白桦4CL基因启动子克隆及表达分析

为研究4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶基因(4CL)在白桦木质素合成代谢过程中的组织特异性表达,利用染色体步移法克隆其启动子,用该启动子定向置换pBI121载体的35S启动子,构建重组载体P_(4CL)::GUS。利用瞬时转化法将重组载体转入白桦实生苗茎后进行GUS染色。结果显示:获得了4CL基因编码区起始密码子上游长1344 bp的启动子序列,该启动子除分布有TATA-box、CAAT-box等基本的转录起始元件外,还存在多个顺式作用元件序列位点,包括35S启动子作用元件ASF,参与脱落酸响应的顺式作用元件ABRE,参与茉莉酸甲酯响应的顺式调控元件CGTCA-motif,以及光反应元件G-Box、ACE、4CL-CMA2b等;启动子表达分析结果显示经过瞬时侵染的白桦茎段被染成蓝色。以上结果表明克隆获得的4CL基因启动子具有启动子表达活性,其可能参与了白桦木质部的发育。     

Reproductive growth inLolium 1. Evaluation of genetic differences within an established variety by means of a diallel cross

Summary A genetic evaluation of S23 perennial ryegrass has been made by means of a 6 × 6 diallel cross. The characters studied were those associated with seminal reproduction and included seed yield and several of its primary components.The pattern of variation between the parents indicated a mainly additive system, itema of the Hayman analysis being significant for yield and all the other characters. Maternal effects were not a constant feature, but were evident for seed yield, plant weight and spikelet numbers/inflorescence. Dominance was a prevalent feature and invariably acted in the direction of the greater expression of the character.While a high level of incompatibility was evident from the paucity of seed setting on selfing, the variation between progeny yields following open pollination gave a range from the highly acceptable levels of commercial production to very low uneconomic levels. The results indicate that improvement in seed yield is feasible by breeding even though in this variety selection pressure has tended towards a restriction of variability for essentially agronomic features.     

Studies on a diallel cross and double-cross hybrids among various Brassica oleracea types

Summary Three unrelated pairs of inbred lines from marrow-stem kale (A), thousand headed kale (B), and Scotch curled kale (C), together with 3 lines from Chou Fourrager Jaune (D), Brussels sprouts (E), and January King cabbage (F) were used to produce a diallel cross.Study of the F₁ generation revealed that general combining ability was highly significant for all yield components studied and specific combining ability was also significant for all but at a much lower level. Greater heterosis for leaf yield, but not for stem yield, was indicated in the inter-type hybrids as compared with intra-type hybrids.Double-crosses made among F₁ from the paired inbred lines did not reveal consistent effects of order of combining the inbred lines on yield characters, but the large differences in plant-to-plant uniformity showed that only the (X₁×X₂)×(Y₁×Y₂) combination is likely to be of practical significance.     

The effect of accidental selfing on the analysis of a diallel cross with sugar cane

Summary The diallel cross was found to be an unsuitable design for quantitative genetic analyses with sugar cane.Accidental selfing caused substantial inbreeding depression for most characters. Consequently, analysis of a diallel cross without regard to the effect of accidental selfing would be subject to bias, if accidental selfing were common. A selfing model proposed by Dudley (1963) was extended to include differential selfing, and was tested in an experiment in which the percentage of selfing in each cross was estimated visually.Variance components had large standard errors, which prevented firm conclusions from being drawn, but selfing appeared to cause substantial bias in the estimates. Estimates of genetic variance components from a p(p-1) diallel set, using the extended selfing model, were compared with estimates obtained from the standard analyses in which reciprocal or maternal effects should account for the effect of selfing. The estimates were comparable, but the standard analyses were simpler and produced estimates with lower standard errors.When the effects of selfing were minimized, general combining ability (g.c.a.) effects appeared to be much more important than specific combining ability (s.c.a.) effects for most characters.     

The application of the diallel cross to outbreeding crop species

Summary The use of the diallel cross as an aid in the breeding of outbreeding crop species is considered from two aspects. Firstly, for the strategic survey of populations as the initial material of a breeding programme and secondly for the tactical assessment of the genetic relationships of elite selected genotypes. Comparisons with alternative procedures indicate that the diallel crossing scheme is generally only applicable where dominance and gene interaction are likely to be of importance.Text of a paper presented to the Study Circle for Plant Breeding, Wageningen 1977.     

