高产冬小麦叶水势的变化特点与节水调控

１９８６－１９９０四个年度研究结果显示，叶水势是变化困供水及生育时期而不同。黎明前叶水势随生育进程而变化，开花期出现明显低谷，与土壤水分动态变化不一致；午后叶水势具有规律的阶段性变化，且因不同水文年型出现间差异。叶水势与土壤含水量呈曲线关系，随生育进程，叶水势与深层土壤水分的相关性增强。开花期叶水势与产量关系最为密切。前控式节水栽培可通过渗透调节维持较高膨压而高产。提出了不同水文年型高产节水主要生     

小麦水分胁迫影响因子的定量研究Ⅰ.干旱和渍水胁迫对光合、蒸腾及干物质积累与分配的影响

通过冬小麦盆栽水分控制,研究了干旱和渍水胁迫下冬小麦水分生理生态关系。结果表明,存在凌晨叶水势临界值,当凌晨叶水势低于临界值后,植株叶片净光合速率显著降低,凌晨叶水势临界值可运用模糊聚类方法确定。在水分亏缺条件下,相对蒸腾速率和净光合速率随土壤水分变化的关系不相同,相对蒸腾速率与土壤相对含水量为直线     

土壤干旱对棉花生理特性与产量的影响

土壤干旱条件下，棉花不同品种、不同生育时期对水分胁迫的反应不同。抗旱种质材料８２０２比非耐旱品种黑山棉表现为叶水势高、水分饱和亏缺少、气孔阻力大、蒸腾强度小、细胞膜透性、呼吸强度及光合速率变化幅度小、脯氨酸积累多的生理特性。中等耐旱品种塔什干生理指标变化幅度介于８２０２与黑山棉之间。抗旱系数为８２０２＞塔什干＞黑山棉，不同生育时期各项指标对水分胁迫的敏感程度为花期＞铃期＞蕾期。     

不同穗型小麦品种群体光合特性及产量性状的研究

多穗型品种豫麦49和大穗型品种周麦13的群体光合(CAP)速率在整个生育期内的变化趋势一致,均为单峰曲线,峰值出现在开花期;但生育前期豫麦49的CAP高于周麦13,而开花后周麦13有明显优势.两品种的群体叶源量(CLSC)具有与CAP相同的趋势.开花期和灌浆中期的CAP日变化都呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在上午10h左右.不同穗型品种不同密度处理     

抽穗后冬小麦旗叶光合特性的变化对产量的影响

为了探讨不同小麦品种之间的光合特性的差异及光合作用与经济产量的关系,本研究选取4个不同冬小麦品种分别在6个生育时期进行了光合特性的测定。结果表明：小麦旗叶6项光合特性指标随发育进程变化的趋势、变化程度基本相同,但不同品种在不同发育时期内光合特性指标的数值、变化程度不同;6项光合特性指标均与籽粒产量正相关;相关程度表现为绿叶面积>气孔导度>胞间CO₂浓度>净光合速率>叶绿素含量>蒸腾速率;不同时期光合特性与籽粒产量的相关性顺序为灌浆中期>灌浆前期>灌浆后期>开花期>抽穗期>灌浆末期;在开花期至灌浆后期,维持和提高旗叶的绿叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂是提高小麦产量的基础。因此,在开展小麦高光效育种时,对种质资源材料进行光合特性测定和比较对育种工作具有非常重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

土壤水分调控对高产冬小麦生理特性及产量影响

采用田间防雨旱棚方法研究了高产小麦分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期的三个生育时期在不同水分胁迫下,冬小麦生理特性指标的变化、产量构成因素及最终产量的变化。结果表明：冬小麦各个生育时期对水分胁迫反应有显著差别,主要表现为光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶水势等方面;生育后期比生育前期对水分敏感性强,产量受后期水分影响较大;根据各时期光合速率、蒸腾速率、最终产量等指标得出高产冬小麦合理节水灌溉指标主要为各生育期田间持水量分蘖前期为45%~50%,分蘖后期到孕穗前期为55%~60%,孕穗后期至灌浆期要维持60%~65%左右。这种条件下可以获得较合理的生物产量和经济效益。     

