Glyphosate affects chlorophyll, nodulation and nutrient accumulation of “second generation” glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max L.)

The recently developed “second generation” of Roundup Ready® soybean (RR2) cultivars commercially available for farmers in 2008 were promoted as higher yielding relative to the “first generation” RR cultivars (RR1). Previous studies showed that glyphosate reduced such yield components as photosynthesis, water absorption, nutrient uptake and symbiotic N₂ fixation in RR soybean cultivars; however, no data are available regarding the glyphosate effects on these physiological factors in RR2 soybean. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the nutrient accumulation and nodulation of both generations of RR soybeans at different rates of glyphosate applied at various growth stages. In general, increased glyphosate rates and late applications decreased the nutrient accumulation, nodulation, and shoot and root biomass in both RR1 and RR2. All macro- and micronutrients, with exception of N and K, accumulated more in RR1 than RR2. Although this result may be an individual cultivar characteristic, it suggests that the RR2 cultivar was also inefficient in nutrient uptake and translocation or was unable to rapidly recover from potential chelating effects of glyphosate. These studies suggest that applying glyphosate at early growth stages using the lowest glyphosate rate might have less damage on growth and productivity of RR soybeans.     

Glyphosate uncouples gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence

BACKGROUND: Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence have often been advocated as a sensitive biomarker of plant stress, assuming that any kind of plant stress serious enough to affect plant growth will also affect photosynthesis. Glyphosate affects photosynthetic electron transport indirectly by inhibiting sink processes. The question is how fast this inhibition can be observed on CO₂ assimilation and ultimately on chlorophyll fluorescence? RESULTS: Experiments measuring CO₂ assimilation, conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence using four Kautsky curve parameters on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exposed to increasing doses of glyphosate showed a total cessation of CO₂ fixation and conductance without significant changes in chlorophyll fluorescence. The decrease in CO₂ fixation and conductance was significant 1 day after spraying and corresponded well to the decrease in biomass 5–7 days after spraying. CONCLUSION: A total cessation of CO₂ assimilation can take place without affecting chlorophyll fluorescence. Hypotheses concerning what happens to the energy from the photosynthetic apparatus that is not used for CO₂ assimilation are discussed. The results question the use of chlorophyll fluorescence as a universal indicator of stress on photosynthetic processes. Also, they demonstrate that changes in gas‐exchange parameters are more sensitive biomarkers for glyphosate toxicity compared with chlorophyll fluorescence. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

氮肥对北疆滴灌复播青储玉米光合特性及养分利用的影响

为了解氮肥对北疆滴灌复播青储玉米生理指标的影响,提高氮肥利用效率,通过田间小区试验,研究了一管一行毛管布置模式下,不同氮肥处理（100、170、240、310、380 kg?hm －2）对复播青储玉米光合特性、土壤铵态氮分布的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥处理条件下复播玉米叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化曲线均呈单峰型;土壤铵态氮含量总体上随施氮量的增加先减少后增加;产量随施氮量的增加先增加后减小。综合分析认为,一管一行毛管布置模式下,240 kg?hm －2的施氮量处理下水氮耦合效果最佳,土壤铵态氮含量总体最少,产量与叶片水分利用效率最高,净光合速率较高。     

尖孢镰刀菌侵染对马铃薯光合效率和叶绿素荧光参数影响

为研究枯萎病对马铃薯光合特性的影响,在幼苗期接种尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum后,统计抗病品种陇薯10号和感病品种新大坪的病情指数,并测定叶绿素含量、光合及荧光参数。结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌侵染30 d后马铃薯表现出枯萎病症状,叶绿素含量显著降低,其中叶绿素a含量降幅最大,抗病品种陇薯10号比对照降低9.64%,感病品种新大坪比对照降低14.24%。尖孢镰刀菌侵染后马铃薯光合效率显著降低,侵染30 d后,抗病品种陇薯10号净光合速率比对照降低39.56%,感病品种新大坪比对照降低47.13%。病株的光响应曲线参数光补偿点、暗呼吸速率和表观量子效率都显著提高;而光饱和点和最大净光合速率都显著低于对照,表明尖孢镰刀菌侵染缩小了马铃薯对光能的利用有效范围。病株CO2响应曲线参数CO2饱和点、最大净光合速率和羧化效率分别显著低于对照;病株CO2补偿点和光呼吸速率反而升高,说明碳同化过程受到尖孢镰刀菌的限制。暗适应下的初始荧光、最小荧光、最大荧光、PSII最大光化学效率、光适应下PSII最大光化学效率及实际光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数、非光化学猝灭系数和光合电子传递速率均显著低于对照,...     