腐胺对白桦悬浮细胞中激素和黄酮积累影响的初步研究

为明确腐胺对白桦悬浮细胞中激素和黄酮累积的影响,在白桦悬浮细胞生长的第8 天添加不同浓度的腐胺、脱落酸(ABA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、生长素(IAA)和玉米素核苷(ZR),采用紫外分光光度计法分析白桦悬浮细胞中黄酮含量和利用酶联免疫方法测定ABA、JA、IAA和ZR含量。外源腐胺和激素的添加均不同程度地提高了白桦悬浮细胞中黄酮的累积量,其中1 mmol/L 腐胺处理24 h 时增幅最高,增加了97.90%;激素中1 mg/LABA处理后增幅最高,增加了103.40%。腐胺和激素共同处理后黄酮含量的增幅均较其单独处理提高。其中1 mg/L 腐胺与5 mg/L JA 处理后黄酮含量增幅最高,比对照和腐胺处理分别增加了197.43%和103.57%。同时腐胺处理后增加了IAA 和ZR的含量,而降低了ABA和JA 含量。进一步分析其相关性发现,腐胺处理后激素、激素比与黄酮含量的相关性增幅不同,其中JA与黄酮含量的相关性增幅最大,由对照的-0.883 变为0.903。腐胺与ABA、JA、IAA和ZR协同促进了白桦悬浮细胞中黄酮的累积。     

Analysis of diallel cross for some physical-quality traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The combining abilities for physical-quality traits in peanut were examined to understand the type of gene action governing these traits, and to identify peanut genotypes suitable for use as parents in breeding for quality improvement. The F₁ hybrids including reciprocals from a six-parent diallel cross along with the parents were evaluated in a randomised complete block design. Data were recorded on five quality traits in peanut viz., shelling outturn, 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, Count and proportion of sound mature seeds. Substantial genetic variability was observed among the hybrids for the traits studied. Diallel analysis indicated that expression of majority of the quality traits is regulated predominantly by additive gene action suggesting possibility of early-generation selection, while non-additive gene action also plays an equally important role in the control of seed size. Significant reciprocal effect for all the traits denoted role of maternal parent in the expression of quality traits and importance of parental selection in quality breeding. Genotypes ICGV 86564 and TPG 41 were good combiners for seed size, while J 11 was a good combiner for improvement of shelling outturn and proportion of mature seeds. Association between general combining ability (GCA) effects and mean performance suggested that the performance per se of the genotype should be a good indicator of its ability to transmit the desirable quality attributes to its progenies. Though performance of crosses was found to be independent of parental GCA status, it is evident that at least one of the parents used in hybridisation should have large pods and seeds for obtaining better segregants.     

白桦W-box元件的载体构建及驱动GUS基因表达分析

植物体内的启动子含有多种顺式作用元件,通过调控下游基因的表达,影响植物的生长发育.本研究以白桦中含有BplMYB46启动子的质粒为模板,将含有W-box元件的启动子短片段克隆出来,经过酶切、连接和热激转化到大肠杆菌中.经过PCR检测及测序分析,结果表明pCAMBIA1301-W-box-GUS重组载体构建成功.获得工程...     

白桦愈伤组织中三萜物质提取条件的优化研究

（研究目的）为了提高白桦愈伤组织中的三萜产量,（方法）本实验以齐墩果酸为标品,以5%香草醛-冰乙酸溶液、高氯酸为显色系统,对白桦愈伤组织中三萜含量的测定进行了评价,（结果）发现该方法具有较高的重现性,并且显色液在5~50min内测定吸光值较稳定;对白桦三萜的提取温度和试剂优化发现,白桦愈伤组织样品在20℃,40℃,60℃,80℃等温度下进行超声提取,其三萜含量依次为40℃（1.67mg/g）＞ 60℃（1.28 mg/g）＞ 80℃（0.47 mg/g）＞ 20℃（0.08 mg/g）。在有机溶剂中,其含量依次为：苯（2.58 mg/g）＞ 乙醚（2.04 mg/g）＞ 乙醇（1.67 mg/g）＞ 氯仿（1.21 mg/g）＞ 甲醇（0.89 mg/g）＞ 丙酮（0.50 mg/g）。（结论）因此建议,白桦愈伤组织中三萜提取的最佳温度为40℃,提取试剂为95%乙醇。     

