基于转录组测序解析草地贪夜蛾对溴氰虫酰胺的解毒代谢分子机制

为阐明草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对溴氰虫酰胺的解毒代谢分子机制,通过LC₅₀的溴氰虫酰胺诱导草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫后,利用酶活测定和转录组测序鉴定解毒代谢相关基因,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对细胞色素P450单加氧酶(cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,P450)基因进行验证分析。结果表明,经LC₅₀的溴氰虫酰胺处理后,草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫体内3种解毒代谢酶活性较对照均有所升高,但仅P450活性较对照显著升高,而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶与对照无显著差异。经LC₅₀的溴氰虫酰胺处理后草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫转录组中共筛选到1 408个差异表达基因,其中上调表达的基因有935个,下调表达的基因有473个。药物代谢-细胞色素P450通路、药物代谢-其他酶通路及细胞色素P450对异生物质的代谢通路中有超过20个基因存在差异表达。在草地贪夜蛾转录组中筛选鉴定到121个P450基因,其中,属于CYP2、CYP3、CYP4以及Mito家簇的基因分别有9、45、58和9个,而经LC_5...     

Regulation of cytochrome P450 expression in Drosophila: Genomic insights

Genomic tools such as the availability of the Drosophila genome sequence, the relative ease of stable transformation, and DNA microarrays have made the fruit fly a powerful model in insecticide toxicology research. We have used transgenic promoter-GFP constructs to document the detailed pattern of induced Cyp6a2 gene expression in larval and adult Drosophila tissues. We also compared various insecticides and xenobiotics for their ability to induce this cytochrome P450 gene, and show that the pattern of Cyp6a2 inducibility is comparable to that of vertebrate CYP2B genes, and different from that of vertebrate CYP1A genes, suggesting a degree of evolutionary conservation for the “phenobarbital-type” induction mechanism. Our results are compared to the increasingly diverse reports on P450 induction that can be gleaned from whole genome or from “detox” microarray experiments in Drosophila. These suggest that only a third of the genomic repertoire of CYP genes is inducible by xenobiotics, and that there are distinct subsets of inducers/induced genes, suggesting multiple xenobiotic transduction mechanisms. A relationship between induction and resistance is not supported by expression data from the literature. The relative abundance of expression data now available is in contrast to the paucity of studies on functional expression of P450 enzymes, and this remains a challenge for our understanding of the toxicokinetic aspects of insecticide action.     

Two cytochrome P450 genes are involved in imidacloprid resistance in field populations of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in China

The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae), is an invasive and damaging pest of field crops worldwide. The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid has been widely used to control this pest. We assessed the species composition (B vs. Q), imidacloprid resistance, and association between imidacloprid resistance and the expression of five P450 genes for 14–17 B. tabaci populations in 12 provinces in China. Fifteen of 17 populations contained only B. tabaci Q, and two populations contained both B and Q. Seven of 17 populations exhibited moderate to high resistance to imidacloprid, and eight populations exhibited low resistance to imidacloprid, compared with the most susceptible field WHHB population. In a study of 14 of the populations, resistance level was correlated with the expression of the P450 genes CYP6CM1 and CYP4C64 but not with the expression of CYP6CX1, CYP6CX4, or CYP6DZ7. This study indicates that B. tabaci Q has a wider distribution in China than previously reported. Resistance to imidacloprid in field populations of B. tabaci is associated with the increased expression of two cytochrome P450 genes (CYP6CM1 and CYP4C64).     

Cloning and expression of an atrazine inducible cytochrome P450, CYP4G33, from Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Previous studies performed in our laboratory have measured the effect of atrazine exposure on cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activity and have found increased activity in midge larvae (Chironomus tentans) as a result of atrazine exposure (1-10 ppm). Here we report the cloning and expression of a specific C. tentans CYP4 gene that is responsive to atrazine induction with an open reading frame of 1678 bp which encodes a putative protein of 559 amino acid residues. Alignments of deduced amino acid sequences with other insect P450 genes and phylogenetic analysis indicated a high degree of similarity to other insect CYP4 genes. Northern blotting analysis employing a fragment of 1200 bp from the CYP4 gene as a probe indicated that the CYP4 gene was expressed in all developmental stages, but was expressed at highest levels in late instar larvae. Additionally, over-expression of CYP4 in C. tentans exposed to atrazine (10 mg/l) confirms the ability of atrazine to induce specific P450 genes and provides insight into potential consequences of atrazine exposure in aquatic organisms.     