Can glyphosate stimulate photosynthesis?

Gas-exchange and biomass growth was measured on barley plants sprayed with glyphosate in order to investigate what might cause the growth increase observed in low dose glyphosate treated plants. Gas-exchange over 7 days after spraying was measured together with photosynthesis/irradiance and photosynthesis/CO₂ curves. In addition, growth experiments at 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm CO₂ were conducted. Dark respiration rates increased in response to the glyphosate treatment, but so did photosynthesis at doses of 11-45 g a.e. ha⁻¹. The increase in photosynthetic rates was mainly due to an increased efficiency of CO₂ fixation under irradiance and CO₂ saturated conditions. The photosynthesis measurements were confirmed by the growth experiments, where glyphosate growth stimulations were observed only at 400 and 800 ppm CO₂. It can, hence, be concluded that low glyphosate doses can stimulate photosynthesis, though the causes behind this increase is still not understood.     

生物炭对不同水氮条件下小麦产量的影响

研究生物炭与氮肥互作在不同水分条件下对小麦关键生育期旗叶光合参数、产量与主要农艺性状的影响,探讨生物炭改良不同水肥条件土壤并提高其作物产量的效果与内在机理,可为农田有机物资源合理利用提供理论支撑。本研究采用盆栽试验,生物炭用量设置五个水平(0,1%,2%,4%和6%),氮肥设置N0,N1和N2(0,0.2 g·kg~(-1)和0.4 g·kg~(-1))三个水平,小麦拔节期控制土壤田间持水量的80%和50%模拟正常水分和干旱胁迫两种水分环境。于小麦拔节期和抽穗期测定旗叶光合参数和SPAD值,成熟后对小麦籽粒产量及主要农艺性状进行统计。结果显示:(1)与不施生物炭处理相比,1%和2%生物炭用量平均增产6.62%和11.01%,4%和6%生物炭用量平均减产6.88%和10.1%,同时会导致千粒重、穗粒数和株高的降低;(2)正常水分条件下,1%和2%生物炭用量与N1和N2之间存在协同增产作用,而4%和6%生物炭用量表现出负面效应;(3)干旱胁迫条件下,仅1%和2%生物炭用量与N1存在协同增产作用,生物炭处理削弱N2增产潜力;(4)N0水平下,生物炭处理均表现出促进小麦旗叶光合速率,增加产量的作用;(5)N1条件下,生物炭促进小麦旗叶光合速率且在干旱胁迫条件下效果更明显。总体上生物炭对小麦旗叶光合参数和产量的影响受生物炭用量、氮素水平和水分条件共同制约且存在复杂的交互作用,干旱会限制生物炭与氮肥的协同增产作用;在低肥力土壤上应用生物炭的增产效果较好,而在质地较细且肥力中等的土壤应用时推荐48 t·hm~(-2)(2%)生物炭用量。     

Glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) on rice paddy levees in Japan

The rapid range expansion of naturalized Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in farmland is a serious problem in Fukuroi city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Glyphosate has been used to control Italian ryegrass in the levees of rice paddy fields and wheat fields for ～20 years, but this weed in Fukuroi city is poorly controlled by glyphosate. In order to elucidate the level of resistance to glyphosate in Italian ryegrass populations, seed bioassays and a foliar application experiment, using seeds collected from 16 wild populations in and around Fukuroi city and from three susceptible cultivars, were conducted. For the susceptible cultivars and one population from a site where glyphosate had not been applied for >10 years, the shoot length in the seed bioassays was greatly suppressed at a glyphosate concentration of 10 mg ai L^?1 and no seedling survived after the foliar application of glyphosate at a rate of 2.3 kg ai ha^?1. Nine wild populations from levees in the southern part of Fukuroi city showed vigorous shoot growth at a glyphosate concentration of 10 mg ai L^?1 and had at least a 78% survival rate after the application of glyphosate at 2.3 kg ai ha^?1. Four wild populations from levees in the northern part of Fukuroi city showed a slight suppression of the shoot growth as a result of the glyphosate treatment and their survival rates ranged from 20 to 64%. The results suggested that resistance to glyphosate has evolved in the wild populations of Italian ryegrass that are growing on the levees. This is the first report of a glyphosate‐resistant weed in Japan.     