钾肥对白桦生理特性及三萜含量的影响

为了研究钾肥对白桦防御酶及三萜含量的积累,从而建立生产三萜为目的的白桦栽培技术,建立钾肥调控三萜合成体系,以2年生白桦幼树为试材,通过施加高（15 g/盆）、中（10 g/盆）、低（5 g/盆）3种钾肥（KCl）对白桦进行处理,分析白桦叶片总三萜积累变化,同时对相关抗逆酶进行检测。结果表明,施用钾肥能够不同程度地提高白桦叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）以及过氧化物酶（POD）的活性,并使叶片中可溶性糖含量增加,其中以中浓度钾肥效果最好,可使三萜含量达42.16 mg/(g?DW)。在生长旺盛季节7-9月（哈尔滨）,对白桦实施中浓度钾肥,可有效促进白桦叶片中三萜含量的积累。     

硫化氢对白桦悬浮细胞生长、黄酮和多酚累积的影响

旨在探究硫化氢(H2S)对白桦悬浮细胞生长、黄酮和多酚等次生代谢物累积的影响。将H2S供体硫氢化钠(NaHS)添加到培养8 天的白桦悬浮培养体系中,采用pH计、电导率仪和紫外分光光度计等分析pH值、电导率、细胞活力、丙二醛、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、黄酮和多酚含量。NaHS处理后白桦悬浮细胞培养液的pH值呈降低趋势、电导率呈增加趋势;白桦悬浮细胞中的丙二醛含量、CAT和PAL酶活性、黄酮和多酚含量呈增加趋势,而细胞活力基本呈下降趋势,且NaHS处理对上述白桦悬浮细胞生长、黄酮和多酚含量的影响存在浓度和时间效应。其中,1 mmol/L NaHS处理24 h 时黄酮和多酚含量最高,分别是对照组的128.57%和136.89%。NaHS处理促进了白桦悬浮细胞中黄酮和多酚的累积。     

Genotype x environment interactions in a 10 × 10 diallel cross of quality protein maize (Zea mays L.)

Summary A 10×10 diallel cross experiment involving white modified opaque-2 maize inbred lines was grown at four sites. A stability analysis, based on both a combining ability and a heterotic pattern model, was developed. The stability analysis provided valuable information on the genotype x environment interaction properties of the 10 inbred lines. The Gail & Simon (1985) test for qualitative interactions provided a means of determining the nature of these interactions. The inbred, SO507W(M), is shown to have the best potential for use in a hybrid breeding programme, in terms of having the highest weighted general combining ability and line heterosis, and the best general adaptability to all four sites. The single cross, SO713W(P) x PO558W(F), has been identified as one of the genotypes to be used in a recurrent selection programme that favours specific combining ability.     

Variation and heritability of economically important traits in black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) evaluated in a diallel cross design

Summary The inheritance of commercially important characters in black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) was investigated using a complete 5×5 varietal diallel cross. Estimates of the genetic components of variance and broad and narrow-sense heritabilities revealed that additive genetic effects were greater than nonadditive genetic effects for resistance to powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca mors-uvae Berk.), white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola Fisher) and leaf spot (Drepanopeziza ribis Kleb.) as well as for bush defoliation and length of strigs. Apart from resistance to leaf spot, narrow-sense heritabilities of these characters exceeded 0.5.Nonadditive genetic effects were greater than additive effects for plant habit, plant vigor, bush size, length of one-year-old shoots, uniformity of berry ripening and fruit yield per bush. Narrow-sense heritabilities of these characters were rather low (0.05–0.42).     

An analysis of hybrid sterility in rice using a diallel cross of 21 parents involving indica, japonica and wide compatibility varieties