药用红花生长发育规律的研究

根据药用红花根、叶、茎、分枝、花及生长中心的变化特点，将药用红花个体发育过程划分为莲座期、伸长期、分枝期、开花期及种子成熟期５个生育时期，红花一生有５２叶左右，以伸长期出叶速度最快，平均每２．０天出一叶，这一时期形成１７叶左右。叶面积在生育前期较小，至分枝期达最高值（４月中旬，３０７４．５ｃｍ＾２／ｐｉａｎｔ，叶面积指数５．５），且保持较高叶面积一定时间，以利于分枝和花的发育。红花在分枝期净同化率     

不同时期水分调亏及不同调亏程度对冬小麦产量的影响

分盆栽对冬小麦在不同生长时期进行不同程度的调亏试验的结果表明,冬小麦从拔节至开花期间的轻度水分亏缺对其产量有显著影响,而灌浆和返青时间的轻度水分亏缺对产量无影响。各生育时期在不同调亏水平下的产量敏感指数（或敏感系数）不同。冬小麦经过一定的亏缺处理,复水后出现生长方面的补偿效应,因而产量降低幅度与耗水量减少幅度相比要小得多。气孔阻力和叶水势对土壤水分的变动有一阈值反应,只有当土壤含水量降至田间持水量     

冬小麦冠气温差及其与叶水势的相关性实验研究

在１９９２年１９９３年田间实验的基础上,对不同水分胁迫条件下冬小麦田１４时冠层温度与空气温度的差（称为冠气温差（ΔＴ））的季节变化及其与叶水势的关系进行了研究。结果表明,干旱处理麦田ΔＴ明显高于同一时刻湿润处理ΔＴ。随着土壤水分的逐渐消耗ΔＴ呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但是遇到不稳定的天气条件ΔＴ产生较大的波动。ΔＴ与叶水势间存在非线性负相关关系,本实验条件下冬小麦叶水势等于－１．９ＭＰａ时冠层温度接近于     

不同覆盖物对夏黑葡萄关键生育期土壤温度和土壤水势的影响

覆盖是调节土壤温度、减少土壤水分无效蒸发的一种行之有效的手段,为探明不同覆盖物对夏黑葡萄开花期—成熟期内土壤温度和土壤水势的影响效果,本试验在夏黑葡萄园设置地布、黑棉毡、黑地膜覆盖和不覆盖（对照）4个处理,对各处理土壤温度和土壤水势的变化进行了比较研究。结果表明：与CK处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理均可以提高开花期土壤最低温度,分别提高0.55、0.87、3.25℃;T1处理使果实快速膨大期和着色期土壤最高温度降低,分别降低0.83℃和1.11℃,使土壤温度更接近根系适宜生长的温度环境;T2和T3处理则提高果实快速膨大期和着色期土壤最高温度,分别提高0.71、0.01℃和3.18、2.40℃。在相同灌水条件下,不同覆盖处理均可降低土壤水势日变化幅度,T1处理土壤水势在0~1 kPa之间,基本呈饱和状态,T2、T3和CK处理不同生育期日最大土壤水势差分别为1.69~11.08、0.24~1.09、12.63~18.08 kPa;不同覆盖处理提高最高和最低土壤水势,其中覆盖地布和黑地膜效果更显著。综合比较各种覆盖材料对土壤温度和土壤水势的影响效果,覆盖地布处理效果最好。     

