应用三分域模型测定山羊小肠氨基酸消化率

介绍了根据分域理论建立测定山羊小肠氨基酸消化率的三分域模型的可行性及试验实施的方法和步骤.将山羊消化道消化吸收氨基酸的过程分为3个分域:真胃、空肠和回肠.试验分为3步:一是测定回肠体积,二是测定各分域的流率,三是测定真胃和回肠食糜中氨基酸含量和计算小肠氨基酸消化率.     

回-直肠吻合猪术后不同时间对氨基酸消化率测值的影响

回－直肠吻合术是收集回肠末端食糜的一种简捷、实用的方法,近年来被越来越多地用于饲料氨基酸消化率的测定〔１〕。回－直肠吻合手术以后,荷术猪（ｈｏｓｔｓｗｉｎｅ）的手术应激是客观存在的。随着术后时间的延长,荷术猪的日龄和体重都在增加。这些变化对猪饲料氨基酸消化率的测定结果有无影响、程度如何,直接决定着回－直肠吻合猪用于氨基酸消化率评定时的使用寿命。为此,本试验研究了回－直肠吻合猪术后不同时间对氨基酸消化率的测值,探讨其变化规律,为其在评定饲料氨基酸生物学效价时更客观、合理地使用提供理论依据。１　材料…     

肉仔鸡对不同来源菜籽粕氨基酸消化率的比较研究

试验选用24日龄‘科宝’肉仔鸡528只,随机分配到11个处理组中,每个处理组8个重复(公母各4个重复),每个重复6只鸡,以10份不同来源菜籽粕作为蛋白质唯一来源配制成10种半纯合日粮,同时添加无氮日粮组作为内源基础对照,分别测定不同来源菜籽粕回肠表观氨基酸消化率(AID)和回肠真氨基酸消化率(TID).结果表明:性别对肉仔鸡回肠末端内源氨基酸基础损失量(BAAL)、AID和TID无显著影响(P>0.05);不同来源菜籽粕的肉仔鸡AID和TID存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其中6号菜籽粕(来源武威)AID和TID均显著高于其他来源菜籽粕(P<0.05);5号菜籽粕(来源临洮)蛋氨酸消化率最低,7号菜籽粕(来源定西)赖氨酸消化率最低.结果显示,不同来源菜籽粕回肠表观氨基酸消化率及真氨基酸消化率差异显著(P<0.05).     

美洲大蠊粉在不同日龄肉仔鸡体内的标准回肠氨基酸消化率测定

为研究美洲大蠊蛋白质饲料原料在不同日龄肉仔鸡体内的标准回肠氨基酸消化率,试验选用240只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为2个处理,处理1饲喂美洲大蠊型饲粮,另1个处理饲喂无氮饲粮.试验饲粮为半纯合饲粮,以0.5％二氧化钛为指示剂,采用无氮饲粮法估测内源氨基酸损失,测定肉仔鸡在14日龄和35日龄的美洲大蠊标准回肠氨基酸消化率.结果表明,除异亮氨酸外,14日龄和35日龄其他16种氨基酸的消化率存在极显著差异(P<0.01),其中14日龄的丙氨酸消化率极显著小于35日龄(P<0.01),而14日龄天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸等其他15种氨基酸的消化率极显著大于35日龄(P<0.01).     

玉米干燥温度及Avizyme1500对肉仔鸡回肠末端粗蛋白、氨基酸表观消化率的影响

本试验研究了玉米的不同干燥温度在添加酶或不添加酶的条件下对肉仔鸡回肠末 端粗蛋白、氨基酸表观消化率的影响。试验采用 ５×２因子设计,烘于温度为４５、６５、８５、１０５和 １２５℃共 ５个水平,酶分添加或不添加 Ａｖｉｚｙｍｅ １５００两个水平,共 １０个处理,每个处理 ４个重复, 每个重复９只鸡,共使用 ３６０ ．只０日龄爱拔益加商品代公雏,试验期 ０～３０日龄。结果表明,玉米 干燥温度、Ａｖｉｚｙｍｅ １５００以及试验处理对肉仔鸡回肠末端蛋白质、氨基酸消化率均有显著影响（Ｐ ＜０． ０５）,并且玉米干燥温度和 Ａｖｉｚｙｍｅ １５００对肉仔鸡回肠末端胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸 消化率交互作用显著（Ｐ＜ ０． ０５）。其中,鸡回肠末端蛋白质、氨基酸消化率以 ４５℃不加酶组最高, ６５℃加酶组和１２５℃加酶组最差。     

