek Canada Corp     

Effect of EMC and air in wood on the new in-process moisture content monitoring concept under radiofrequency/vacuum (RF/V) drying

To improve the accuracy of the new in-process moisture content (MC) monitoring concept under radiofrequency/vacuum (RF/V) drying, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) tests were carried out under various ambient pressures, and pressure curves in wood were analyzed during chamber evacuation and heating phases. The results showed that EMC increased with a decrease in ambient pressure regardless of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and species. The accuracy of MC estimation for Hinoki under RF/V drying was improved from 1.5% maximum absolute errors to 0.6% after EMC modification. The pressure curves for Hinoki and Sugi under RF/V drying showed similar tendencies to an idealized process. Russian larch showed different curves, indicating that the pressure in the wood did not reach the ambient pressure because of its low permeability. Therefore, MC could not be estimated using this monitoring concept because of the presence of much air in the wood of Russian larch.     

Effects of preheating temperatures on the formation of sandwich compression and density distribution in the compressed wood

Sandwich compression of wood that can control the density and position of compressed layer(s) in the compressed wood provides a promising pathway for full valorization of low-density plantation wood. This study aims at investigating the effects of preheating temperatures (60–210 °C) on sandwich compression of wood, with respect to density distribution, position and thickness of the compressed layer(s). Poplar (Populus tomentosa) lumbers with moisture content below 10.0% were first soaked in water for 2 h and stored in a sealed plastic bag for 18 h, the surface-wetted lumbers were preheated on hot plates at 60–210 °C and further compressed from 25 to 20 cm under 6.0 MPa at the same temperature on the radial direction. The compressed lumbers were characterized in terms of density distribution, position and thickness of compressed layer(s). It was found that depending on preheating temperatures, sandwich compressed wood with three structural modes, namely, surface compressed wood, internal compressed wood and central compressed wood can be formed. Density of the compressed layer(s) in wood increased gradually as a result of the elevated preheating temperatures. Higher preheating temperatures gave rise to bigger distance between compressed layer(s) and the surface, and preheating temperature elevation from 90 to 120 °C contributed to a maximal distance increase of 2.71 mm. In addition, higher preheating temperatures resulted in bigger thickness of compressed layer(s) over 60–150 °C and temperature elevation from 120 to 150 °C lead to the layers integration from two into one. Further temperature elevation over 150 °C reduced the thickness of the compressed layer in wood. SEM scanning suggested that cell wall bucking rather than cell wall crack occurred in compressed layer(s) and transition layer(s).     

赤桉材干燥皱缩的热处理调控

以人工林赤桉材为研究对象,根据皱缩评价指标对比研究了热水浸泡和汽蒸预处理对皱缩发生程度的影响,以及干燥中的热处理对皱缩回复的影响。研究表明：包括4 h常压预汽蒸处理和80℃热水处理在内的预热处理可以有效地预防皱缩;在板材平均含水率18%时进行3 h的汽蒸处理可以有效回复皱缩材。     

New monitoring concept of moisture content distribution in wood during RF/vacuum drying

A new method for monitoring moisture content during radio-frequency (RF)/vacuum drying was developed by measurement of temperature and pressure in wood. Temperature and pressure inside the wood were measured simultaneously during RF/vacuum drying at the same point. The relative humidity (RH) and moisture content (MC) below the fiber saturation point (FSP) were calculated based on temperature and pressure, and the relationship between the temperature, RH, and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) at the measurement point. When the moisture content was below the FSP, the calculated MC was slightly greater than the value given by oven drying. The absolute error was within 0.8% near the open cross side, and was within 1.8% at another measurement point. Thus, we concluded that it was practicable to monitor the moisture content below the FSP according to the temperature and pressure inside the wood. Part of this study was presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, September 2003     

Factors affecting relative humidity during wood vacuum drying

Effects of pressure and temperature in the chamber during vacuum drying on the relative humidity and evaporation of wood surface were investigated by using the vacuum chamber. The setting temperature during vacuum drying included dry-bulb temperature td, the wet-bulb temperature tw and the temperature difference between the air in the vacuum chamber and the cooling water in the condenser. Results indicated that relative humidity during vacuum drying was affected by the dry-bulb temperature td, the wet-bulb temperature tw and the temperature difference between the air in the vacuum chamber and the water in the condenser. Relative humidity of wood decreased with the increase in temperature at the given temperature of the water in the condenser. The relative humidity was affected slightly by pressure in the vacuum chamber pA, and it decreased from 70% to 65% with pA increased from 50 kPa to 101 kPa. Moreover, there was nearly no evaporation under the vacuum without external heating.     

低循环风速下木材表层水分蒸发的试验研究

木材干燥过程中,介质循环速度是一个影响木材干燥的重要工艺参数.在木材各含水率阶段,通过试验分析研究不同介质循环速度对木材干燥速度的影响.结果表明,介质循环速度对干燥速度的影响显著,但其影响随木材含水率（MC）的降低而减弱.在低介质循环速度条件下,试件MC大于45％时,表现为木材干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）随循环风速的增加而增加,呈显著正相关关系;试件MC介于35％ ～ 45％之间时,正相关关系存在但不显著;试件MC小于35％时,干燥室内循环风速的大小不影响木材的干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）.对试件表层含水率分析,试件表层含水率大于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响显著;试件表层含水率小于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响很小,不同循环风速下试件表层含水率基本一样.     

干燥方式对地采暖用实木地板尺寸稳定性的影响

以烘干法和压干法两种干燥方式处理的8种地采暖用实木地板为试验材料,与烘干法作对比,探究压干法对地采暖用实木地板尺寸稳定性的影响;通过木材水分吸湿特性分析压干法提高地采暖用实木地板尺寸稳定性机理。结果表明:采用压干法能明显提高地采暖用实木地板尺寸稳定性,但对径向耐湿尺寸稳定性改善不大。相比烘干法,采用压干法干燥的番龙眼、印茄、朴木、栎木4个树种的地采暖用实木地板径向收缩率分别降低53.8%、60.0%、47.1%、44.4%,轴向收缩率分别降低70.9%、55.6%、37.0%、37.5%,轴向膨胀率分别降低43.2%、31.8%、23.4%、16.5%。这与木材半纤维素的降解、分子链结构活性的增强和纤维素结晶度增加有关。