半干旱农田地区DPM模型适用性初步研究

DPM模型是根据粉尘释放通量与粉尘跃移通量及跃移颗粒的动能通量成正比的原理,由土壤微团粒跃移模块以及粉尘粒子释放模块构成的。为验证DPM模型在半干旱地区农田的适用性,选取了半干旱地区陕西中北部4种典型土壤类型农田进行野外观测研究,计算分析了各观测区的地表空气动力学粗糙度、表土微团粒粒度、摩阻风速和起动摩阻风速,对比分析了不同土壤类型、不同季节DPM模型模拟的准确性。结果表明,DPM模型可以用于模拟预测我国半干旱区农田不同土壤类型粉尘释放通量,可以较好地用于模拟预测半干旱农田夏冬两季节的粉尘释放通量。     

Wind-blown nutrient transport and soil productivity changes in southwest Niger

This study was conducted to quantify nutrient losses by saltation and suspension transport. During two convective storms, mass fluxes of wind-blown particles were measured in a pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) field in southwest Niger, on a sandy, siliceous, isohyperthermic Psammentic Paleustalf. The trapped material at three heights (0·05, 0·26 and 0·50 m) and a sample of vertically deposited dust were analyzed for total element contents of K, C, N and P. The nutrient content of the material at 0·05 m was similar to the nutrient content of the topsoil. At 0·50 m, the material was three times richer in nutrients than the topsoil, whereas the deposited dust, trapped at 2·00 m, was 17 times richer. For all four elements, a total element (TE) mass flux profile was fitted throughout the observations. From the TE profiles, the following nutrient losses from the experimental plot were estimated: 57·1 kg ha⁻¹ K, 79·6 kg ha⁻¹ C, 18·3 kg ha⁻¹ N, and 6·1 kg ha⁻¹ P. The TE profiles showed a maximum value in the saltation layer. The suspended TE mass fluxes above the saltation layer were an order of magnitude lower than the saltation fluxes, but extended to greater heights. Therefore, saltation and suspension are both able to transport significant quantities of nutrients. While saltation results in only a local redistribution of nutrients, suspension may transport dust over thousands of kilometers, resulting in a regional loss of nutrients.     

Wind erosion in agricultural soils: an example of limited supply of particles available for erosion

Soil erosion by wind is a complex process since many interacting factors are involved. In addition, wind erosion can show a considerable spatial and temporal variability associated with changes in soil surface conditions. During a wind erosion experiment conducted in August 1995 within an agricultural field of Central Aragón (NE Spain) [López, M.V., Sabre, M., Gracia, R., Arrúe, J.L., Gomes, L., 1998. Tillage effects on soil surface conditions and dust emission by wind erosion in semiarid Aragón (NE Spain). Soil Tillage Res. (in press)], a decay in dust emission (vertical dust flux) with an increase in wind speed was observed at the end of the experimental period. A further analysis of the evolution of the vertical flux with time in response to changes in soil erodibility is shown in the present study. The analysis is based on the comparison of the measured flux with the potential flux predicted for identical wind conditions assuming that the supply of erodible material at the soil surface was unlimited. The potential flux was estimated by using the dust emission model developed by Marticorena and Bergametti [Maticorena, B., Bergametti, G., 1995. Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a soil-derived dust emission scheme. J. Geophys. Res. 100, pp. 16415–16430]. The model is based on the parameterization of the threshold wind shear velocity as a function of the aggregate size distribution and the roughness length of soil surface. The results indicate that the observed reduction in soil erodibility with time was probably due to variations in the aggregate size distribution and, more precisely, to a limited supply of erodible particles at the soil surface. This study underlines the need to consider the temporal variability of the surface conditions in wind erosion research and derived models.     