Summary There is much interest in the inter-varietal fertility of Asian cultivated rice. In this study, we analyzed the fertility of hybrids in a diallel set of 210 crosses involving 21 parents representing a broad range of the cultivated rice germplasm including landraces, primitive cultivars, modern elite cultivars and parents of hybrid rice. The materials were also carefully selected with respect to indica-japonica classification including typical indica/japonica, more or less intermediate and wide compatibility varieties. The level of hybrid fertility varied widely among the crosses from almost completely sterile to fully fertile. In general, hybrid fertility of intra-subspecific crosses, i.e., indica by indica (I×I) and japonica by japonica (J×J), is much higher than inter-subspecific crosses (I×J or J×I). The fertility varied widely in hybrids involving wide compatibility varieties and also in inter-subspecific crosses not involving wide compatibility varieties. An analysis of variance showed that both the main effects of indica and japonica parents and the interaction between the parents are highly significant in determining hybrid fertility. We speculate that, in addition to wide compatibility, the overall genetic difference between the indica and japonica parents, that may involve a series of minor mutations, play an important role in determining the hybrid fertility. There are also genes of sizable effect that influence fertility in hybrids resulting from specific combinations of the parents.Abbreviations I×I indica by indica cross - I×J indica by japonica cross - J×I japonica by indica cross - J×J japonica by japonica cross - WCV wide compatibility variety     

Reciprocal cross differences in a 6×6 diallel set of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the F1 generation

Summary Reciprocal cross differences were studied in a 6×6 diallel full set comprising of thirty hybrid combinations of groundnut in the F₁ generation.Reciprocal cross differences were observed for growth habit in four pairs of crosses, for leaf colour, flower colour and stem pigmentation in two pairs of crosses each. It was observed that the inheritance of flower colour, stem pigmentation and testa colour which exhibited different shades of purple colour was likely to be governed by pleiotropic gene(s). Among the quantitative characters significantly positive reciprocal effects were observed in different crosses for number of mature pods per plant, weight of pods per plant and shelling percent. Marked reciprocal cross differences were observed for pod and kernel characters like pod filling, pod beak, pod constriction and testa colour.     

Multi-trait selection in a diallel crossing scheme of cocoa

Cocoa breeding seeks to increase the yield by area unit. In this context, one must consider the resistance to Phytophthora disease, the most serious one in cocoa culture. Thus, herein two traits were used: yield, i.e. number of healthy pods obtained in 7 years and Phytophthora resistance, estimated by pod rot rate. A combined individual‐family selection is proposed on the basis of the total genetic value in order to spread clonal material. This selection method was applied in a 6 × 6 diallel scheme in Cameroon. The heritability of Phytophthora resistance (near 0.2) was higher than for yield (0.13). A selection index was constructed to obtain good genetic gains on each of the two traits (yield and Phytophthora resistance). To improve prediction of genetic values, a third trait, potential yield, was used. With the chosen weight, the expected genetic gain was about 35% for resistance at 1% level of selection. This selection was applied and a confirmation trial is being established with the selected trees.     

A mixed model QTL analysis for a complex cross population consisting of a half diallel of two-way hybrids in Arabidopsis thaliana: analysis of simulated data

To improve QTL detection power for QTL main effects and interactions and QTL mapping resolution, new types of multi-founder crossing populations are created in plants and animals. Some recent examples are complex intercrossed populations in mice and Arabidopsis thaliana. For the latter, a set of eight accessions was intercrossed to produce four two-way hybrids that were subsequently intercrossed again in a half diallel fashion leading to six subpopulations of four-way hybrids, each subpopulation containing 100 individuals. Within each subpopulation, individuals were inbred for four generations via single seed descent. QTL mapping in the complex crosses requires new statistical tools. We present a first sketch of a QTL mapping methodology for the complex cross in Arabidopsis based on mixed model analyses. As experimental data were not yet available, we illustrate our methodology on simulated but realistic data.     

Genetical studies of quantitative characters in peas. 2. A six-parent diallel cross of cultivars and primitive forms

Summary Results from the F₁ generation of a set of 6×6 full diallel crosses involving representatives of wild forms, primitive and European cultivars are described. The aim was to compare the systems of genetic control in the parents used in the present experiment with those known to operate in a number of contemporary cultivars. The plant characters analysed were days to and node of first flower, internode length, number of flowers per node and number of ovules per pod.Different systems of genetic control were found in some of the parents used in this experiment from those characteristic of cultivars in that dominance, and in some cases interaction, have been found to operate. The most extreme difference concerned earliness of flowering which results from an accumulation mulation of dominant alleles in primitive forms, but an accumulation of recessives in those European and North American cultivars so far analysed in detail. Only one of the characters would appear to be under a system of genetic control similar to that of cultivars, node of first flower.These results are discussed in relation to those obtained from the analyses of previous sets of diallel crosses.