肉鸡酵母水解物代谢能及氨基酸可利用率评定

【目的】 评定肉鸡对酵母水解物的表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能、回肠表观氨基酸消化率、标准回肠氨基酸消化率、全肠道表观氨基酸消化率,拟为酵母水解物在肉鸡饲粮中的广泛应用提供基础参数。【方法】 选择18 d、体重无差异的科宝白羽肉仔鸡160只,随机分成对照组和试验组,每组8个重复,每个重复10只试验鸡,公母各半。对照组饲喂以玉米淀粉、葡萄糖、纤维、大豆油配制的无氮日粮,试验组饲喂以酵母水解物为唯一粗蛋白质来源的半纯合日粮,对照组和试验组均添加0.5%的二氧化钛作为外源指示剂。试验期间自由采食,全收粪法收集试验鸡22—24 d粪便,并统计该期间肉鸡采食量,通过检测日粮以及粪便中总能、含氮量来计算酵母水解物表观代谢能值和氮校正表观代谢能值。粪便收集完后自由采食,26日龄麻醉剖解收集回肠后半段食靡,分别检测日粮、回肠食糜中氨基酸及二氧化钛含量,计算酵母水解物回肠表观氨基酸消化率、标准回肠氨基酸消化率、全肠道表观氨基酸消化率。【结果】 （1）酵母水解物总能值为18.19 MJ·kg ^-1,表观代谢能值为11.22 MJ·kg ^-1,氮校正表观代谢能为10.17 MJ·kg ^-1,其有效能值与普通豆粕相当。（2）酵母水解物粗蛋白质含量为41.7%,总氨基为36.97%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸之比为44﹕56,与普通豆粕接近;酵母水解物肉鸡限制性氨基酸依次为Met、Met+Cys、Arg、Leu、Ile、Phe+Tyr、Val、His、Lys、Thr、Trp,与豆粕差异较大。（3）酵母水解物回肠表观氨基酸消化率、标准回肠氨基酸消化率、全肠道表观氨基酸消化率均大于70%,肉鸡可利用限制性氨基酸依次为Met、Met+Cys、Arg、Leu、Ile、Thr、Phe+Tyr、His、lys、Val、Trp,蛋氨酸、精氨酸为第一、第二限制性可利用氨基酸,亮氨酸、异亮氨酸为第三、第四限制性可利用氨基酸,苏氨酸可利用较差,为第五限制性可利用氨酸,酵母水解物限制性氨基酸与豆粕差异较大。【结论】 酵母水解物是一种蛋白饲料原料,其蛋白质含量、有效能值与豆粕相当,但其氨基酸组成及氨基酸可利用率与豆粕存在较大差异。因此,酵母水解物在肉鸡日粮中应用,需要考虑补充不同氨基酸或者搭配不同蛋白质饲料来平衡氨基酸的需要。     

复合酶对家禽饲料氨基酸消化率的影响探讨

本文重点就复合酶对家禽饲料氨基酸消化率的影响进行了总结。酶对家禽饲料氨基酸消化率影响的因素较为复杂,饲料、酶、动物、环境条件、氨基酸消化率的测定方法及内源氨基酸的干扰是影响酶改善氨基酸消化率的主要因素。     

对生长猪直肠与回肠末端大米粉氨基酸消化率的测定

选用6头(27±3kg)杜洛克×长白×约克夏三元杂交去势公猪,采用粪分析法和瓣前端端回-直肠吻合术回肠末端取样法,测定了大米粉的氨基酸消化率。结果表明,粪分析法所测大米粉的粗蛋白表观消化率为89.67%,真消化率为96.85%;氨基酸表观消化率平均值为89.93%,真消化率平均值为95.37%。回肠末端取样法所测大米粉的粗蛋白表观消化率为68.48%,真消化率为80.39%;氨基酸表观消化率平均值为76.20%,真消化率平均值为85.86%。直肠氨基酸平均真消化率比回肠氨基酸高9.97%。     

