高温锻炼对粒用苋幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶及膜耐热性的影响

探讨了粒用苋幼苗在高温锻炼过程中叶片可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）及其同功酶的变化规律，以及与叶片细胞膜耐热性的关系。发现叶片膜蛋白在高温下的高稳定性可能是粒用苋耐热的原因之一；ＳＯＤ在热锻炼过程中对维持膜蛋白的稳定，提高膜的耐热性起了一定的保护作用。     

CMS水稻不同器官的膜脂过氧化水平

比较了ＣＭＳ水稻不育系珍汕９７Ａ及其同核异质保持系珍汕９７Ｂ的叶片、幼穗和花药中的膜脂过氧化、活性氧水平及活性氧清除酶活性。结果表明：与可育花药相比，不育花药中Ｈ２Ｏ２和Ｏ２＾－水平较高，丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量也高，而超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、过氧化酶（ＰＯＤ）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ＡＳＡ－ＰＯＤ）活性则较低；幼穗中，不育系的Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＭＤＡ含量高于保持系，其它指标基本无差异；     

陆地棉功能叶不同生育时期酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的研究

对不同熟性棉花品种功能叶几种酶活性及脂质过氧化水平（以丙二醛含量表示）的研究结果表明，超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性在吐絮前呈波动上升，吐絮盛期争剧下降；丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量吐絮前缓慢上升，吐絮后明显增加；过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性在结铃以前随叶片发育而上升，结铃后急剧下降；过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性始终呈上升趋势。进一步对ＰＯＤ同工酶进行电泳发现，其酶谱构成随生育进程而变化，早熟品种在开花期酶带条数最多     

后期高温对冬小麦根系及地上部请老的影响

本文研究了后期高温处理对冬小麦根系及地上部活性氧代谢及生理特性的影响,结果表明,高温处理使小麦根系及叶片的膜脂过氧化产物－ＭＤＡ含量增加,质膜相对透性增大,在高温处理过程中,根系和叶片ＳＯＤ及ＰＯＤ酶活生的变化均表现为先升高而后下降的趋势,但叶片ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性下降较早,其下降幅度大于根系,表明地上部受高温影响较大,小麦根系及叶片的膜脂过氧化水平与ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ酶活性的变化有密切关系,随叶片ＳＯ     

几个短季棉品种叶片衰老特征的研究

本文研究了大田栽培条件下几个短季棉品种第十叶片附体状态和离体状态下衰老的基本特征。结果表明，附体状态下叶绿素和蛋白质、超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）与离体状态下表现出相似的变化趋势。其中中棉所１０号衰老最为迅速，中棉所１６等则较迟缓些。ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ在叶片衰老后期活性并不下降，ＣＡＴ则在低水平上摆动。而ＭＤＡ在叶片离体状态下含量上升，其中中棉所１０号上升最为明显，中２６８则维持较低水平。     

水分胁迫对玉米保护酶系活力及膜系统结构的影响

在ＰＥＧ诱导的水分胁迫下，ＳＯＤ活力在不同抗旱性的玉米品种或杂交组合中均呈现下降─回升─下降的变化趋势；ＣＡＴ活力在抗旱性强的品种中先升（或基本不变）后降，而在抗旱性弱的品种中一直降低；ＰＯＤ活力在所有品种均呈明显降低。同时，叶片质膜透性增大，叶绿体和线粒体超微结构受损，抗旱性强的品种受损程度较轻。ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活力与质膜、叶绿体和线粒体膜系统结构的损伤程度呈负相关，与品种抗旱性呈正相关，可作为玉米抗旱鉴定的生化指标；而ＰＯＤ活力与上述膜系统的损伤程度及品种抗旱性相关不大。     

DPC对棉花叶片发育及活性氧代谢的影响

以中棉所１８为材料，研究了大田条件下ＤＰＣ（缩节安）系统化控对棉叶发育和活性氧代谢的影响，结果表明，ＤＰＣ提高了叶片中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白的含量，降低和减轻了膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的积累，提高了超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性，降低了过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性，改善了活性氧代谢。ＤＰＣ具有显著延缓叶片衰老的效应，可能与改变了内源激素系统、改善了活性氧代谢有关。     

稀土元素对酸雨胁迫小麦活性氧清除系统响应的应用

盆栽条件下,就酸雨胁迫下小麦活性氧清除系统的响应及稀土元素的作用进行了研究,结果表明：酸雨导致小麦活性氧酶促系统的ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ、ＰＯＤ酶活性总体水平发生了变化。     

高温锻炼对粒用苋幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白,超氧化物歧化酶及膜耐热性…

探讨了粒用苋幼苗在高温锻炼过程中叶片可溶性蛋白，超氧化物歧化酶及其同功酶的变化规律，以及与叶片细胞膜耐热性的关系，发现叶片膜蛋白在高温下的高稳定中能是粒用苋耐热的原因之一；ＳＯＤ在热锻炼过程中对维持膜蛋白的稳定，提高膜的耐热性起了一定的保护作用。     

水杨酸预处理对提高黄瓜幼苗耐低温能力的影响

观察了经水杨酸（ＳＡ）预处理的黄瓜幼苗对低温胁迫的反应,结果表明,ＳＡ预处理２明显增强了黄瓜幼苗的耐低温能力。萎蔫率、死亡率明显下降,幼苗的ＭＤＡ含量略有增加,Ｏ２^-含量下降;ＰＯＤ、ＳＯＤ活性上升,ＣＡＴ活性下降。黄瓜幼苗在低温胁迫过程中,经ＳＡ预处理的幼苗较未预处理幼苗ＭＤＡ含量增加减少,Ｏ２^含量上升延迟,ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ活性均比未进行ＳＡ预处理的幼苗活性高。试验表明,保持较高的膜保护酶活性是ＳＡ提高黄瓜幼苗耐温能力的基础。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.