小麦EST-SSR标记的开发和染色体定位及其在追踪黑麦染色体中的应用

根据小麦盐胁迫诱导和茎秆组织相关EST序列开发了81对EST-SSR引物, 其中67、46、18和61对分别在小麦、黑麦、簇毛麦和大麦基因组中稳定扩增, 在不同小麦和大麦品种间具有多态性的引物分别有22和23对。利用小麦缺体-四体系共定位了43对引物的81个位点, 其中A、B和D染色体组上分别有29、30和22个位点, 涉及除4B、3D和6D外的18条染色体。此外30对引物在黑麦基因组中具有特异扩增, 其中8对分别在黑麦1R、4R、5R和R7染色体上具有特异扩增, 7对在多条黑麦染色体具有相同扩增。这些新标记可有效用于小麦及其近缘物种的遗传作图与比较遗传研究。     

植物染色体原位杂交的发展与应用

介绍了植物染色体原位杂交技术的发展历史，评述了适用于不同研究目的的各路主要的原位杂交技术的基本原理和方法，讨论了植物染色体原位杂交技术的有关问题及其发展方向。     

N+离子引起的黑麦染色体易位

离子注入黑麦的生物效应，有生理变异，也有遗传变异，经过低能N+离子束辐照，选出黑麦284-2，其减数分裂的染色体观察，在中期I和终变期，所有细胞均出现一个相邻式互环状四价体或交替式∞状四价体，其比例为1：1，M1代体细胞染色体出现两对染色体畸变，经C分带的带型分析，获得了1R和4R的染色体易位。本文还提出了黑麦284-2     

黑麦重复序列在检测小麦品种中外源染色体的应用

本研究根据RAPD引物OPH20在黑麦中扩增出的特异序列pSc20H.2设计一对PCR引物pSc20ht-23/24,以来源于黑麦的小麦抗叶锈近等基因系材料TcLr45及感病对照Thatcher为亲本进行PCR扩增。并对42个小麦抗叶锈近等基因系及103个小麦品种材料进行检测。引物pSc20ht23/24在TcLr45中扩增出一条约750bp的条带,而在Thatcher中无扩增条带。对该特异片段回收、克隆测序为734bp。42个小麦抗叶锈近等基因系检测在TcLr26中扩增出与TcLr45相同的条带,而在同样来源于黑麦的小麦抗叶锈近等基因系TcLr25中未扩增出该条带;中国春-Imperial黑麦附加系1R-7R中除5R外均扩增出该条带;13个1B/1R易位系小麦品种也扩增出该条带;90个地方小麦品种中有16个扩增出该条带,6个品种经系谱分析具有黑麦遗传背景,表明该标记可用于检测小麦中含有的除黑麦5R染色体之外的外源染色质。     

具一对B染色体的黑麦品系的细胞遗传及性状研究

1928年Randolph在玉米中发现并命名了B染色体, 目前植物界被证实有B染色体的植物已超过1000个种［1］。 深入研究B染色体的遗传机制、 生物学效应及其在进化中的意义是十分必要的。 本文在获得了具2B染色体的较为稳定的黑麦品系(2n=16)［2］基础上, 对该品系进行了系统的细胞遗传研究, 并将该品系与普通洛南黑麦进行了性状     

染色体原位杂交技术在植物研究中的应用

染色体原位杂交(chromosome in situ hybridization,CISH)是一种新兴的日趋完善的技术。本文从以下几个方面对其在植物研究中的应用进行了综述:(1)外源染色质及远缘杂种的鉴定;(2)多倍体起源、非整倍体的鉴定;(3)植物基因工程及基因表达研究;(4)物种进化及亲缘关系的探讨;(5)植物基因物理图谱的构建等。     

分子原位杂交技术及在植物染色体上的应用

分子原位杂交技术及在植物染色体上的应用马有志徐琼芳辛志勇（中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所北京１０００８１）分子原位杂交（Ｉｎｓｉｔｕｈｙｂｒｉｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，简称ＩＳＨ）是把用生物素等标记物质标记的ＤＮＡ片段做为探针（ｐｒｏｂｅ），与染色体ＤＮＡ...     