降尘、凋落物和生物接种对沙地土壤结皮形成的影响

土壤生物结皮广泛存在于干旱、半干旱地区,特别是沙漠地区。为了了解沙漠地区生物结皮的形成机制,2007年在科尔沁沙地对流沙进行了田间模拟降尘、添加凋落物和结皮生物接种的试验,研究了几种外界物质输入对沙漠结皮特性的影响。得到如下结果:降尘可以明显促进沙地土壤结皮的形成,但结皮盖度和厚度的增加与降尘量的多少并不存在线性关系,而是非线性关系。少量凋落物(100 g m-2)的存在可以增强降尘对结皮发育的促进作用,但输入较多的凋落物(250 g m-2)反而会抑制降尘的作用。结皮接种可以明显增强降尘对结皮形成的促进作用,其中干旱环境中接种地衣结皮的效果较好,在湿润环境中接种苔癣结皮的效果较好。结皮盖度对外来物质的输入较为敏感,结皮厚度随外来物质种类和数量的增加而变化较小。与光照、干旱环境相比,遮荫、湿润环境更有利于沙地结皮的形成和提高降尘等外来物质输入的效果。     

Seasonal changes in the structure of clay soils in relation to soil management and crop type. II. Effects of cultivation and cropping at Compton Beauchamp

The effects of direct drilling and ploughing on the structure and macroporosity of a clay soil at Compton Beauchamp, Oxfordshire, growing winter wheat, were studied using large thin sections (10 * 5 * 3.5 cm) and image analysis of photographs of fluorescent resin impregnated soil blocks.
Composite coarse angular to subangular blocky and medium to fine granular aggregates were present in the top 3 cm of the direct drilled soil and in the top 10 cm of the ploughed soil. Settling of the soil and coalescing of these aggregates took place throughout the year under both treatments, but was most marked in the ploughed soil. In the subsoil (20 to 30 cm) most of the structural changes could be attributed to changes in the soil water content. Swelling in the winter led to the closure of the most macropores and shrinking in the spring and summer led initially to the development of vertical planar macropores and then to large cracks. Freezing and thawing in the winter created many very small subcuboidial aggregates at the soil surface which later coalesced as a result of raindrop impact.     

土壤风蚀采沙器的结构设计与性能试验研究

土壤风蚀是全球性土地退化的主要原因之一，也是世界上许多国家和地区的主要环境问题之一。为了准确认识和掌握风沙运动规律，有效指导防止风蚀措施的选择，该文研制了适用于野外采集风蚀土壤颗粒的采沙器，并在风洞内对其等动力性、高效率性及选择性进行了验证试验。试验结果表明：所研制的采沙器满足等动力特性要求；采集率为85.6％，可作为输沙量统一修订系数；采沙器更适用于采集以跃移形式运动的土壤颗粒。     

人工降雨条件下土壤结皮的形成以及与土壤溅蚀的关系

通过人工模拟降雨溅蚀实验,测定土壤溅蚀速率,同时采样制作土壤切片,观察分析结皮的发育特征以及与土壤溅蚀的关系。结果表明,降雨过程中有两种类型结皮形成,即沉积结皮和结构结皮。土壤结皮随着土壤表面大团聚体或者大颗粒的分散而形成,并且伴随着下层大孔隙的出现。土表结皮的完善过程,也是土壤抗溅蚀能力增强的过程     

干旱区土壤结皮对风蚀影响的风洞模拟研究

土壤结皮在干旱半干旱地区广泛分布,是影响风蚀的重要因素。以准葛尔盆地东部矿区周边表层土壤为对象,通过控制土壤结皮率和结皮分布,利用风洞试验结合土壤风蚀传感器,对不同土壤结皮和风速条件下土壤风蚀量、风沙流结构、土壤颗粒释放的变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：(1)风蚀量随风速增加显著上升,随土壤结皮率增加显著下降。均匀分布的结皮风蚀量整体低于集中分布的结皮;(2)风沙流高度随风速增加而增加,高度在0-3cm的收集物占总的80%左右。14m/s的风速能够使土壤发生跃移,而土壤结皮率达到50%能够有效抑制土壤颗粒跃移现象;(3)颗粒碰撞的数量与能量随风速的增加而增加,随结皮率增加而减少;首次出现颗粒碰撞时的风速随结皮率的增加而增加;颗粒碰撞的数量和能量在风速持续增加的时间段内增加至最大值,在风速稳定后开始下降,120s左右降低至稳定值,随后不再发生明显起伏,在风速下降时间段内不发生颗粒碰撞。     