不同底墒条件下补灌对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响

我国黄淮平原水资源紧缺,而且年际间降水量及其时间分布存在较大差异,探明不同底墒条件下补充灌溉对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的调节效应及其生理基础,可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2013—2014和2014—2015年冬小麦生长季,在播种期0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为201.5(A)、266.3(B)和317.0mm(C)3种底墒条件下,各设置4个补灌水处理,包括不灌水、拔节期+开花期补灌、越冬期+拔节期+开花期补灌、播种期+拔节期+开花期补灌,研究不同处理冬小麦耗水特性、旗叶光合、干物质积累与分配、产量及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明,冬小麦生育期总耗水量和土壤水消耗量均随播种期底墒的提高而增加。在底墒A和B条件下,冬小麦主要消耗降水和灌溉水。提高播种期补灌水平或于越冬期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著增加,在底墒B条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著减少。在底墒C条件下,冬小麦耗水以土壤水为主,其次为降水,再次为灌溉水;播种期或越冬期补灌显著增加生育期总耗水量,对土壤水消耗量则无显著影响。于播种期、拔节期和开花期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下可获得较高的籽粒产量,但水分利用效率较低;在底墒B条件下籽粒产量和水分利用效率均较高;在底墒C条件下,仅于拔节期和开花期补灌即可获得高产和高水分利用效率,播种期和越冬期无需补灌。综上所述,播前底墒是实施冬小麦合理补灌的重要依据。     

Effect of Water Stress on Physiological Attributes and their Relationship with Growth and Yield of Wheat Cultivars at Different Stages

The effects of water stress on physiological attributes of drought‐sensitive (Kalyansona) and drought‐tolerant (C‐306) wheat cultivars were studied in a pot experiment. Water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation at boot and anthesis stages. Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor potential (measured with pressure chamber and osmometer), as well as leaf diffusive resistance, leaf transpiration rate and leaf‐to‐air transpiration gradient (measured with a steady‐state porometer) were measured diurnally. Growth and yield parameters were recorded after harvesting of the crop. Triplicate data were analysed using a completely randomized design and correlations amongst these parameters were computed. Water stress was found to reduce diurnal leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential in both the genotypes but leaf osmotic potential was significantly higher in the drought‐tolerant cultivar C‐306 than in the drought‐sensitive cultivar Kalyansona. Positive turgor was recorded in both the genotypes under water stress and non‐stress conditions. Water‐stressed plants showed significantly lower turgor potential than control plants. In diurnal observations, water‐stressed plants exhibited significantly higher leaf diffusive resistance in both genotypes at both stages. The diffusive resistance of C‐306 was predominantly higher than that of Kalyansona. Water stress decreased leaf transpiration rate at both stages but the reduction was higher at the anthesis stage. The leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient was much higher in C‐306 than in Kalyansona at the boot stage but at the anthesis stage genotypic variation was non‐significant. The capacity to maintain cooler foliage was lower at the anthesis stage than at the boot stage in both the cultivars. Shoot dry weight, number of grains, test weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased to a greater extent when water stress was imposed at the anthesis stage, while imposition of water stress at the boot stage caused a greater reduction in plant height and number of tillers. Similarly, water stress caused a smaller reduction in growth, yield and yield attributes in C‐306 than in Kalyansona. In general, the correlation coefficient of grain and biological yield with water potential and its components was positive and highly significant. Similarly, turgor potential was also correlated positively and significantly with grain yield at both the stages, but with biological yield it was significant only at the anthesis stage. A negative and significant correlation was obtained for diffusive resistance and leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient with grain yield at the boot and anthesis stages. The rate of transpiration was also positively and significantly correlated to grain and biological yields at both the stages. Amongst the yield attributes, number of leaves and number of tillers were positively correlated at the anthesis stage, whereas leaf area and shoot dry weight were significantly correlated with grain and biological yields at both the stages.     

