油松花粉离体萌发及萌发特征研究

为了加强油松有性杂交,为种子园育种研究奠定基础,对油松花粉离体萌发的适宜条件及萌发特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,油松花粉在无蔗糖培养基中仍具一定萌发能力,蔗糖的添加可显著促进花粉萌发,但高浓度蔗糖可抑制花粉管的生长;油松花粉管易形成分枝,蔗糖浓度与分枝花粉频率呈正相关;硼酸的添加在培养初期可有效加速花粉萌发,但过高浓度的硼酸对花粉萌发具抑制作用;Ca2+对花粉萌发的影响较小,不同浓度Ca2+处理均可获得较高的萌发率;培养温度对花粉萌发的促进作用明显,但温度的持续升高将抑制花粉萌发。综合萌发率、花粉管生长及分枝花粉管频率,油松花粉萌发的最适液体培养基组成为：2.00%蔗糖+0.075%硼酸+0.005% Ca2+,26℃下光照培养,72 h时萌发率可达(96.10±0.47)%。     

植物生长调节剂对旭日桃花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响

【研究目的】研究赤霉素、6-BA、2,4-D、奈乙酸和多效唑等5种生长调节物质对旭日桃花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响;【方法】采集花粉,配制成含不同浓度赤霉素、6-BA、2,4-D、奈乙酸、多效唑的培养液,用花粉液体培养法培养花粉,研究不同浓度植物生长调节剂对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响;【结果】较低浓度的赤霉素、6-BA、2,4-D能促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长,但超过一定浓度时起抑制作用,最适宜花粉萌发和花粉管生长的浓度范围是赤霉素25-100mg/L、6-BA12.5mg/L、2,4-D0.5-5mg/L;奈乙酸和多效唑对花粉萌发有抑制作用,抑制程度随浓度的增大而增强,但在一定浓度范围内对花粉管生长却有促进作用,最适宜花粉管生长的浓度为萘乙酸0.5mg/L、多效唑50-200mg/L,超过该浓度范围表现抑制作用;【结论】赤霉素、6-BA和2,4-D促进旭日桃花粉萌发和花粉管生长的浓度范围分别是25-100,12.5和0.5-5mg/L;奈乙酸和多效唑抑制旭日桃花粉萌发,但在0.5mg/L,50-200mg/L浓度范围内促进花粉管生长。     

同源四倍体西瓜自交花粉萌发生长与内源激素的关系

对花粉离体培养和花粉在雌蕊柱头上萌发、生长的研究发现,同源四倍体西瓜自交,花粉萌发率低,花粉管在花柱中生长缓慢,在花粉萌发和生长过程中伴随出现结节状、花粉管尖端膨大呈球形花粉管及双花粉管等异常现象。经过内源激素测定分析表明,上述现象与四倍体西瓜雌芯和花粉中细胞分裂素－－玉米素核苷（ＺＲ）含量过高、雌蕊的ＩＡＡ和ＧＡ３与ＡＢＡ的比值低、及花粉和雌蕊共同作用有关。     

植物生长调节物质对黄金梨花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响

目的:研究不同质量浓度的6-BA、NAA、2,4-D、多效唑等4种植物生长调节物质对黄金梨花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。方法:配制含有不同浓度的生长调节物质的花粉液体培养基,对采集的黄金梨花粉进行培养,研究不同浓度植物生长调节物质对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果:在所使用的植物生长调节物质的浓度范围内:(1)较低浓度的6-BA和2,4-D能促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长,但超过一定浓度时起抑制作用;(2)NAA和多效唑均对花粉萌发和花粉管的生长表现出抑制作用。结论:6-BA和2,4-D促进黄金梨花粉萌发与花粉管生长的最适宜浓度分别为10mg/L和5mg/L。     

阔叶杨桐花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长特性的研究

研究了不同浓度的蔗糖和硼酸,在不同温度和培养时间内对阔叶杨桐花粉萌发率和花粉管生长的影响,以期为阔叶杨桐的繁殖育种研究提供依据.结果表明:1)不同浓度的蔗糖和硼酸处理组之间存在显著性差异,蔗糖和硼酸都能促进杨桐花粉萌发和花粉管的生长,但超过一定浓度则会起到抑制作用;2)随着培养温度的升高,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度呈先升后降的趋势;3)随着培养时间的延长,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度逐渐增加,但最初的前12h内花粉萌发快,在培养的前9h内花粉管生长较快.4)实验显示:阔叶杨桐花粉培养的最适培养基是15％蔗糖和0.02％硼酸,最适培养温度为25℃,培养24 h后花粉萌发率为84.32％,花粉管长达2 003.51 μm.     