湿润速度和累积降雨对土壤表面结皮发育的影响

土壤表面强度和微结构显微照片是研究表土结皮的重要指标和直接表征。以两种典型的土壤(垆土和黑土)为研究对象,采用2mmh-1(慢速)和50mmh-1(快速)两种速度湿润后进行雨强为60mmh-1的降雨,研究不同湿润速度和累积降雨对结皮发育的影响。结果表明:湿润速度对垆土结皮发育过程的影响不明显,土壤表面强度主要由累积降雨打击夯实引起;快速湿润对黑土结皮发育有显著的影响,慢速湿润后黑土在60min降雨过程中没有明显的结皮,累积降雨的打击起次要作用;湿润速度和累积降雨的对结皮发育的影响取决于土壤团聚体稳定性。     

麦茬复种饲料油菜对耕层土壤团聚体的影响

通过田间小区试验，研究了不同油菜种植密度与施氮肥对麦茬复种饲料油菜耕层（0～20cm）土壤颗粒组成、水稳性团聚体、微团聚体、粘粒分散率和团聚度的影响。试验结果表明，麦茬复种油菜能提高耕层土壤水稳性团聚体，改善土壤颗粒组成状况；与对照（CK）相比，耕层土壤粘粒分散率呈显著或极显著性降低，〈0．001mm的土壤团聚体破坏率和特征微团聚体比例（〈0．01mm／〉0．01mm）显著降低，而土壤团聚度在油菜苗期为降低趋势，收获期呈显著或极显著性增加，〉0．25mm的土壤团聚体百分含量除收获期的水稳性团聚体外均呈不显著性降低。复种油菜对土壤水稳性团聚体改善贡献高于土壤微团聚体。种植密度和施肥处理均能不同程度地影响和改变耕层土壤水稳性团聚体、微团聚体和粘粒分散率的含量，处理间规律性不强，差异性并不十分显著。说明麦茬复种饲料油菜对农田土壤肥力的改善和提高具有积极作用。     

土壤结皮面积与结皮分布对风蚀影响的风洞模拟研究

土壤结皮在干旱半干旱地区广泛分布,是影响风蚀的重要因素。以准噶尔盆地东部矿区周边表层土壤为对象,通过控制土壤结皮率和结皮分布,利用风洞试验结合土壤风蚀传感器,对不同土壤结皮和风速条件下土壤风蚀量、风沙流结构、土壤颗粒释放的变化特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)风蚀量随风速增加显著上升,随土壤结皮率增加显著下降。均匀分布的结皮风蚀量整体低于集中分布的结皮;(2)跃移高度随风速增加而增加,高度在0~3 cm的收集物占总收集量的80%左右。14 m/s的风速能够使土壤发生跃移,而土壤结皮率达到50%能够有效抑制土壤颗粒跃移现象;(3)颗粒碰撞的数量与能量随风速的增加而增加,随结皮率增加而减少;首次出现颗粒碰撞时的风速随结皮率的增加而增加;颗粒碰撞的数量和能量在风速持续增加的时间段内增加至最大值,在风速稳定后开始下降,120 s左右降低至稳定值,随后不再发生明显起伏,在风速下降时间段内不发生颗粒碰撞。     

Saltation transport on a silt loam soil in northeast Spain

The Ebro River valley in Northeast Spain experiences regularly strong west-northwest winds that are locally known as cierzo . When the cierzo blows, wind erosion may potentially occur on unprotected agricultural lands. In this paper the first results of field measurements of soil characteristics and saltation transport in the Ebro River valley near Zaragoza are presented. An experiment was conducted on a silt loam soil in the summers of 1996 and 1997. Two plots of 135×180 m were both equipped with a meteorology tower, three saltiphones (acoustic sediment sensors) and ten sediment catchers. The plots were different with respect to tillage practices. One plot received mouldboard ploughing followed by a pass of a compacting roller (conventional tillage—CT), whereas the other plot only received chisel ploughing (reduced tillage—RT). Soil characterizations indicated that soil erodibility was significantly higher in the CT plots than in the RT plots. Consequently, no significant saltation transport was observed in the RT plots during both seasons. In the CT plot, four saltation events were recorded during the 1996 season and nine events during the 1997 season. Most events were preceded by rainfall during the previous one or two days, which reduced saltation transport significantly. It is concluded that the occurrence of wind erosion in the Ebro River valley depends on the timing and type of tillage, distribution of rainfall and soil-surface crusting. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in clay minerals of vertic chernozems under the impact of different ameliorants in a model experiment

The interaction of different ameliorants and fertilizers with the solid phase of clayey vertic chernozems was studied in a model experiment. Changes in the organization and properties of the mineral mass from the plow horizon under the impact of ameliorants took place at several hierarchical levels. At the level of soil aggregates, both the disaggregation of the soil mass and the formation of agronomically valuable soil aggregates under the impact of different ameliorants were observed. The method of fractional peptization of the soil mass was applied to study the behavior of clay minerals. The specificity of the crystallochemistry of smectitic minerals and their changes under the impact of introduced substances were studied in different fractions of clay.     