几种动物体内蛋白质及其水解产物的回肠总可消化氨基酸和真可消化氨基酸的含量

试验旨在研究绵羊的肌肉、肌纤维蛋白、脾、肝、牛血浆、血球蛋白和牛血清白蛋白的氨基酸成分并利用体内(实验室大鼠)的试验来评估这些不同来源的蛋白质及其水解产物(蛋白酶连续水解、碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶)的氨基酸回肠真消化率。结果表明,这7个蛋白水解产物的氨基酸回肠真消化率有显著差异(P<0.05)。绵羊的肌纤维蛋白和肝的水解产物是最易被消化的,回肠真可消化氨基酸占所有氨基酸的99%。最易消化的蛋白质水解产物是牛血清白蛋白并且氨基酸真回肠消化率达93%。然而不同来源的蛋白质可消化氨基酸含量相比于赖氨酸都有相当大的差异,研究发现可用该模式预测氨基酸的吸收情况。     

山东省蛋鸡饲料氨基酸有效率研究

采用不去盲肠的真代谢能（ＴＭＥ）法，测定了山东省内使用或生产的１３种蛋鸡饲料必需氨基酸真消化率，进一步证实了以可利用氨基酸为指标配制日粮的合理性。据本试验测定结果制定了山东省蛋鸡饲料可利用氨基酸含量表，为山东省以可利用氨基酸为基础设计日粮配方奠定了基础     

Evaluation of Apparent Metabolic Energy,Nitrogen Corrected Metabolic Energy,Biological Value of Protein and Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acid of Yeast Hydrolysate for Broilers

【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the apparent metabolic energy, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolic energy, ileal apparent amino acid digestibility, standard ileal amino acid digestibility and total intestinal apparent amino acid digestibility of yeast hydrolysate in broilers, so as to provide the reference for the wide application of yeast hydrolysate in broiler diets. 【Method】 A total of 160 Cobb white-feathered broilers at 18 days old with no difference in body weight were randomly divided into the control group and experimental group. There were 8 replicates in each group, and 10 chickens with half male and half female were in each replicate. The control group was fed a nitrogen-free diet consisting of corn starch, glucose, fiber and soybean oil, and the experimental group was fed a semi-homozygous diet using yeast hydrolysate as the sole crude protein source. Furthermore, the control group and the experimental group were fed with 0.5% titanium dioxide, respectively, as an exogenous indicator. During the whole experiment, free feeding was available for broilers, feces were collected on 22-24 days using total fecal collection method, and the feed intake of broilers was counted. Further, the apparent metabolic energy of yeast hydrolysate and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolic energy were calculated by measuring the total energy and nitrogen content in both diets and feces of broilers. After26 days of experiment, the latter half of ileum was dissected under anesthesia, the chime was taken out, and the contents of amino acids and titanium dioxide in both diet and ileal chyme were measured to calculate the apparent amino acid digestibility, standard ileal amino acid digestibility and total intestinal apparent amino acid digestibility of yeast hydrolysate. 【Result】 (1) The total energy value of yeast hydrolysate was 18.19 MJ·kg ^-1, the apparent metabolic energy value was 11.22 MJ·kg ^-1, and the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolic energy was 10.17 MJ·kg ^-1. Effective energy was equivalent to that of common soybean meal. (2) Crude protein content of yeast hydrolysate was 41.7%, and total amino acid was 36.97%. The ratio of essential amino acid to dispensable amino acid was 44:56, which was close to that of common soybean meal. The limiting amino acids of yeast hydrolysate were Met, Met+Cys, Arg, Leu, Ile, Phe+Tyr, Val, His, lys, Thr and Trp, which were different from soybean meal. (3) The ileal apparent amino acid digestibility, standard ileal amino acid digestibility and total intestinal apparent amino acid digestibility of yeast hydrolysate were all higher than 70%. The available limiting amino acids were Met, Met+Cys, Arg, Leu, Ile, Thr, Phe+Tyr, His, Lys, Val, and Trp. Methionine and arginine were the first and the second limiting amino acids, and leucine and isoleucine were the third and the fourth limiting amino acids, respectively. Threonine was poorly available, and was regarded as the fifth restrictive available amino acid. In addition, the limiting amino acids of yeast hydrolysate were quite different to soybean meal. 【Conclusion】 Yeast hydrolysate was a kind of protein feed material. Its protein content and effective energy value were similar to soybean meal, but its amino acid composition and availability were quite different to soybean meal. Therefore, in the application of yeast hydrolysate in broiler diet, it was necessary to consider the need of supplementing different amino acids or mixing different protein feeds to balance amino acids.     

