浓缩沼液在无土栽培生菜上应用研究

文章通过对生菜进行不同氨氮浓度的沼液育苗试验和不同氨氮浓度的沼液无土栽培实验,探究浓缩沼液育苗生菜和无土栽培生菜的施用效果,为大连市推广沼液施肥技术提供科学依据。实验结果表明:喷施氨氮浓度为250 ppm的沼液,生菜种子出芽率为66.5%,相对增长率为7.26%;提高生菜的叶片数3.4%;育苗67天后,采用浓度为10%的沼液进行无土栽培生菜,其与营养液组之间差异性不显著。育苗75天后,使用沼液进行无土栽培生菜,可向沼液中适当添加些Mg+,使其更好地生长。     

沼液在番茄无土栽培中的应用

以陕西农户家庭沼液作为无土栽培的营养液,并以Hoagland营养液为对照,研究沼液对番茄无土栽培的影响。结果表明,用沼液作无土栽培的营养液,不但使番茄提高产量和品质,还使番茄提高营养物质的含量。本试验以沼液稀释比例为1：8时最适合番茄生长。通过试验结果认为,沼液适当稀释后可作为无土栽培的营养液,并且能降低成本、变废为宝,提高番茄无土栽培的经济收益。     

LED红蓝光质对两种叶色生菜产量和光合色素含量的影响

在温室条件下,以荧光灯为对照,以LED灯板为人工光源,探究红蓝光质对水培盆栽绿叶生菜和紫叶生菜生长和光合色素含量的影响,以期为植物工厂条件下生产不同叶色蔬菜提供光环境参数。结果表明,绿叶生菜和紫叶生菜光合色素含量在RB 2∶1(RBⅠ)处理下显著高于对照和其他处理,且随蓝光比例下降而减少,在RB 1∶2(RBⅢ)和荧光灯(F)处理下含量最低。且绿叶生菜光合色素含量对红蓝光比例的变化敏感程度低于紫叶生菜。绿叶生菜地上部分鲜质量、根系鲜质量和地上部分干质量均以RB 1∶1(RBⅡ)处理最大。紫叶生菜地上部分鲜质量在白光(W)对照处理下最大,根系鲜质量和根系干质量在RB 2∶1(RBⅠ)光照下最高,地上部分干质量则在不同光质变化下没有显著差异。绿叶生菜和紫叶生菜分别以RB 1∶1(RBⅡ)和白光(W)光质照射培养最佳。     

LED红蓝光质对两种叶色生菜产量和光合色素含量的影响

在温室条件下,以荧光灯为对照,以LED灯板为人工光源,探究红蓝光质对水培盆栽绿叶生菜和紫叶生菜生长和光合色素含量的影响,以期为植物工厂条件下生产不同叶色蔬菜提供光环境参数。结果表明,绿叶生菜和紫叶生菜光合色素含量在RB 2∶1（RBⅠ）处理下显著高于对照和其他处理,且随蓝光比例下降而减少,在RB 1∶2（RB Ⅲ）和荧光灯（F）处理下含量最低。且绿叶生菜光合色素含量对红蓝光比例的变化敏感程度低于紫叶生菜。绿叶生菜地上部分鲜质量、根系鲜质量和地上部分干质量均以RB 1∶1（RB Ⅱ）处理最大。紫叶生菜地上部分鲜质量在白光（W）对照处理下最大,根系鲜质量和根系干质量在RB 2∶1（RBⅠ）光照下最高,地上部分干质量则在不同光质变化下没有显著差异。绿叶生菜和紫叶生菜分别以RB 1∶1（RB Ⅱ）和白光（W）光质照射培养最佳。     

沼液对水培生菜光合特性、产量及品质的影响

为了阐明沼液替换营养液比例与水培生菜生育阶段、产量、品质及光合特性之间的关系,筛选出最佳沼液替换比例,采用深液流水培法,以生菜为材料,研究了不同生育阶段沼液替换比例对生菜产量、品质及光合特性的影响,并分析了叶绿素a与光合参数的关系。结果表明,沼液替换部分营养液显著提高了生菜产量(P0.05),且不同生育时期沼液对生菜产量的影响规律一致,当生菜生长中期(第2个生育阶段)沼液替换比例为20%,末期替换比例为40%时生菜生物量最高,高出CK(以原山崎配方配制营养液水培生菜)66.97%;沼液替换部分营养液的各处理的生菜可溶性糖与CK相比显著提高,且差异极显著(P0.01);可溶性蛋白有一定程度提高,但差异不显著;生菜的硝酸盐量显著降低,同时生菜VC量随着沼液置换比例的增加而降低。沼液替换部分营养液提高了生菜叶片叶绿素a,促进生菜光合作用的进行。故生菜第2个生育阶段沼液替换营养液对生菜产量、光合特性及品质调控效应较好,且以40%沼液替换比例效果最佳。     