雨滴机械打击和消散作用对土壤团聚体的破坏特征

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是描述土壤抵抗侵蚀过程中破坏作用的重要指标。但溅蚀过程中,雨滴对团聚体的消散和机械打击两种破坏作用的相对贡献及其破坏机制尚未明晰。利用酒精和超纯水作为雨滴形成材料,模拟机械打击单独作用及消散和机械打击共同作用,分别在五个高度(0.5、1、1.5、2和2.5 m)对塿土和黄绵土进行溅蚀实验。结果表明:当降雨动能相同时,塿土的溅蚀率均小于黄绵土。同时,超纯水雨滴对土壤的机械打击和消散共同作用所导致的溅蚀率均大于酒精雨滴单一机械打击作用的溅蚀率。随着降雨动能增加,两种雨滴对两种土壤的溅蚀率均呈幂函数增加;团聚体因消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的溅蚀率均亦随之增加。但两种土壤的消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的贡献率分别随着降雨动能增加而减小和增加。在相同降雨动能时,塿土消散破坏作用的贡献率均大于黄绵土,而机械打击作用贡献率均小于黄绵土。研究结果对深入理解溅蚀过程中团聚体破坏机理及评价溅蚀过程中团聚体稳定性具有重要意义。     

模拟降雨条件下土壤结皮的发展和聚丙烯酰胺对黄土上结皮形成的影响

This study evaluated the morphological characteristics and dynamic variation in characteristics of soil crust and iden-tified the relationships between soil crust and splash erosion under simulated rainfall.The effect of polyacrylamide (PAM) on soil aggregate stabilization and crust formation was also investigated.A laboratory rainfall simulation experiment was carried out using soil sample slices.The slices were examined under a polarized light microscopy and a scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results revealed that the soil crusts were thin and were characterized by a greater density,higher shear strength,finer porosity,and lower saturated hydraulic conductivity than the underlying soil.Two types of crusts,i.e.,structural and depositional crusts,were observed.Soil texture was determined to be the most important soil variable influ-encing surface crust formation;depositional crust formation was primarily related to the skeleton characteristics of the soil and happened when the soil contained a high level of medium and large aggregates.The crust formation processes observed were as follows:1) The fine particles on the soil surface became spattered,leached,and then rough in response to raindrop impact and 2) the fine particles were washed into the subsoil pores while a compact dense layer concurrently formed at soil surface due to the continual compaction by the raindrops.Therefore,the factors that influenced structural crust formation were a large amount of fine particles in the soil surface,continual impact of raindrops,dispersion of aggregates into fine particles,and the formation of a compact dense layer concurrently at the soil surface.It was concluded that the most important factor in the formation of soil crusts was raindrop impact.When polyacrylamide (PAM) was applied,it restored the soil structure and greatly increased soil aggregate stabilization.This effectively prevented crust formation.However,this function of PAM was not continuously effective and the crust reformed with long-term rainfall.In conclusion,this study showed that soil micromorphological studies were a useful method for evaluating soil crust formation.     

Straw incorporation and soil organic matter in macro-aggregates and particle size separates