苹果花粉萌发生理影响因子的研究

选用‘红星’、‘美红’、‘荷红’、‘全家红’4个品种的花粉作为试材,分别通过染色法（TTC、过氧化物酶法）和离体萌发法来测定苹果花粉的生活力,并通过花粉离体萌发、生长试验,观察其在不同培养条件下的萌发生长状况。结果表明：染色及离体培养试验中,品种间花粉活力存在较大差异,其中‘红星’花粉生活力最高,‘美红’、‘荷红’次之,‘全家红’最低;离体萌发试验中,不同培养条件下各种花粉的萌发及花粉管生长随温度、浓度的增加均呈先增后减趋势;不同温度条件下,花粉萌发生长最适培养基浓度不同,高浓度（15%、20%）的培养环境对花粉的萌发生长有一定抑制作用;试验还发现,各花粉最高萌发率与花粉管最大长度生长条件不一致,花粉管的生长最适温度及培养浓度均高于萌发最适条件,这可能与花粉管萌发生长时新陈代谢旺盛有关。     

培养基组分及pH对油茶花粉离体萌发的影响

为探究培养基组分及pH对油茶花粉离体萌发的影响,本试验以信阳地区主栽长林系列4个油茶品种为试验材料,采用半固体培养进行单因素试验,研究不同浓度的钙、镁、钾、尿素及pH对油茶花粉离体萌发率和花粉管伸长的影响。结果表明：钙对长林系列油茶花粉的萌发率和花粉管伸长均有显著影响(P<0.05),在浓度为100 mg/L时对萌发率促进效果最佳,在浓度为2 400 mg/L时对花粉管伸长促进效果最佳;长林系列油茶的花粉管长度随镁、钾浓度的增加整体呈先增加后降低的趋势,镁在浓度为2 400 mg/L时对花粉管长度及花粉萌发率均表现出强烈的抑制效果,钾对‘长林3号’‘、长林4号’‘、长林40号’的花粉萌发率的影响均不显著;pH对长林系列4种油茶品种的花粉管长度均有显著影响;尿素对长林系列4种油茶品种花粉萌发的影响相较其他因素较小。培养基中钙浓度为2400mg/L,镁浓度在200～400mg/L,钾浓度在200～400 mg/L,尿素浓度为200 mg/L,p H值为6.5时适合油茶花粉管伸长;钙浓度为100 mg/L,镁浓度为200 mg/L时适合花粉萌发。本研究结果为油茶人工授粉和促进油茶花粉萌...     

珍稀濒危物种大别山五针松花粉离体萌发的研究

为了研究大别山五针松濒危的原因,并为人工杂交育种和保护该物种提供理论依据。本试验采用花粉离体萌发法,设置正交试验,研究了蔗糖、硼、钙对其萌发率及花粉管生长的影响。结果表明：蔗糖是影响大别山五针松花粉萌发和花粉管生长的关键因子,其次是硼酸,氯化钙对其影响最小;蔗糖的添加,明显促进花粉萌发,但高浓度蔗糖花粉管的生长有很大的抑制作用;适当添加硼酸可以促进花粉萌发,但不利于花粉管的生长;氯化钙对花粉萌发影响最小,不同浓度的氯化钙均可以获得较高的萌发率。综合萌发率、花粉管生长,大别山五针松花粉萌发的最适培养基为：4%蔗糖+0.05%硼酸+0.025%氯化钙。     

中国石蒜花粉活力测定研究

为了解中国石蒜的花粉活力及其最佳体外萌发条件,分别采用TTC染色法和离体萌发法对中国石蒜的新鲜花粉的活力进行了测定。pH 7.0,5%TTC在35℃条件下染色结果显示99%的中国石蒜花粉具有活力。对影响中国石蒜花粉萌发和花粉管伸长的3个因素（蔗糖、硼酸和氯化钙）进行单因素实验,发现三者的最适浓度分别为蔗糖150 g/L、硼酸60 mg/L、氯化钙50 mg/L。3种浓度的培养液中,中国石蒜的花粉萌发率分别为36.7%、77.6%和44.2%。在中国石蒜花粉萌发最适蔗糖浓度(150 g/L)的基础上,正交设计硼酸和氯化钙浓度,实验结果表明,其最适浓度与单因素实验相同,但花粉萌发率达87%,花粉管伸长量达897 μm,远远高于单因素实验的结果,表明三者协同作用,促进中国石蒜花粉的萌发和花粉管的伸长。上述实验证实中国石蒜花粉具有较高的活力。为中国石蒜与其他石蒜属植物的种间杂交可行性提供了实验依据。     

