Effectiveness of a naturally derived insecticide, spinosad, against the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) under laboratory conditions

The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams is a serious pest on pine trees in southwestern Turkey. The efficacy of a naturally derived insecticide, spinosad, on fourth-fifth instar larvae of T. wilkinsoni was studied under laboratory conditions. The product exhibited strong larvicidal activity and at doses above 5 mg litre(-1) caused > 90% mortality in the fourth-fifth larval stages of the species after 72 h. At 72 h the LD50 and LD90 values were 3.26 and 5.69 mg litre(-1) respectively. The results showed that spinosad is highly effective on T. wilkinsoni larvae.     

南昌市马尾松毛虫发生规律分析

本文结合南昌市实际,分析了马尾松毛虫近10年来的发生危害规律和原因,从预防、治理等方面提出有效防治措施。     

球孢白僵菌松毛虫分离株对家蚕的致病力

长期以来对于释放球孢白僵菌防治松毛虫是否会导致或加重家蚕白僵病一直存在较大争议,并同时影响真菌杀虫剂的应用。为科学评价球孢白僵菌松毛虫分离株对家蚕的致病风险,并保证研究结果的代表性和准确性,本研究共使用南方8省（区）的64株松毛虫分离株和4省（区）的12株家蚕分离株对3龄家蚕进行了3次致病性试验。结果表明,除其中1株松毛虫分离株外,不管是松毛虫分离株还是家蚕分离株,对家蚕都有一定致病性,但差异较大。在3×107孢子/mL 的浓度下,30株松毛虫分离株的平均侵染率10.2%极显著低于8株家蚕分离株的89.6%;在1.5×108孢子/mL的浓度下,34株松毛虫分离株对家蚕的平均侵染率36.4%极显著低于6株家蚕分离株的90.6%;松毛虫分离株在1.5×108孢子/mL浓度下的侵染率极显著高于3×107孢子/mL下的侵染率,而家蚕分离株在两种浓度下无显著性差异。在1.5×108孢子/mL的浓度下4株对家蚕致病力较强的松毛虫分离株的LT50为7.45～8.20 d,平均7.83 d,比6株家蚕分离株LT50（3.43～3.72 d）的平均数3.62 d多4.21 d。根据毒力较强的家蚕分离株B1和B5与毒力最弱和最强的松毛虫分离株D26和D22的致死浓度的比较,家蚕分离株对家蚕的毒力是松毛虫分离株的132～15733倍;根据他们的致死剂量的比较,家蚕分离株的毒力是松毛虫分离株的43～2201倍。这一对比数据充分表明,尽管不同的松毛虫分离株对家蚕的毒力不同,但所有的松毛虫分离株都具有明显的寄主专化性。综合分析表明,我国南方使用白僵菌杀虫剂防治松毛虫在家蚕中诱发流行病的风险很小。     

A comparative evaluation of Origanum onites essential oil and its four major components as larvicides against the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams

The pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams. (Lepidoptera: Thaumatopoeidae), is an important forest pest in the Mediterranean area, and urticating hairs of the caterpillars of this species cause allergic reactions on skin of humans and animals. In the present study, the larvicidal activities of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) essential oil and its four major components, carvacrol, gamma-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol and thymol, were evaluated against fourth/fifth-instar larvae of PPM under laboratory conditions. The essential oil was larvicidal to PPM with an LD(50) value of 3800 microL L(-1) when 0.1 mL was applied per larva. Carvacrol was the most toxic component found in the essential oil (LD(50) = 3100 microL L(-1)), followed by thymol (LD(50) = 5500 microL L(-1)). The other two components, gamma-terpinene and terpinen-4-ol, were less effective. The results showed that Turkish oregano essential oil and its two components, carvacrol and thymol, could be potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of PPM.     

松毛虫CPV、B.t.林间防治第一代马尾松毛虫试验初报

用松毛虫CPV和B.t.进行喷雾防治马尾松毛虫试验，试验表阴：药后18d两种生物药剂的防治效果均在70%以上，B.t.达86．98％，CPV与B.t.的混合使用防效达85．04％。     

Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) in Israel

Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer, the main insect pest ofPistacia spp. in Israel, occurs throughout most of the area of distribution of the genusPistacia in the country, except for the Negev. The larvae feed mainly onP. palaestina Boiss. andP. atlantica Desf., to a lesser degree onP. vera L., and rarely onP. lentiscus L. andSchinus terebinthifolius Raddi. The main flight period is in the first 3 weeks of October; the average duration of the incubation, larval development and hypogaeous stages is 143, 52 and 170 days, respectively. A prolonged diapause of 1–2 years is common. Of five species of Tachinidae,Drino imberbis (Wiedemann) was most common, parasitizing up to 10.1% of the pupae. Over the last 24 years one single outbreak occurred, in 1977–1981. Phonological differences amongTh. solitaria in Macedonia, Iran and Israel are discussed.     