Two field experiments in which straw has been removed or incorporated for 17 yr (loamy sand) and 10 yr (sandy clay loam) were sampled to examine the effect of straw on the C and N contents in whole soil samples, macro-aggregate fractions and primary particle-size separates. The particle size composition of the aggregate fractions was determined. Aggregates were isolated by dry sieving. Straw incorporation increased the number of 1–20 mm aggregates in the loamy sand but no effect was noted in the sandy clay loam. Straw had no effect on the particle size composition of the various aggregate fractions. After correction for loose sand that accumulated in the aggregate fractions during dry sieving, macro-aggregates appeared to be enriched in clay and silt compared with whole soil samples. Because of the possible detachment of sand particles from the exterior surface of aggregates during sieving operations, it was inferred that the particle size composition of macro-aggregates is similar to that of the bulk soil. The organic matter contents of the aggregate fractions were closely correlated with their clay + silt contents. Differences in the organic matter content of clay isolated from whole soil samples and aggregate fractions were generally small. This was also true for the silt-size separates. In both soils, straw incorporation increased the organic matter content of nearly all clay and silt separates; for silt this was generally twice that observed for clay. The amounts of soil C, derived from straw, left in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam at the time of sampling were 4.4 and 4.5 t ha^?1, corresponding to 12 and 21% of the straw C added. The C/N ratios of the straw-derived soil organic matter were 11 and 12 for the loamy sand and sandy clay loam, respectively.     

The creation of longitudinal cracks in shrinking soils to enhance seedling emergence. Part I. The effect of soil structure

Stand establishment in crusting soils is one of the most critical stages in the production of crops with delicate seedlings. This becomes more difficult in hard‐setting soils of arid lands where dispersion of aggregates due to irrigation results in the formation of a hard layer as the soil dries from the surface downwards and impedes seedling emergence. However, seeds planted near to natural cracks manage to emerge through them. The aim of this study was to improve seedling emergence of irrigated crops in arid and semi‐arid conditions by devising methods to create longitudinal cracks in the vicinity of the seed rows during the subsequent drying phase. Laboratory experiments were conducted in soil boxes containing air‐dried clay soils to investigate the influence of different mechanical effects on the cracking pattern after flooding. Promising results were achieved by compacting a 7–15‐mm wide strip along the seed row. Monitoring the effect of compaction on water release characteristics and tensile strength of soil revealed that the greater water loss of the surrounding non‐compacted soil caused a suction gradient towards the points of lower water content resulting in movement of water and particles towards the drier zones. The compacted soil with a greater tensile strength did not permit the flow of water and particles to the loose soil and a discontinuity occurred. A field experiment in central Iran proved the feasibility of the technique in a semi‐arid area. This was achieved by lightly compacting a narrow strip of soil by applying 17–35 kg on a 22‐mm wide, 558‐mm diameter wheel covered by a layer of flexible rubber which ran over the pre‐compacted soil.     

Microbiotic soil crust and its effect on vegetation and habitat on artificially stabilized desert dunes in Tengger Desert, North China

We have conducted a long-term (from 1956 to 1999) rehabilitation experiment on mobile sand dunes in Tengger Desert, China, to investigate the chronological development of microbiotic soil crusts. We systematically analyzed the progression and development of the soil crusts by investigating the plant cover (herbs and shrubs), and some microorganism (mosses and algae), physical (particle size, saturated hydraulic conductivity and saturated water content) and chemical (major plant nutrients and organic matter) soil particles. The Limburg Soil Erosion Model was used to simulate infiltration and runoff. Three stages of microbiotic crust development occurred during the progressive stabilization of unconsolidated aeolian dunes, from 1956 to the present day: (1) raindrop impact and development of a non-biological crust; (2) crust enriched with mosses; (3) crust dominated by abundant algae, mosses and liverworts. It is considered that the most significant driving factor in the ecological development of microbiotic crusts in the Tengger Desert is the spatial variability of rainfall infiltration depth within the various soil layers occurring on, for example, dune top, leeward slopes, inter-dune depression (hollow) and windward slopes, immediately after a single individual rainfall event. Crust development leads to a change from shrubs to herbs because of decreased soil moisture in deeper soil layers.     

An expression for wind erosion rate from dry and dense soil surface

Wind erosion is a physical process predominated by airborne grains rather than the wind itself. The soil deformation is either elastic–plastic or fully plastic during its collisions with solid grains, corresponding to dense and loose soils, respectively. Only the fully plastic deformation was previously taken into account in the physically-based wind erosion models. The impact erosion of dry and dense soil surface can be well quantified by the contact mechanics and strength theories. In this study, with the help of Owen's uniform saltation model, a simple expression for wind erosion rate is derived based upon the eroded volume per impact when soil deforms in the elastic–plastic manner. The new expression, a simple analytical function of several conventional variables and parameters of wind and soil, describes the effects of saltation flux and soil susceptibility. Its validity is verified by some field and laboratory experiments.