水汽压差与钾素互作对高温下番茄营养吸收与光合特性的影响

空气水汽压差（VPD）是植物水分运输的主要驱动力,影响作物对营养的吸收。探究不同VPD与钾素对高温下作物营养元素的吸收与光合特性的影响对夏季番茄合理施肥与环境管理具有重要意义。试验以‘金棚14-6’番茄为试材,采用盆栽方式,设置2个VPD水平（高VPD、低VPD）与3个钾素水平 (2、4、8 mmol·L^-1)共6个处理,分析了VPD与钾素互作对高温下番茄幼苗氮磷钾吸收、气体交换参数、光合和CO₂响应等的影响。结果表明：与高VPD相比,降低VPD会对番茄植株各器官的氮、磷、钾含量产生稀释效应, 但随着钾素水平的提高,氮、磷、钾的积累量均会显著增加,各元素积累量分别增加了99.6%、98.1%和44.7%（氮）,57.4%、50.4%和51.6%（磷）,145.9%、71.5%和30.6%（钾）。在低VPD下,中钾水平更有利于干物质和氮、磷、钾元素的积累,其叶片的氮素积累量和叶片水势显著高于其他5个处理;且低VPD下的植株具有较大的光照、CO₂浓度适应区间和高光合及相关参数,包括光合速率P_n、气孔导度G_s、光饱和点LSP、表观量子效率AQY、暗呼吸速率R_d和初始羧化效率CE等,且均在中钾水平时取得最大值;同时蒸腾速率T_r、光补偿点LCP与光呼吸速率R_p等均显著降低。综上可知,高VPD下高钾水平和低VPD下中钾水平提高了番茄的光合性能、氮磷钾元素吸收量和干物质积累量,可作为夏季高温施肥与环境管理指标。     

滴灌水钾一体化对猕猴桃光合特性的影响

为探明不同滴灌水钾一体化管理对猕猴桃光合特性的影响,以8 a生金艳猕猴桃为试材,设置对照处理CK（在果实膨大期即III期、果实成熟期即IV期灌水量分别为31.2、26.4 m³·667m^-2,施钾量分别为6.0、7.8 kg·667m^-2）,在III、IV期分别设置3个亏水水平（即轻度、中度、重度水分亏缺,记为LD、MD、SD,灌水量分别为CK的80%、60%、40%）和2个施钾水平（即低钾、高钾,记为LK、HK,施钾量分别为CK的60%和80%）。结果表明：果实膨大期、果实成熟期不同滴灌水钾一体化处理的光合指标日变化趋势相似;LD处理下叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、瞬时水分利用效率（WUEi）、羧化速率（CE）均随施钾量增加而增大,果实膨大期LDHK处理的Pn、CE较LDLK处理分别高15.71%、16.80%,果实成熟期LDHK处理的Pn、Gs较LDLK处理分别高6.07%、12.76%,差异达显著水平（P<0.05）;SD处理下,除胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）外各光合指标均较CK显著下降（P<0.05）;MD处理下,除Ci、WUEi外各光合指标均较CK显著下降（P<0.05）;施钾量一定时,除Ci、WUEi外各指标均随灌水量增加而显著增大（P<0.05）,增幅为11.42%~64.40%;与CK处理相比,果实膨大期LDHK处理Pn提高11.38%（P<0.05）,WUEi提高3.06%,CE提高10.83%;IV-LDHK处理Pn提高0.96%,WUEi提高2.00%。综合比较采用果实膨大期LDHK处理及果实成熟期LDHK处理,可在相应生育期节水节肥20%,日光合能力较强,是猕猴桃较适宜的滴灌水钾一体化管理模式。     