土壤水分胁迫对水稻产量和品质的影响

以农大3号为试材,盆栽,控水,研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分（水势）胁迫（≤－75 kPa）对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,孕穗中期土壤水分胁迫导致功能叶变短,穗粒数减少,生物产量与经济产量降低,糙米率、米粒长宽比、食味下降。分蘖期干旱胁迫使单穴有效穗数降低,生物产量与经济产量下降。出穗后干旱胁迫导致叶片萎蔫变黄,叶面积指数下降。乳熟期和灌浆期干旱胁迫,饱满粒率、饱满千粒重降低,整精米率下降。灌浆期干旱还导致垩白率、垩白度明显增高。蜡熟期干旱使叶绿素含量减少,胶稠度、蛋白质含量降低。     

耕作方式对小麦开花后旗叶水势与叶绿素荧光参数日变化和水分利用效率的影响

2007-2009年小麦生长季, 以高产小麦品种济麦22为试验材料, 利用测墒补灌技术确定灌水量, 研究高肥力条件下条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、旋耕、深松+旋耕和翻耕5种耕作方式对土壤含水量、小麦开花至成熟阶段耗水量及其水分来源、旗叶水势和叶绿素荧光参数日变化、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 深松+条旋耕和深松+旋耕处理成熟期60~200 cm各土层的土壤含水量均低于其他处理, 表明深松促进了小麦对深层土壤贮水的吸收。深松+条旋耕处理开花至成熟阶段的土壤贮水消耗量及其占阶段耗水量的比例最高, 其降水量和灌水量占阶段耗水量的比例最低。深松+条旋耕处理在6:00~18:00的旗叶水势、8:00~14:00的旗叶最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)均高于条旋耕处理, 表明深松有利于小麦旗叶在灌浆中后期保持较高的生理活性, 深松+旋耕和旋耕处理间的规律与其一致。深松+条旋耕处理在2个生长季的籽粒产量分别为9 516.48和8 957.92 kg hm⁻², 与深松+旋耕处理无显著差异, 翻耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于上述处理。深松+条旋耕处理的水分利用效率最高, 深松+旋耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于翻耕处理。本试验条件下, 深松+条旋耕是兼顾高产节水高效的耕作方式。     

亏缺灌溉下小麦水分利用效率与光合产物积累运转的相关研究

在大田栽培条件下,以小麦旱地品种晋麦47和西峰20、水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号和水地品种4185为材料,分别进行0水(T0)、一水(T1)和二水灌溉(T2)处理(每次灌水量60mm),研究了光合速率、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配、根系分布、耗水量、产量因子与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。结果表明,在拔节前不灌溉,拔节到开花期亏缺灌溉,促进干物质积累和深根发育。随着灌溉水的增加,耗水量显著增加,产量和WUE与耗水量呈二次曲线关系。T0处理显著减少了干物质积累和成穗数,产量、经济系数(HI)和WUE最低。T1和T2产量的提高主要是增加了穗数和穗粒数。灌浆期水分亏缺降低了光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs),加速了功能叶片的衰老,但诱导了花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI和产量。因此,在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉促进根系生长,提高了土壤水分的利用效率。而产量和产量WUE的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的Pn和光合功能持续期,促进花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI。     

亏缺灌溉下小麦水分利用效率与光合产物积累运转的相关研究

在大田栽培条件下,以小麦旱地品种晋麦47和西峰20、水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号和水地品种4185为材料,分别进行0水（T0）、一水（T1）和二水灌溉（T2）处理（每次灌水量60 mm）,研究了光合速率、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配、根系分布、耗水量、产量因子与水分利用效率（WUE）的关系。结果表明,在拔节前不灌溉,拔节到开花期亏缺灌溉,促进干物质积累和深根发育。随着灌溉水的增加,耗水量显著增加,产量和WUE与耗水量呈二次曲线关系。T0处理显著减少了干物质积累和成穗数,产量、经济系数（HI）和WUE最低。T1和T2产量的提高主要是增加了穗数和穗粒数。灌浆期水分亏缺降低了光合速率（P_n）和气孔导度（G_s）,加速了功能叶片的衰老,但诱导了花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI和产量。因此,在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉促进根系生长,提高了土壤水分的利用效率。而产量和产量WUE的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的P_n和光合功能持续期,促进花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI。     