Hybridization of Thinopyrum distichum and Secale cereale

An attempt was made to determine whether the salt tolerance genes of Thinopyrum distichum would be expressed in the presence of the rye genomes and if it would be possible to improve and utilize its hybrid with rye as a salt-tolerant fodder crop. Th. distichum florets were pollinated with diploid and tetraploid rye but hybrids were obtained only with tetraploid rye. The F₁ had 28 chromosomes and expressed high levels of salt tolerance. Fertility could not be induced through colchicines treatment but the plants produced some apomictic seeds during the summer months. The F₂ had 20-22 chromosomes and retained two complete or near-complete rye genomes. The F₂ plants responded better to colchicine treatment, however, the doubled hybrids remained male sterile. In summer, one F2 plant produced many apomictic seeds with chromosome numbers ranging from 14 to 16 (primarily rye chromosomes). The mechanism that caused the preferential loss of Thinopyrum chromosomes in each apomictic cycle remains unknown. The F₃ phenotypically resembled rye, had primarily reductional male meioses and produced seemingly functional pollen, but were self-sterile.     

An extended genetic map of rye (Secale cereale L.)

A genetic linkage map of rye consisting of 92 markers was constructed by using isozyme and molecular marker techniques. For this purpose an F₂ population of 137 individuals was established on which RFLP studies with homologous and heterologous probes were performed. After establishing a reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol, 280 random primers were screened for polymorphisms and 17 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci were mapped. The digestion of the template DNA prior to PCR increased the degree of polymorphism. Previously published markers could also be integrated into this map by using the JoinMap computer program. The resulting linkage map comprises a total of 127 markers and spans a distance of about 760 cM.     

Effect of Diclofop and Linuron on Rye Grass (Lolium multiflorum), Control in Triticale (X Triticosecale), Wheat (Triticum aestivum), and Rye (Secale cereale)

Annual rye grass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a serious and wide spread problem in cereal crops. A field experiment with a promising herbicide diclofop [(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid] at 0.56, 0.84 and 1.12 kg ai/ha, in comparison to commonly used linuron [ N' -(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- N -methoxy- N -methylurea] at 0.84, 1.12 and 1.41 kg ai/ha was conducted to control rye grass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.). The herbicides were applied as soil-incorporated, preemergence and post-emergence. Results showed that diclofop is less phytotoxic than Linuron and the postemergence application of these herbicides was more phytotoxic on all cereal crops. Diclofop applied at 1.12 kg/ha, gave almost 100 percent rye grass control and produced 45 and 115 kg/ha higher grain yields in pre- and postemergence methods, respectively, as compared to the soil-incorporated method.     

新疆杂草黑麦基本农艺性状分析

为了对新疆杂草黑麦（Secale cereale subsp. segetale）种质资源进一步研究利用提供依据,对58个新疆杂草黑麦居群的株高、穗长、穗宽、小穗数、有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重等农艺性状进行了考察和分析。结果表明,58个新疆杂草黑麦居群7个农艺性状的遗传变异范围为5.1%~42.8%,材料89R66株高最高、89R23有效穗数最多、89R43小穗数最多、90R6穗粒数最多、89R34千粒重最大;相关性分析和通径分析表明,新疆杂草黑麦的穗长、穗宽对千粒重有直接或间接影响;聚类分析在欧式距离11.0处将所有材料分为4类,第Ⅰ类材料的穗粒数较多且千粒重较大,可作为黑麦和小麦遗传育种资源,第Ⅱ类和第Ⅲ类材料具有高     