西兰花叶蛋白和茎叶粉对肉仔鸡代谢能和回肠氨基酸表观消化率的影响

通过2个试验测定了西兰花叶蛋白和茎叶粉在肉仔鸡中的氮校正表观代谢能和回肠氨基酸的表观消化率,为合理利用西兰花资源提供科学依据和数据参考。试验1选用体重相近的22日龄健康肉仔鸡144只,随机分成3个组,每组8个重复,公母各50%。其中1组饲喂基础日粮,另2组分别饲喂试验日粮(西兰花叶蛋白30%替代基础日粮,西兰花茎叶粉35%替代基础日粮)。选用TiO2为外源指示剂进行代谢试验;试验2选用体重相近的26日龄健康肉仔鸡96只,随机分为2组,每组8个重复,公母各50%。选用TiO2为外源指示剂,采用回肠末端法进行代谢试验。结果表明:西兰花叶蛋白和茎叶粉在肉仔鸡中的表观代谢能分别为8.86MJ.kg-1和2.48 MJ.kg-1,氮校正表观代谢能分别为8.14 MJ.kg-1和1.86 MJ.kg-1;西兰花叶蛋白和茎叶粉在肉仔鸡中4种限制性氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率分别为赖氨酸(48.11±4.28)%和(73.00±6.64)%,蛋氨酸(39.51±4.60)%和(79.18±3.91)%,苏氨酸(33.11±4.66)%和(59.38±6.25)%,胱氨酸(33.47±2.94)%和(65.82±4.46)%;在肉仔鸡中17种氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率的平均值为(39.57±4.45)%和(71.75±4.85)%。可见,西兰花茎叶粉在肉仔鸡中的表观代谢能较低,西兰花叶蛋白在肉仔鸡中回肠末端氨基酸的消化率较低。     

猪对“双低”菜粕氨基酸的回肠消化率研究

用３个新培育的中国“双低”油菜与加拿大“卡诺拉”的商品粕测定了猪的氨基酸回肠表观消化率和真消化率。结果表明,加工方式不当可能是造成中国双低菜粕品质低于加拿大卡诺拉粕的原因。     

氧化应激对断奶仔猪能量代谢和氨基酸表观消化率的影响

选取12头、21日龄、平均体质量为(8.10±0.89) kg的健康二元杂(杜×长)断奶仔猪,于回肠末端实施“T”形瘘管手术,随机平均分为2组,处理组和对照组均饲喂基础饲粮,但处理组在基础日粮中根据每周体质量,每天拌入10g/kg剂量的D–半乳糖,建立D–半乳糖诱导断奶仔猪慢性氧化应激模型,探讨氧化应激对断奶仔猪血清生理生化指标、能量代谢和回肠末端氨基酸表观消化率的影响,试验期为28d。结果表明：D–半乳糖处理显著降低了断奶仔猪血清中总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶和总氧化物歧化酶的活性,显著提高了丙二醛的浓度;氧化应激显著降低了断奶仔猪血清尿素氮水平,而其他所测血清生化指标在两组间的差异均无统计学意义;氧化应激显著提高了断奶仔猪的氧气消耗量、二氧化碳产生量、产热量、呼吸熵和粪能;氧化应激显著或极显著降低了回肠末端必需氨基酸中的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的表观消化率,同时也显著或极显著降低除脯氨酸和甘氨酸外的其他非必需氨基酸的表观消化率。使用10g/kg剂量的D–半乳糖建立断奶仔猪慢性氧化应激模型,断奶仔猪产生慢性氧化应激,不但降低了仔猪机体抗氧化酶系统活性和提高了氧化物水平,同...     

饲料脂肪消化率的研究进展

油脂是动物饲料中常用的能量原料,是三大供能物质之一。虽然饲料油脂种类不同,但都可提供能量和必需脂肪酸、促进色素和脂溶性维生素的吸收、减少饲料粉尘,并且利于制粒、降低加工机械的磨损等。文章综述了油脂在不同动物消化率的差异以及影响饲料脂肪利用率的主要因素。     

