冬小麦群体根系32P吸收活力与群体光合速率关系的研究

利用同位素示踪技术,研究了冬小麦(鲁麦14)群体根系吸收活力和群体光合速率变化动态之间的关系。结果表明：返青到成熟,冬小麦群体根系32P吸收活力与群体光合速率符合回归方程y=2.050+1.641x(r=0. 8163* );群体根系32P吸收活力与根层14C光合产物集运速率显著相关((r=0.9629**),其变化主要受根层、茎层、叶层32P矿质集运速     

不同培土厚度对玉米苗期生长发育的影响

为探明培土厚度对玉米苗期生长发育的影响,研究通过盆栽试验,以培土厚度为试验因素,探究不同的培土厚度:P3(培土厚度3cm)、P5(培土厚度5cm)、P7(培土厚度7cm)、P9(培土厚度9cm)、P11(培土厚度11cm)5个处理对玉米株高、地上部干重、根系数量、根系体积、根系干重以及根系活力的影响。研究结果表明:随着培土厚度的增加玉米株高、地上部干物质积累量、根系数量、根系体积、根系干重以及根系活力有显著的降低,影响玉米幼苗地上部和根系的生长,最终影响产量形成。随着培土厚度的增加,培土厚度为7cm处理优于其他处理。由此可以得出,在不影响地上部生长发育的前提下,适当增加培土厚度对地下根系的生长发育有利。     

小麦根冠关系的基因型差异及其与产量的关系

以盆栽 12个小麦品种为试材 ,研究表明 ,不同小麦品种的根干重、穗数、地上部干重、地上部干重 /根干重和产量之间存在着明显的基因型差异。除地上部干重 /根干重与产量无显著相关外 ,其余性状与产量呈显著或极显著相关 ,他们共同关系到产量水平。通径分析表明 ,地上部干重对产量的直接影响最大 (0 9713) ,根干重次之 (- 0 116 3) ,而根系主要通过地上部干物质来影响产量水平     

栽培技术优化对冬小麦根系垂直分布及活性的调控

为探索优化小麦根系构建,促进小麦根系功能发挥,以达到小麦高产高效的栽培技术,于2012—2013和2013—2014年度小麦生产季,通过大田试验,比较研究了鲁原502在旋耕-基肥撒施(RT-SF),深翻-基肥撒施(PT-SF)和苗带旋耕-间隔深松-分层深施肥(SRT-SS-DT)3种栽培技术下产量及其构成,研究麦田0~90 cm内不同土层根系形态分布及生理特性的差异。与RT-SF和PT-SF处理相比,SRT-SS-DT处理显著提高了小麦的千粒重及单位面积穗数,使最终产量提高了3.96%~13.29%。SRT-SS-DT处理促进了小麦根系生长发育,拔节后15~60 cm土层内的根长密度和根干重密度、30~75 cm土层内根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收面积较其他处理显著提高,尤其是在施肥层(15~30 cm土层)。开花后20 d,15~30 cm土层SRT-SS-DT的根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收面积较RT-SF提高了66.3%和56.5%,较PT-SF提高了75.9%和59.8%。SRT-SS-DT增强了15~90 cm土层的根系活力,同时减缓了生育后期根系活力的下降,开花期至花后20 d,15~30 cm土层根系活力下降值在SRT-SS-DT处理下较RT-SF和PT-SF降低了28.5%和14.9%。此外,在花后20 d,SRT-SS-DT处理小麦15~90 cm土层根系表现较低MDA含量和较高SOD活性,尤其是15~30 cm土层,根系SOD活性分别比PT-SF和RT-SF处理高20.6%和10.9%。15~90 cm土层根系活力和根干重占比与小麦产量呈显著正相关。结果表明,通过对苗带旋耕、间隔深松和分层深施肥等栽培技术的集成和优化,可以有效扩展深层土壤根系的分布,提高深层土壤根系的活性,尤其是施肥层,有助于小麦产量提高。     

大穗型籼稻品种根系性状的基本特点

在群体水培条件下,以国内、外不同年代育成的常规籼稻代表品种(2001年为88个、2002年为122个)为材料,测定干物重(包括根系)、根系性状和根系活性、产量及其构成因素等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按单穗重从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6类,研究各类品种根系的基本特点。结果表明,供试品种间单穗重的差异很大(两年分别相差493%和764%),A、B、C、D、E、F类品种的平均单穗重,2001年分别为0.99、1.56、2.00、2.54、3.16、4.08 g,2002年分别为0.82、1.38、1.80、2.38、3.04、4.29 g。大穗型品种每株不定根总长、每株根干重、每株根系总吸收面积显著大于小穗型品种。大穗型品种每穗根数、每穗根重、每穗根长、每穗根系总吸收面积、每穗根系活跃吸收面积、每穗根系活性显著优于小穗型品种。多元回归分析表明,显著影响单穗重的主要根系性状是每穗根长、每穗根重、抽穗期冠根比、每穗根系总活力,决定系数为0.620~0.639。随着每穗根长、每穗根重、抽穗期冠根比、每穗根系总活力提高单穗重显著增加。     