Over-expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 mRNA and pyrethroid resistance in Australian populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Three cDNA clones for cytochrome P450s, CYP6B2, CYP6B6 and CYP6B7 which have 84–87% protein sequence identity have been isolated previously from Helicoverpa armigera, and the CYP6B7 mRNA was found to be over-expressed in a pyrethroid-resistant field population. Subsequent analysis has shown that over-expression is observed in a majority of individuals in all populations tested. Single-pair crosses between resistant and sensitive individuals indicated that the pyrethroid resistance co-segregated with the over-expression of this mRNA. Southern analysis indicated that the over-expression, which was confined to midgut only in many insects, was not related to gene amplification. These observations add weight to the conclusion that CYP6B7 is the cytochrome P450 form involved in pyrethroid resistance, and that over-expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 is a common cause of pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera. The results suggest that specific probes for CYP6B7 protein or mRNA could provide the basis for the development of tools for monitoring pyrethroid resistance due to mixed function oxidase activity in field populations of this insect. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Functional expression of Helicoverpa armigera CYP9A12 and CYP9A14 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Elevated oxidative detoxification is a major mechanism responsible for pyrethroid resistance in Helicoverpa armigera from Asia. Constitutive overexpression of CYP9A12 and CYP9A14 was associated with pyrethroid resistance in the YGF strain of H. armigera. CYP9A12 and CYP9A14 were functionally expressed in the W(R) strain of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) transformed with a plasmid shuttle vector pYES2. The cell lysates prepared from yeast transformed with CYP9A12 and CYP9A14, respectively, exhibited considerable O-demethylation activities against two model substrates p-nitroanisole (0.59 and 0.42 nmol p-nitrophenol min⁻¹ mg protein⁻¹) and methoxyresorufin (2.98 and 5.41 pmol resorufin min⁻¹ mg protein⁻¹), and clearance activity against the pyrethroid esfenvalerate (8.18 and 4.29 pmol esfenvalerate min⁻¹ mg protein⁻¹). These results provide important evidence on the role of CYP9A12 and CYP9A14 in conferring pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera, and also demonstrate that the yeast expression system can provide necessary redox environment for insect P450s to metabolize xenobiotics.     

亚致死剂量氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱细胞色素P450的影响

为明确氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus细胞色素P450的影响,评估其抗药性风险,采用点滴法、酶活力分析法和实时荧光定量PCR法分别测定了氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱的毒性及对其细胞色素P450酶活力和P450基因表达量的影响。结果表明,氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱的致死中量LD_(50)随着虫龄的增加而升高,1~5龄若虫的LD_(50)为0.10~0.94 ng/头,雌、雄成虫的LD_(50)分别为1.09 ng/头和1.07 ng/头。氟啶虫胺腈对4龄若虫的亚致死剂量LD_(10)、LD_(30)和LD_(50)分别为0.17、0.41、0.76 ng/头,处理灰飞虱4龄若虫后可将其体内P450酶活力分别显著提高1.60、1.97和1.22倍;而各处理响应的P450基因的种类和数量不同,但相对表达量均受到诱导;CYP4DE1、CYP426A1、CYP303A1、CYP4C、CYP6FK1和CYP4C71v2的相对表达量表现出时间效应,表达量高峰在处理后24 h或48 h。表明不同亚致死剂量的氟啶虫胺腈在特定时间点可提高相应的细胞色素P450基因表达量,从而使酶蛋白量增加,可能导致灰飞虱体内细胞色素P450酶活力上升。     

基于全长转录组测序的稻秆潜蝇解毒代谢相关基因筛选

为筛选水稻害虫稻秆潜蝇Chlorops oryzae潜在的解毒代谢酶基因，利用PacBio Sequel Ⅱ测序平台对稻秆潜蝇幼虫进行全长转录组测序，基于测序结果筛选稻秆潜蝇的解毒代谢相关基因谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase，GST）基因、羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase，CarE）基因和细胞色素P450（cytochrome P450，CYP450）基因，并检测其在稻秆潜蝇不同发育阶段的相对表达量。结果表明，对稻秆潜蝇进行测序得到18 100条去冗余转录本序列，共有16 283条序列得到注释。通过比对分析共筛选出8条GST、12条CarE和28条CYP450基因序列，这些基因在稻秆潜蝇不同发育阶段的表达量具有显著差异，表明不同虫态的稻秆潜蝇其解毒代谢能力可能不同。此外，还筛选到1 452个lncRNA序列，以及176个潜在的lncRNA靶基因序列，其中4个与解毒代谢基因相关。表明筛选获得的稻秆潜蝇解毒代谢酶基因及lncRNA靶基因可用于后续该虫的潜在抗药性研究及防治药剂筛选。     