Non‐target‐site mechanism of glyphosate resistance in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

In Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, glyphosate‐resistant Lolium multiflorum is a serious problem on the levees of rice paddies and in wheat fields. The mechanism of resistance of this biotype was analyzed. Based on LD₅₀, the resistant population was 2.8–5.0 times more resistant to glyphosate than the susceptible population. The 5‐enolpyruvyl‐shikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene sequence of the resistant biotype did not show a non‐synonymous substitution at Pro106, and amplification of the gene was not observed in the resistant biotype. The metabolism and translocation of glyphosate were examined 4 days after application through the direct detection of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) using liquid chromatograph‐tandem mass spectrometer (LC‐MS/MS). AMPA was not detected in either biotype in glyphosate‐treated leaves or the other plant parts. The respective absorption rates of the susceptible and resistant biotypes were 37.90 ± 3.63% and 41.09 ± 3.36%, respectively, which were not significantly different. The resistant biotype retained more glyphosate in a glyphosate‐treated leaf (91.36 ± 1.56% of absorbed glyphosate) and less in the untreated parts of shoots (5.90 ± 1.17%) and roots (2.76 ± 0.44%) compared with the susceptible biotype, 79.58 ± 3.73%, 15.77 ± 3.06% and 4.65 ± 0.89%, respectively. The results indicate that the resistance mechanism is neither the acquisition of a metabolic system nor limiting the absorption of glyphosate but limited translocation of the herbicide in the resistant biotype of L. multiflorum in Shizuoka Prefecture.     

Absorption and translocation of glyphosate in Spermacoce verticillata and alternative herbicide control

Glyphosate has been associated with control failures for Spermacoce verticillata in some Brazilian States. The objective of this work was to evaluate and determine the possible causes of this and propose alternative herbicides to use. Glyphosate was applied at three plant stages of development (2–4 leaves, 4–6 leaves and full bloom) where foliar absorption and translocation of glyphosate to various plants parts and time were analysed using the ¹⁴C technique. Data were submitted to nonlinear regressions and analysis of variance, where means were compared by a Tukey test at 5% probability. Plant control by the application of different herbicides (19) in the same three stages of development of weed was evaluated. Twenty‐one days after herbicide application, control was visually evaluated and data analysed and means were compared. Due to absorption and/or translocation problems, S. verticillata plants were not controlled by glyphosate. Plants with 4–6 leaves showed lower absorption and translocation of the herbicide to the leaf/root regions compared with plants at the beginning of their development. Plants at full bloom showed lower translocation of the herbicide to the root. In addition to the application of glyphosate at early stages of development, the application of paraquat, flumioxazin and mixtures of glyphosate with flumioxazin or cloransulam is recommended. Late applications could result in poor control, principally if glyphosate is used. Therefore, early applications are strongly recommended for control of this species.     

Differential phytotoxicity of glyphosate in maize seedlings following applications to roots or shoot

The transport and differential phytotoxicity of glyphosate was investigated in maize seedlings following application of the herbicide to either roots or shoots. One-leaf maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) were maintained in graduated cylinders (250 mL) containing nutrient solution. Half of the test plants were placed in cylinders (100 mL) containing different ¹⁴C-glyphosate concentrations; the remainder received foliar appliation of ¹⁴C-glyphosate. After 26 h, the roots and the treated leaves were washed with distilled water, and the plants placed again in cylinders (250 mL) containing fresh nutrient solution for 5 days. Plants were weighed, and split into root, seed, cotyledon, coleoptile, mesocotyl, first leaf and apex. The recovery of ¹⁴C-glyphosate was over 86%. For both application treatments, the shoot apex was the major sink of the mobilized glyphosate (47.9 ± 2.93% for root absorption and 45.8 ± 2.91% for foliar absorption). Expressed on a tissue fresh weight basis, approximately 0.26 μg a.e. g⁻¹ of glyphosate in the apex produced a 50% reduction of plant fresh weight (ED₅₀) when the herbicide was applied to the root. However, the ED₅₀ following foliar absorption was only 0.042 μg a.e. g⁻¹ in the apex, thus maize seedlings were much more sensitive to foliar application of the herbicide.     