日粮粗纤维水平对莱芜猪及其杂交猪氮代谢及营养物质消化率的影响

采用全收粪尿和回肠瘘管法研究了日粮粗纤维水平和不同杂交组合猪对氮代谢和回肠末端营养物质表观消化率的影响。采用二因子二水平有重复设计,选用4月龄莱芜猪及其杂交猪,饲喂不同粗纤维含量(3%、6%、9%、12%)的日粮。日粮纤维水平对食入氮(IN)、粪氮(FN)、消化氮(DN)、沉积氮(RN)、氮表观消化率影响极显著(P<0.01),对尿氮(UN)影响显著(P<0.05);杂交组合对IN、FN、DN、RN、ABV影响极显著(P<0.01)。日粮纤维在较低水平(3%~6%),CP消化率随粗纤维含量增加而提高,随粗纤维含量增加(6%~12%),营养物质消化率显著降低(P<0.05);杂交组合对干物质、CP、钙(Ca)、磷(P)消化率影响极显著(P<0.01),莱芜猪对中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的消化率为51.44%,大约克猪为43.51%,差异显著(P<0.05);NDF和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率随试验猪含莱芜猪血统比例的降低而显著降低;日粮纤维在3%~6%范围内,除赖氨酸、蛋外的必需氨基酸(EAA)随日粮纤维水平的增加显著降低;杂交组合对EAA表观消化率除赖氨酸、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸外均不显著(P>0.05)。日粮纤维对猪营养物质的消化吸收具有正负两方面的效应,杂交组合对氮利用率和粗纤维的消化分解率不同。     

Effect of graded levels of fiber from alfalfa meal on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of fiber level from alfalfa meal and sampling time on the apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of amino acids(AA) in growing pigs. A total of 24 ileal-cannulated pigs(Duroc×(Large White×Landrace) with body weight(21.4±1.5) kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments. The pigs were provided a corn-soybean meal diet or a diet containing 5, 10 or 20% of alfalfa meal during two 10-d experimental periods. The AID of AA was measured. Six ileal-cannulated pigs were fed a protein-free diet in order to estimate the endogenous protein losses and SID of AA. Ileal AA digestibility was not affected by inclusion of 5 or 10% alfalfa meal in the diet(P0.05). The AID of His, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Val, Ala, Asp, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser and Tyr reduced by 2.0–6.8% with the addition level of alfalfa meal(linear, P0.05). The SID of His, Lys, Ser, Thr and Tyr decreased by 2.2–4.3% as the level of alfalfa meal in the diet increased(linear, P0.05). The AID and SID of AA were not affected by the sampling time(P0.05). A multiple linear regression analysis, taking into account both the soluble and insoluble fiber content in the diets, explained more than 36% of variation in SID of Ser and Thr(P0.05). In conclusion, the corn-soybean meal diet containing 10% of alfalfa meal did not affect ileal AA digestion. The AID and SID of AA were similar between two sampling times. Increasing the concentration of total dietary fiber from 12.3 to 21.4% by adding graded levels of alfalfa meal(0–20%) to a corn-soybean meal control diet induced a linear reduction in AID and SID of most AA. Soluble and insoluble fibers from alfalfa meal have differential roles in the AA digestion, which may help explain the variation observed in the SID of partial AA. These findings would provide important information for dietary fiber level and composition related to AA digestion.     

用正常及去盲肠鸡测定进口鱼粉、大豆粕和麸皮氨基酸消化率的比较

用正常 (未去盲肠 )和去盲肠鸡测定进口鱼粉、大豆粕和麸皮的氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率。结果发现 :鱼粉的氨基酸真消化率普遍为正常鸡略高于去盲肠鸡 ,其中胱氨酸、组氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸和脯氨酸差异显著(P <0 0 5 )或极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;豆粕的氨基酸真消化率两种试鸡很相近 ,仅有蛋氨酸去盲肠鸡显著高于正常鸡 (P <0 0 5 ) ;麸皮的氨基酸真消化率两种试鸡互有高低 ,蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸和丝氨酸表现为正常鸡显著(P <0 0 5 )或极显著 (P <0 0 1)高于去盲肠鸡 ,胱氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸和酪氨酸表现为去盲肠鸡显著 (P <0 0 5 )或极显著 (P <0 0 1)高于正常鸡。 3种饲料的总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸的表观消化率和真消化率在两种试鸡间差异不显著。两种试鸡大部分内源氨基酸排泄量差异亦不显著 ,仅有甘氨酸、天冬氨酸、缬氨酸的内源排泄量差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )或极显著 (P <0 0 1)。从其总氨基酸表观和真消化率来看 ,两种试鸡间绝大多数测值无显著性差异