Isolation and functional characterization in yeast of CYP72A18, a rice cytochrome P450 that catalyzes (ω-1)-hydroxylation of the herbicide pelargonic acid

Cytochrome P450 proteins play important roles in plant herbicide selectivity. Here, we demonstrate metabolism of the herbicide pelargonic acid by CYP72A18, a novel cytochrome P450 isolated from the rice Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare. The CYP72A18 cDNA was cloned from rice and heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22 cells from the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) promoter. Microsomes isolated from recombinant yeast cells contained the CYP72A18, which was found to catalyze the (ω-1)-hydroxylation of the herbicide pelargonic acid. We also show that (ω-1)-hydroxypelargonic acid has reduced herbicide activity against rice seedlings. Based on these results, we suggest that CYP72A18 participates in the detoxification of the herbicide pelargonic acid in rice plants.     

四种P450基因调控小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性

为研究CYP6家族P450基因在小菜蛾Plutella xylostella代谢氯虫苯甲酰胺中的作用,利用浸叶法测定不同小菜蛾种群3龄幼虫对氯虫苯甲酰的抗性水平,采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative realtime PCR,q RT-PCR)方法分析CYP1v3、CYP1v4、CYP6B6和CYP6f这4种P450基因在小菜蛾不同抗性种群体内的表达差异及杀虫剂的短期诱导效应,并通过RNA干扰技术沉默4种P450基因后分析小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性。结果显示,4种P450基因在中等抗性水平小菜蛾种群体内高表达;氯虫苯甲酰胺处理可诱导4种基因显著上调表达。分别沉默4种P450基因后,处理组小菜蛾的P450酶活力显著下降37.60%～54.82%,且处理组小菜蛾的死亡率显著高于对照组;同时沉默4种基因处理组的小菜蛾P450酶活力显著低于其他各处理组。表明4种P450基因可能同时参于小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的代谢。     

Evolutionary plasticity of monooxygenase-mediated resistance

The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are an important metabolic system involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, and are thus one of the major mechanisms by which insects evolve insecticide resistance. However, comparatively little is known about the evolutionary constraints of this insecticide resistance mechanism. We investigated the genetic basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (NG98) from Georgia, USA that had evolved 3700-fold resistance to the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin, and compared this to other permethrin resistant strains of house flies from the US and Japan. Resistance in NG98 was due to kdr on autosome 3 and monooxygenase-mediated resistance on autosomes 1, 2, and 5. These results indicate that the genes which evolve to produce monooxygenase-mediated resistance to permethrin are different between different populations, and that the P450 monooxygenases have some degree of plasticity in response to selection. Monooxygenase-mediated resistance appears to evolve using different P450s, and possibly different regulatory signals controlling P450 expression, even in strains selected with the same insecticide.     

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated neonicotinoid resistance in the house fly Musca domestica L

Neonicotinoids play an essential role in the control of house flies Musca domestica. The development of neonicotinoid resistance was found in two field populations. 766b was 130- and 140-fold resistant to imidacloprid and 17- and 28-fold resistant to thiamethoxam in males and females, respectively. 791a was 22- and 20-fold resistant to imidacloprid and 9- and 23-fold resistant to thiamethoxam in males and females, respectively. Imidacloprid selection of 791a increased imidacloprid resistance to 75- and 150-fold in males and females, respectively, whereas selection with thiamethoxam had minimum impact. Neonicotinoid resistance was in all cases suppressed by PBO. The cytochrome P450 genes CYP6A1, CYP6D1 and CYP6D3 were constitutively over-expressed in resistant strains and CYP6D1 and CYP6D3 differentially expressed between sexes. The highest level of CYP6A1 expression was observed in both gender of the imidacloprid-selected strain after neonicotinoid exposure. CYP6D1 expression was increased after neonicotinoid exposure in resistant males. CYP6D3 expression was induced in both sexes upon neonicotinoid exposure but significantly higher in females.     

Molecular analysis of resistance in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Musca domestica from China

We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China.