生菜与樱桃萝卜间作气雾培栽培管理模式优化研究

以降低气雾培生菜叶片硝酸盐含量并提高产量为目标,针对生菜与樱桃萝卜间作气雾培,采用三因素三水平正交试验对间作气雾栽培管理模式进行优化。选取间作比、营养液浓度分阶段管理、采收前补光处理时间作为试验因素,由前期单因素试验结果,设计三水平正交试验。结果表明,最优栽培管理模式的因素水平组合为：生菜与樱桃萝卜间作比为2（植株数量比）,采用前期供应0.5倍标准浓度的营养液、中期供应标准浓度营养液、后期供应0.5倍标准浓度营养液,采收前补光处理48h。验证试验表明,该组合栽培管理模式下生菜栽培效果优异,具有高产、优质、可显著降低生菜叶片硝酸盐含量等优点,为低硝酸盐优质叶菜无土栽培研究提供了理论基础和方法。     

沼液用于无土栽培的营养机理与技术优化

沼液中含有丰富的氨氮、粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪等营养成分,富含多种酶类、维生素等有利于作物生长发育的成分,还有大量的常量元素和微量元素,在蔬菜无土栽培方面有很大的优势.为此,对沼液用于无土栽培的营养机理与技术进行了优化.应用沼液无土栽培时,严格控制条件有利于作物产量的提升:EC值应控制在2.0～4.0ms/cm之间,pH值在5.8 ～6.5之间,沼液提前沤肥30天,并加入鳌合态铁可以增产3.4％～8.8％.     

沼液对水培生菜生长、养分及水分利用效率的影响

采用深液流水培法,对生菜在不同沼液替换比例配制有机无机复合营养液条件下的生理生长、产量及其对营养液养分和水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明沼液对生菜叶面积、产量,养分及水分利用效率的提高有显著的作用,在沼液替换比例为10%、20%、40%的条件下,生菜的叶面积、产量、养分及水分利用效率均随着沼液替换比例的提高而增加。在60%和80%的沼液替换比例条件下,生菜的产量和植株对养分、水分的吸收利用率都有所下降,过高沼液替换营养液比例不利于生菜的生长。在这种复合营养液条件下,生菜对于氮、磷及镁元素的吸收利用率较高,对于钾和钙的需求量较低。     

沼液浓度对水培生菜营养液特性及产量、品质的影响

研究有机无机复合营养液对于增加水培蔬菜的产量、改善品质具有重要意义。该试验研究了不同浓度沼液替换山崎营养液对营养液特性及水培生菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:深液流栽培条件下,由于养分吸收和水分吸收同步,EC值并不会显著下降;适量的沼液替换比例增加了生菜产量,且在一定范围内,随替换比例增加而增大;在生长后期,旺盛的地上地下生长加快了水分消耗,浓缩了营养液,EC值增加;沼液可以缓冲营养液pH值的变化,但产量较高处理的生菜由于根系分泌酸性物质增加,pH值在生长后期显著下降,营养液呈中等酸性;沼液替换营养液使生菜的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量都有明显提高,生菜的VC和硝酸盐含量都随沼液替换浓度的增大而逐渐减小。研究结果为沼液替换无机营养液水培生菜及营养液科学管理提供了依据。     

镉污染土壤上施用沼液对生菜生长和土壤质量的影响

采用温室盆栽试验的方法研究了在两个镉污染水平土壤上施用沼液对生菜生长和土壤质量的影响。结果表明,生菜对土壤镉污染有一定的耐受性,在6 mg.kg-1和12 mg.kg-1镉处理土壤上可存活生长,但低镉土壤上生菜的地上部鲜干重均高于高镉土壤。沼液施用促进了生菜的生长,但促进作用在施用量为5 m l.次-1时最大。高水平镉污染促进了生菜体内硝酸盐的累积,而沼液只在高镉污染土壤上促进了硝酸盐的累积。高镉土壤中硝酸盐含量高于低镉土壤,沼液施用提高了土壤中硝酸盐含量和EC值,但只降低了高镉土壤上有效镉含量。该研究表明,沼液降低了镉对生菜的伤害,改变了土壤质量。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。