红宝石海棠花粉萌发和花粉管生长的特性

为明确红宝石海棠花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长的特性,以新鲜花粉为材料,采用液体培养法,研究不同浓度的蔗糖、氯化钙、硼酸、PEG-6000及不同培养时间对其萌发率及花粉管生长的影响。结果表明,蔗糖、氯化钙、硼酸和PEG-6000均对红宝石海棠花粉萌发和花粉管生长影响显著,最适钙和硼酸浓度均为0.1 g/L,蔗糖浓度为150 g/L,PEG-6000为50 g/L,最佳培养时间为2 h,花粉萌发率达92.31%,花粉管长度达582.96μm。本试验探讨液体培养基中不同组分对红宝石海棠花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响,筛选出红宝石海棠花粉离体萌发的最佳培养基组合,为海棠的新品种选育及理论研究提供了科学依据。     

The role of pollen and stigma in determining the level of partial self-compatibility in brussels sprouts

Summary Brussels sprouts inbred plants, homozygous for the same recessive S-allele, were intercrossed in all combinations and the number of pollen tubes penetrating the stigmas of such crosses measured. The results of five such experiments showed that pollen as well as stigma is significant in determining the number of pollen tubes counted. It was also found that the capacity of a plant's stigmas to permit pollen tube penetration was independent of the capacity of its pollen to penetrate other plants' stigmas. Variation in pollen tube production between pollens of the plants tested was often greater than that between their stigmas.     

Chromosome location of genes controlling the content of dietary fibre and arabinoxylans in rye

Differences in fruit-set success reputed to exist between Heveabrasiliensis genetic clones were verified by an analysis of breeding recordsfor the clones PB 5/51, RRIM 600 and PR 107. Although the bestfruit-set success was obtained with PB 5/51 following artificial (hand)pollination, this clonal trait was not reflected in terms of greater numbersof pollen tubes developing it the styles of hand-pollinated PB 5/51 femaleflowers. It was observed, however, that more pollen tubes reached theovules in PB 5/51 than in RRIM 600 or PR 107. Significantly, PB 5/51female flowers required fewer pollen tubes to effect penetration of all threeof its ovules. As fruit formation in Hevea is dependent on all threeovules of the flower being successfully fertilised, PB 5/51 female flowershave hence a greater propensity for successful fruit-set. In all the threeclones studied, the frequency distribution of female flowers with 0, 1, 2 or3 of the ovules penetrated by pollen tubes did not conform to binomialexpectations. Flowers with no ovule penetrated and flowers with all threeovules penetrated were greatly over-represented. One explanation for thisnon-random distribution is the existence of `receptive' female flowers thatfavour successful fertilisation whereas `non-receptive' flowers tend to remainunfertilised even when hand-pollinated.     

甘蓝型油菜与近缘种、属杂交时花粉-雌蕊相互作用的研究

甘蓝型油菜作母本与白菜、甘蓝、黑芥、芥菜型油菜和埃塞俄比亚芥杂交时,花粉粘合程度减弱。花粉管常常不能穿入柱头,与花粉管接触的柱头乳突细胞内普遍产生胼胝质。少数异源花粉管能穿过柱头进入花柱,但时有异常胼胝质沉积在花粉管中。海甘蓝的花粉很难粘合在甘蓝型油菜柱头上。异种花粉与甘蓝型油菜雌蕊的亲和性按大小依次     

同源四倍体水稻花粉母细胞减数分裂期间微管骨架组织和结构变化

应用间接免疫荧光标记-激光扫描共聚焦显微术,观察了同源四倍体水稻花粉母细胞减数分裂过程的微管骨架和染色体行为变化。结果表明:同源四倍体水稻花粉母细胞微管组织形态变化与二倍体水稻的基本一致,但出现一些不同,如核周微管较长,纺锤体微管数量较多;并呈现许多异常现象。前期I细线期,微管数量少,分布不均匀;偶线期,呈现不规则网络状结构,未见明显的极性分布;粗线期,核仁解体,呈现混乱的网络状结构;双线期,微管提早解聚,不形成环绕状微管;终变期,微管数量稀少,核周未见明显的微管聚集;中期I纺锤体形态出现多种异常现象;末期I成膜体形状异常,出现点状微管;末期II-四分体时期,二分体细胞两端不分开;出现三分体细胞,其内微管混乱。以上各时期的染色体行为也出现不同程度的异常。综合认为,微管组织的异常可能与染色体的行为异常存在一定的关联,两者共同作用影响花粉发育,导致育性偏低。     

Diversity of penicillarian millets (Pennisetum glaucum and P. purpureum) as for the compatibility between their gynoecia and pollens from some other Poaceae