持续干旱对侧柏和祁连圆柏叶片水分状况及光合作用的影响

以侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)和祁连圆柏(Juniperus przewalskii)2年生幼苗为材料,用盆栽实验比较持续干旱对两者叶片水分及光合生理特性的影响。研究发现:侧柏水势(ψ)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、净光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSII))、电子传递速率(ETR)和叶绿素含量(Chl a,Chl b,Chl a+b)的下降幅度均大于祁连圆柏,且游离脯氨酸含量(Pro)和叶绿素原初荧光值(Fo)上升幅度大于后者,但两者胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Is)变化相反。这些结果表明,侧柏对干旱胁迫敏感度明显高于祁连圆柏,祁连圆柏对干旱胁迫的抵抗力更高;侧柏净光合速率的下降主要是叶绿素组分和光合器官功能的破坏等非气孔因素引起的,而祁连圆柏净光合速率的下降主要是气孔因素引起的。另外,持续干旱处理后祁连圆柏仍保持较高的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)和电子传递速率(ETR),表明它能够通过提高水分利用效率和光呼吸速率来减小干旱胁迫产生的伤害。这将为黄土高原区生态恢复中造林绿化树种的选择提供理论依据和实践指导。     

半干旱区不同秋覆膜方式对土壤水分及春玉米光合特性的影响

为了提高旱作农区降雨利用效率,并解决春旱问题,在西北半干旱地区设置了秋季地膜全覆盖(PA)和秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖(RH)两种覆膜方式,以裸地不覆盖(CK)为对照,对土壤水分、春玉米功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数和籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,不同秋覆膜方式显著增加了春玉米播前0~100 cm土壤储水量,2013年春旱严重,PA和RH处理分别提高了26.15%和13.40%;2014年春季有雨雪,两种覆膜方式分别提高了10.44%和11.20%。不同秋覆膜处理的春玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/F_0)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)较对照有不同程度提高,且2014年增幅高于2013年。2013年PA和RH处理的籽粒产量较CK分别提高了40.98%和25.83%,水分利用效率增加了29.70%和22.87%;2014年两个处理春玉米籽粒产量分别提高了74.60%和48.64%,水分利用效率增加了64.87%和47.08%。试验表明,不同秋覆膜方式在西北半干旱地区均可提高春玉米叶片的光合性能,并显著提高春玉米籽粒产量及水分利用效率,在偏旱的年份效果尤为明显,且秋季地膜全覆盖优于秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖,是西北半干旱区春玉米一种高效的栽培模式。     

短时水分胁迫对水稻叶片光合作用的影响

为揭示水分胁迫下水稻叶片光合特性下降的生理原因,以水培的水稻幼苗为材料,测定30%PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫150 min过程水稻叶片光合特性、荧光参数和光合机构关键酶活性的变化。结果表明:短时水分胁迫处理0~60 min气孔导度快速下降,胞间CO_2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和荧光参数均降低;60~120 min气孔导度缓慢下降,Ru BP羧化酶活性开始快速下降,胞间CO_2浓度开始上升,非光化学猝灭仍然是上升趋势,其它光合荧光参数持续降低。120 min后,非光化学猝灭出现下降趋势,Ru BP羧化酶活性和胞间CO_2浓度分别保持下降和上升趋势,其它光合荧光参数持续降低。短时胁迫处理结果暗示,光合作用0~60 min主要受气孔限制,60~120 min受气孔限制和非气孔限制共同作用,120 min后主要受非气孔限制。     