大穗型籼稻品种根系性状的基本特点

在群体水培条件下,以国内、外不同年代育成的常规籼稻代表品种(2001年为88个、2002年为122个)为材料,测定干物重(包括根系)、根系性状和根系活性、产量及其构成因素等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按单穗重从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6类,研究各类品种根系的基本特点。结果表明,供试品种间单穗重的差异很大(两年分别相差493%和764%),A、B、C、D、E、F类品种的平均单穗重,2001年分别为0.99、1.56、2.00、2.54、3.16、4.08 g,2002年分别为0.82、1.38、1.80、2.38、3.04、4.29 g。大穗型品种每株不定根总长、每株根干重、每株根系总吸收面积显著大于小穗型品种。大穗型品种每穗根数、每穗根重、每穗根长、每穗根系总吸收面积、每穗根系活跃吸收面积、每穗根系活性显著优于小穗型品种。多元回归分析表明,显著影响单穗重的主要根系性状是每穗根长、每穗根重、抽穗期冠根比、每穗根系总活力,决定系数为0.620~0.639。随着每穗根长、每穗根重、抽穗期冠根比、每穗根系总活力提高单穗重显著增加。     

黑龙江省水稻根系性状与地上部性状的关系

为了探讨寒地水稻根系性状与地上部性状在不同生育阶段的关系,以黑龙江省的3个超级稻品种和3个普通品种为试验材料进行田间试验。结果表明,根长在不同的生育时期与结实率、各节间长、粗和粒数、一次支梗数呈正相关;根系体积与粒数、株高、与一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数在分蘖盛期为负相关,拔节孕穗期以后为正相关;根系干重在分蘖盛期与穗数呈极显著的负相关（r=-0.92**）,而与穗粒数、一次枝梗数和一次枝梗粒数均呈极显著的正相关的关系。根冠比在齐穗后与产量呈显著或极显著正相关（r=0.84*～0.96**）。     

玉米穗部性状整齐度与产量的相关性研究

通过对玉米穗部性状整齐度与产量的相关分析,结果表明行粒数整齐度与产量的相关达到极显著,回归方程为y=-6.50+1.02x;穗行数整齐度与产量的相关达显著,回归方程为y=1.56+0.53x;穗长整齐度与产量的相关不显著.     

留叶数对烟叶淀粉积累及相关酶活性的影响

为探讨烟叶成熟期间淀粉合成机理,分析了4个不同留叶数处理(分别留叶16,18,20,22片)的烟叶成熟期间中、上部叶淀粉积累动态及淀粉酶(AM)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性变化规律及其相关性.结果表明,留叶数与成熟期间上部叶的AM活性、淀粉含量无显著的相关性(r=-0.101,P=0.441 ＞0.05,r =0.221,P=0.089 ＞0.05),与上部叶的SS活性有显著的正相关(r=0.300*,P =0.020 ＜0.05);与中部叶的AM活性无显著的相关性(r=-0.179,P =0.172 ＞0.05),与中部叶的SS活性有极显著的正相关(r=0.395**,P=0.002＜0.01),与中部叶的淀粉含量有显著的正相关(r =0.328*,P=0.011 ＜0.05).留叶数增多时,成熟期间上、中部叶AM活性稍有下降,SS活性显著上升,淀粉含量也有所提高.     

冬小麦新品种（系）抽穗期,灌浆期吸收^32P动态及与伤流量关系的研究

利用32P示踪技术研究了湖北省小麦新品种（系）在抽穗期、灌浆期吸收32P的动态及根系活力。结果表明，从各器官比活度看，孕穗——抽穗期内，茎、叶、穗相差不大；抽穗——灌浆期则叶明显高于茎和穗。从各器官总活度看，茎总活度在两个阶段均超过了其它部位。从各器官32P运输速率看，抽穗期为茎＞叶＞穗；灌浆期则为茎＞穗＞叶。抽穗期根伤流量与单株总运输率有显著正相关（r＝0．6761*）。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.