Summary The compatibility between gynoecia of different penicillarian millets (Pennisetum glaucum and P. purpureum) and pollens from some other Poaceae was evaluated in order to determine whether different penicillarian pistils showed the same pistil-pollen interactions with a same non-penicillarian pollen and to determine whether compatibility was dependent on the genetic divergence or the degree of sympatric evolution of the mating partners. Ten pearl millet lines (P. glaucum subsp. glaucum), six wild pearl millet accessions (P. glaucum subsp. monodii) and one P. purpureum accession were pollinated with five other Pennisetum species: P. pedicellatum, P. polystachyon, P. schweinfurthii, P. squamulatum, P. ramosum, and with three species from other genera: Cenchrus ciliaris, Panicum maximum and Zea mays. Each male species was represented by a unique accession. Pollen grain germination on the stigmata and pollen tube growth in the gynoecia were monitored by means of fluorescence microscopy after aniline blue staining. Significant compatibility differences were observed between a given pollen and gynoecia from different P. glaucum accessions. But there was no evidence of compatibility differences between the three female taxonomic groups. The eight pollen parents can be classified into three groups according to their mean degree of compatibility with the different penicillarian gynoecia. P. ramosum, P. schweinfurthii and P. squamulatum showed a high compatibility: more than 50% of penicillarian gynoecia had pollen tubes at the micropyle, six hours after pollination. Zea mays, Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum showed a low compatibility: pollen tubes were arrested in the style. P. pedicellatum and P. polystachyon showed nil compatibility: few pollen grains germinated on the stigmata and very rare tubes reached the entry of the style, where they stopped. It must be noted that such a strong gametic barrier has been observed only with pollinator species sympatric to pearl millet.     

小麦花粉管生长途径及受精过程经历时间的研究

应用常规石蜡切片和荧光显微镜技术对小麦花粉管生长途径及受精过程相应时间进行研究。结果表明，授粉后，花粉随即萌发，2个精子进入花粉管，营养核留在花粉粒内，不久解体。花粉管进入羽毛状柱头分支结构的细胞间隙，继续生长于花柱基部至子房顶部的引导组织的细胞间隙内。随后穿过子房壁，在子房壁与外珠被之间的缝隙中向珠孔方向生长。自花粉萌发至花粉管长入珠孔大约需要1 h。自花粉萌发并到达柱头分支结构中，花粉管均具明显的绿色荧光；但在引导组织区以及子房壁与外珠被之间生长的花粉管几乎看不到荧光。授粉后1 h花粉管经珠孔及珠心表皮细胞间隙进入1个助细胞，并释放精子。授粉后2～6 h精卵融合，授粉后16 h合子第一次分裂。授粉后2～3 h精子与极核融合，授粉后4 h初生胚乳核第一次分裂。授粉后2～16 h，即精卵融合至合子分裂前为花粉管通道法转化合适的时间，采用花柱横切滴加法转入外源DNA。     

小麦质不育系及其保持系花药中SOD同工酶和脂质过氧化作用初步研究

对小麦Ｔ型和Ｐ型细胞质雄性不育系及保持系花药中ＳＯＤ活性、ＳＯＤ同工酶及脂质过氧化作用的研究结果表明，单核期不育系花药中的ＳＯＤ活性比保持系略低，ＳＯＤ同工酶带数与保持系相同。到二核期和三核期不育系花药中缺少一条ＳＯＤ同工酶带，ＳＯＤ活性也比保持系明显降低。不育系花药在三个发育时期的ＭＤＡ含量均明显高于保持系。同时发现在三核期不育系旗叶减少一条ＳＯＤ同工酶带。体内活性氧清除能力降低及脂质过氧化用加     

Inter-varietal pollen tube growth and ovule penetration in the avocado

Summary Results are presented showing number of pollen tubes in the pistil, and ovule penetrations in crosses involving the avocado varieties Edranol, Ryan, Hass, Reed, Talbot, Jalna, Fuerte, Bacon and Sharwil. Between 5% and 100% of the ovules in each cross were penetrated by a pollen tube. The female parent exerted more control than the male on numbers of tubes and ovule penetrations and the results for type A varieties were more consistent than those for type B varieties. Penetration of an ovule by two tubes was observed in all varieties except Reed and Fuerte and penetration of an ovule by three tubes was observed in the variety Edranol only. With the possible exception of the variety Bacon as female parent there was no difference between pollination with pollen from type A or B varieties.     

The site of action of the crossability genes (Kr 1, Kr 2) between Triticum and Secale. I. Pollen germination,pollen tube growth,and number of pollen tubes

Summary Seven genotypes of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were crossed with rye (Secale cereale L.) in order to find the site or sites of action of the crossability genes, Kr ₁ and Kr ₂, of wheat. The data obtained, by fluorescence microscopy, were compared to the controls (wheat x wheat). The results indicate that the crossability genes have little effect on pollen germination and on the time taken for the pollen tubes to reach the microphyle, irrespective of their crossabilities with rye. The number of pollen tubes reaching the microphyle is, however, affected by the Kr-genes, as high crossable genotypes have more pollen tubes than the low crossable ones. There was a high correlation between the mean number of pollen tubes at the micropyle with seed set, which also reflects the crossability. The Kr-genes seem to manifest themselves in the retardation and inhibition of pollen tube growth between the style base and the top of the embryo sac, where the effect is most distinct in the low crossable genotypes.