不同N、P、K配比对小麦、玉米光合生理及周年水分利用的影响

为探明不同N、P、K配比在等灌水量条件下对小麦、玉米光合生理特征及周年水分利用的机理,采用大田实验,研究了不同N、P、K配比对小麦、玉米光合生理、产量及水分利用等的影响。结果表明:在小麦、玉米关键生育期进行适量灌水并进行追肥,促进了小麦、玉米对水分和养分的吸收,实现水肥同步,改善其光合生理特征,促进节水增产。不同处理均显著提高了小麦和玉米的光合速率和叶片水分利用效率,且均以N3P2K2处理的光合速率和叶片水分利用效率最高(小麦分别为16.59μmol·m~(-2)·s-1和36.07μmol·mmol-1,玉米分别为29.26μmol·m~(-2)·s-1和27.1μmol·mmol-1)。同时,不同N、P、K配比均提高了小麦、玉米的成产要素。最终,以N2P2K2和N3P2K2处理的增产和节水效果最佳,其小麦、玉米单产和二者总产均高于其它处理,其小麦、玉米总产量分别较对照提高了30.3%和26.8%,周年水分利用效率分别较对照提高了30.5%和27.4%。而从经济的角度考虑,本文推荐的N、P、K配比为N2P2K2。     

土壤水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光合特性及其生物量的影响

紫花苜蓿是我国重要的豆科牧草,具有较强的抗旱能力,而水分亏缺是影响其产量的主要逆境因子之一。通过大田试验对不同水分胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合特性及产量进行研究,结果表明:①土壤水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光响应参数影响显著(P<0.05),随着水分胁迫的加剧,最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、光饱和点逐渐降低,暗呼吸速率、光补偿点逐渐升高,从而直接影响紫花苜蓿光合作用对弱光的吸收和转化效率。②随着水分胁迫的加剧紫花苜蓿叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)呈显著的下降趋势,气孔导度(Gs)呈先下降后上升的趋势,表明轻度水分胁迫下气孔因素是Pn下降的主要因素,中度和重度水分胁迫下非气孔因素是Pn降低的主要因素。③当光合有效辐射(PAR)为1200μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,轻度水分胁迫的水分利用效率(WUE)显著大于充分灌溉的WUE(P<0.05),表明适度水分胁迫可提高紫花苜蓿叶片的水分利用效率。④轻度水分胁迫与充分灌溉干草产量之间无显著差异,表明轻度水分胁迫能达到高产节水的目的。     

Effects of Herbicides on Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines and Development of Sudden Death Syndrome in Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean

ABSTRACT Sudden death syndrome of soybean, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, is a disease of increasing economic importance in the United States. Although the ecology of sudden death syndrome has been extensively studied in relation to crop management practices such as tillage, irrigation, and cultivar selection, there is no information on the effects of herbicides on this disease. Three herbicides (lactofen, glyphosate, and imazethapyr) commonly used in soybean were evaluated for their effects on the phenology of F. solani f. sp. glycines and the development of sudden death syndrome in four soybean cultivars varying in resistance to the disease and in tolerance to glyphosate. Conidial germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation in vitro were reduced by glyphosate and lactofen. In growth-chamber and greenhouse experiments, there was a significant increase in disease severity and frequency of isolation of F. solani f. sp. glycines from roots of all cultivars after application of imazethapyr or glyphosate compared with the control treatment (no herbicide applied). Conversely, disease severity and isolation frequency of F. solani f. sp. glycines decreased after application of lactofen. Across all herbicide treatments, severity of sudden death syndrome and isolation frequency were lower in disease-resistant than in susceptible cultivars. Results suggest that glyphosate-tolerant and -nontolerant cultivars respond similarly to infection by F. solani f. sp. glycines after herbicide application.     

不同生育期水分胁迫对设施延后栽培葡萄光合特性的影响

在张掖市灌溉试验站开展了设施延后栽培葡萄灌溉试验,研究了不同生育期水分胁迫对温室栽培葡萄光合指标的影响。结果表明,各个胁迫处理下光合速率均大于对照处理,而胞间CO₂浓度相比对照均有明显下降,且以生育期的先后胁迫顺序从高到低排列。水分胁迫可以提高设施延后栽培葡萄的外观品质,以开花期胁迫处理下果粒重、纵横径最大。萌芽期胁迫处理使得果实产量增加,营养品质有所提高,并且叶片水分利用效率最高,可为设施延后栽培葡萄节水、调质、增效的灌溉制度提供依据。