土壤水分对豫麦34花后GS同工酶及籽粒产量与蛋白质含量的影响

采用盆栽方法,连续两年研究了豫麦34在田间最大持水量40%(40%FC)、60%(60%FC)和80%(80%FC)条件下花后旗叶与籽粒中谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)及其同工酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量及籽粒产量等的变化特征。结果表明,旗叶中GS活性较同期籽粒中GS活性高10倍以上,并均在波动中下降;旗叶中有GS1、GSx和GS2三种同工酶,其中GS2活性最高,GSx活性最低;籽粒仅有GS1。小麦花后旗叶和籽粒中GS和GS同工酶活性表现为60%FC>80%FC>40%FC,尤以旗叶GS2活性受影响最大。籽粒灌浆高峰前期,旗叶中可溶性蛋白含量表现为60%FC>80%FC>40%FC,随后表现为80%FC>60%FC>40%FC。籽粒中可溶性蛋白含量均表现为80%FC>60%FC>40%FC;60%FC处理的旗叶GS和GS2活性与可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关。籽粒产量和蛋白质含量均以60%FC处理最高,说明豫麦34生长中后期适宜的水分管理指标为田间最大持水量60%。     

Development of an irrigation regime for winter wheat to save water resources by avoiding irrigation at anthesis stage

Latest published information is limited on agronomic responses of winter wheat to irrigation quantity and the necessity of irrigation at the anthesis stage. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate winter wheat yield, water use, assimilate redistribution and economic benefit with respect to water input and (2) quantify relationship between water input and yield to develop a standard for withholding irrigation at anthesis. A 4-year long field experiment was conducted to evaluate winter wheat water use, yield formation pathway and farmers' income under three irrigation regimes: rainfed, irrigation at sowing and jointing (SJ-W) and irrigation at sowing, jointing and anthesis (SJA-W). The yield formation pathway was correlated with the water-induced variation in assimilate redistribution and accumulation. Throughout the experimental period, wheat yield was 19–38% lower in rainfed than that under other irrigation treatments. Moreover, SJ-W treatment substantially increased biomass accumulation at anthesis, accelerated assimilate redistribution in vegetative organs and eventually resulted in a similar wheat yield to that of SJA-W. Simultaneously, the SJ-W treatment had lower irrigation water, reduced additional irrigation cost, suppressed yield loss and obtained a similar farmer's net income to the SJA-W treatment. Water-induced variations in yield were determined by irrigation, rainfall and soil water storage. SJ-W plots receiving 204–331 mm water input (rainfall + irrigation) before anthesis and holding 549–587 mm soil water during anthesis stage achieved higher irrigation water use efficiency and yield relative to the rainfed and SJA-W plots. In contrast, water input under rainfed plots exceeded 200 mm before anthesis, limiting yield substantially even when seasonal soil water consumption exceeded 160 mm. Developing a standard for withholding irrigation at the anthesis stage should incorporate 204–331 mm of water input (rainfall + irrigation) before anthesis and 549–587 mm soil water storage at anthesis, which could achieve a high wheat yield and save water resources.     

SAP、PAM对土壤水分及小麦生长发育和产量的影响

为SAP和PAM的复配节水技术提供理论依据,采用盆栽试验方法,研究SAP和PAM两种高分子聚合物不同配比处理对土壤水分及小麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：在小麦全生育期土壤含水量均表现为复配>PAM>SAP>CK,土壤含水量较高时各处理较对照增幅为3.98%~6.86%,含水量较低的情况下增幅为13.6%~64.78%,复配处理增幅最大,说明施用SAP、PAM均能降低土壤水分蒸发量,尤其是复配处理效果更显著。SAP处理在小麦全生育时期根部生长量变化较为平缓,对小麦苗期生长量影响较大,PAM处理的地上、地下干物质重和根冠比从开花期到成熟期均为最高,说明PAM可促进小麦中后期的生长发育。SAP、PAM单施和复配均可提高小麦产量,较对照增幅分别为10.35%、19.09%、16.44%,PAM处理主要通过提高粒重来提高产量,复配处理主要通过增加穗粒数来提高产量。