山东地方普通小麦品种与黑麦杂交亲和性的研究

６５个山东地方普通小麦品种与奥地利黑麦进行杂交，结果表明，高亲和材料在山东麦区普遍存在。其中结实率大于５０％的有１０个品种，并有长芒透龙白，码昨头火麦、小芒麦和白秃头４个品种的亲和性与中国春小麦相似，经ｔ检验无显著差异，其基因型可能为ｋｒ１ｋｒ１ｋｒ２ｋｒ２；结实率在３０％￣５０％间的品种有６个（其基因型可能为ｋｒ１ｋｒ１Ｋｒ２Ｋｒ２）；结实率在１０％￣３０％间的品种有６个（其基因型可能为Ｋｒ１Ｋ     

Fluorescence in situ hybridization polymorphism using two repetitive DNA clones in different cultivars of wheat

Twenty‐two wheat cultivars and a wheat line were analysed with two‐colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using the pSc119.2 and pAs1 repetitive DNA clones to detect if polymorphism could be observed in the hybridization patterns of different wheat cultivars. The FISH hybridization pattern of ‘Chinese Spring’ was compared with wheat cultivars of different origins. Differences were observed in the hybridization patterns of chromosomes 4A, 5A, 1B, 2B, 3B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 1D, 2D, 3D and 4D. Although a low level of polymorphism exists in the FISH pattern of different wheat cultivars, it is possible to identify 17 pairs of chromosomes according to their hybridization patterns with these two probes. This study will help to predict the expected variation in the FISH pattern when analysing wheat genetic stocks of different origin. It is presumed that variation in hybridization patterns are caused by chromosome structural rearrangements and by differences in the amount and location of repetitive sequences in the cultivars analysed.     

Rapid introduction of disease resistance from rye into common wheat by anther culture of a 6x triticale × nulli-tetrasomic wheat

Powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis) and yellow rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis) are the two most serious wheat diseases found in China. Rye chromosomes, carrying genes for resistance to these diseases, were introduced into common wheat in two generations using chromosome engineering and anther culture. The F₁ hybrids from a cross involving a hexaploid triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) בChinese Spring’ nulli‐tetrasomic N6DT6A wheat aneuploid line were anther cultured and doubled‐haploid plants were regenerated. Using genomic in situ hybridization, C‐banding and biochemical marker analyses, one of the anther‐cultured lines (ZH‐1)studied in detail, proved to be a doubled‐haploid with one rye chromosome pair added (1R) and a homozygous 6R/6D substitution (2n= 44). The line was tested for expression of disease resistance and found to be highly resistant to powdery mildew and moderately resistant to yellow rust.     

Variation of Telomeric Heterochromatin Among Inbred Lines in Diploid Rye (Secale cereale L.)

The amount of Telomeric C-heterochromatin was investigated in 20 inbred lines of rye and their open-pollinated source cultivars. In this short communication only the banding pattern of the chromosomes in the lines is presented. The inbred lines had an amount of heterochromatin similar to the source cultivars. Both groups carried some chromosomes with small telomeric C-bands. The individual source cultivars were composed of 2—4 karyotypes having different amounts of telomeric heterochromatin. Most karyotypes were also identified in the respective inbred lines. Results suggest that the in breed in i: process was not related to a reduction of telomeric C-hetrerochromatin in rye chromosomes.     

Genetical Studies of Gibberellic Acid Insensitivity in Rye (Secale cereale L.)

Genetic analysis of three semi-dwarf genotypes of rye (Secale cereale L.)—‘Moskowskij Karlik’, ‘Gülzow kurz’ and ‘R 18’, which were shown to be insensitive to applied gibberellic acid (GA₃), has been carried out by using a seedling test. It could be demonstrated that all of the three genotypes are carrying recessive alleles for GA-insensitivity. Whereas the alleles of ‘Moskowskij Karlik’ and ‘R 18’ seem to have the same locus on chromosome 5R, the GA-insensitivity of ‘Gülzow kurz’ is governed by a different gene, most probably located on chromosome 7R. The relationship between the genes (alleles) for GA-insensitivity and semi-dwarfness, including the symbolization of the Gai-genes as well as their utilization in rye breeding is discussed.