马尾松毛虫种群球孢白僵菌自然流行病流行菌株的异质性

2006年在皖东明光市紫阳林场,马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus种群中发生由球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana引起的流行病。本研究通过4对引物,对采自流行区的44株球孢白僵菌进行28S rDNAⅠ型内含子分析,以探讨流行菌株的遗传多样性及遗传类型。结果显示,存在8种不同内含子单倍型。各单倍型所占比例不同,其中BABA型占据优势地位,为79.55%;BCBC和BCBA型次之,皆为4.54%;而BAAA等5种单倍型仅各占2.27%。表明引起自然流行病的球孢白僵菌是一个异质性的群体。从生态适应性的角度出发,在球孢白僵菌种群中占据主导地位的BABA型菌株,今后可以作为明光地区生防菌株的重点筛选对象。     

茶蚕颗粒体病毒液剂与复合液剂的田间应用

本文报道茶蚕颗粒体病毒（ＡｂＧＶ）液剂与ＡｂＧＶ杀虫双复合液剂田间防治茶蚕的效果。ＡｂＧＶ液剂６００ｍｌ／ｈｍ ２ 防治卵盛孵期至低龄幼虫期的效果可达８０．４％ ～９１．１％ ,并有明显的持效,施药后１～３ 年,茶蚕的自然感病率仍达４７．６％ ～６２．３％ ;ＡｂＧＶ杀虫双复合液剂（３００ｍ ｌ／ｈｍ ２）防治卵盛孵期至幼虫３龄前幼虫的效果可达８６．２％ ～９７．５％ 。９～１０月以应用复合液剂较好,能加快死亡速度,但持效较ＡｂＧＶ液剂差     

Diflubenzuron and oogenesis in the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.)

Diflubenzuron, topically applied (0·5 μg insect^?-1) to Cydia pomonella (L.) at pupal ecdysis disturbed growth and development of oocytes. It delayed the adult ecdysis and caused a decrease in both thickness of the follicular epithelium and the size of the basal oocyte during the pupal development. On the other hand, the size of basal oocytes, the protein content per ovary and the number of oocytes per ovary recorded in newly emerged adults were significantly reduced after diflubenzuron treatment. These results, together with observations in several other species, indicate that the reduction in fecundity and egg viability is probably due to interference of diflubenzuron with the vitellogenesis process.     

Insecticidal effects of essential oils from various plants against larvae of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)

Along with sulfate turpentine, the essential oils obtained by steam distillation from nine plant species naturally grown in Turkish forests were tested at three different concentrations to evaluate their effectiveness against the larvae of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff). The results indicated that the essential oils from the nine species and sulfate turpentine were effective against the larvae of T pityocampa. The most effective essential oil in the control of the larvae was steam-distilled wood turpentine, followed by thyme herb oil, juniper berry oil, laurel leaf oil, lavender flower oil, eucalyptus leaf oil, lavender leaf oil, cypress berry oil, essential oil of styrax and sulfate turpentine, respectively, in terms of mean mortality time. It is therefore feasible to use these essential oils as environment-friendly insecticides in the control of T pityocampa.     

不同药剂对甜菜夜蛾幼虫毒力和田间应用效果研究

利用浸渍法分别测定虫螨腈等不同药剂对甜菜夜蛾3龄及5龄幼虫的毒力，结果表明：不同药剂对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的毒力存在明显差异，一些特异杀虫剂对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的毒力普遍高于试验用常规化学杀虫剂的毒力；同一药剂对不同龄期幼虫毒力的差异程度也不同，如虫螨腈、氟啶脲、氟铃脲、甲胺基阿维菌素、阿维菌素、虫酰肼等药剂对甜菜夜蛾3龄及5龄幼虫毒力的差异程度明显低于顺式氯氰菊酯、丙溴磷、灭多威等化学药剂。同时，作者还对12种药剂分别稀释1000倍对甜菜夜蛾5龄幼虫不同时间的毒力进行了观察，除常规化学农药出现中毒现象较快外，虫螨腈、甲胺基阿维菌素也表现较快中毒症状，田间药效试验进一步验证防治甜菜夜蛾宜选用虫螨腈、氟啶脲、氟铃脲、甲胺基阿维菌素、阿维菌素、虫酰肼等药剂。     

Suppression of Reproduction in Poekilocerus pictus (F.) using Penfluron and Diflubenzuron

Abstract

Penfluron and diflubenzuron, both chitin synthesis inhibitors known to be highly effective against nymphs of Poekilocerus pictus (F.), were tested against the adult for their possible effects upon reproduction. These compounds were found to have the maximum effect, when no eggs were laid, if both sexes were treated. The eggs of treated males × untreated females did not hatch and those of treated females × untreated males gave rise to nymphs which died before reaching maturity.     

利用天敌防治松墨天牛研究进展

综述国内外利用天敌防治松墨天牛的研究进展,阐述松墨天牛天敌的主要类群,包括花绒寄甲、肿腿蜂、白僵菌和昆虫病原线虫等,重点阐述这些天敌的应用现状和前景,综合来看,花绒寄甲、肿腿蜂和白僵菌仍然是国内外应用最广泛的天敌。     

松材线虫病防治技术概述

松材线虫是外来入侵生物,主要依靠媒介昆虫的携带在自然界中扩散传播。本文对其从病原及介质的防治进行了总结。     

Epicuticular Wax and White Pine Blister Rust Resistance in Resistant and Susceptible Selections of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)

ABSTRACT Epicuticular wax on needles was evaluated for its influence on Cronartium ribicola infection of resistant and susceptible selections of Pinus strobus. Environmental scanning electron microscopy comparisons revealed that needles from a resistant selection of eastern white pine, P327, had a significantly higher percentage of stomata that were occluded with wax, fewer basidiospores germinating at 48 h after inoculation, and fewer germ tubes penetrating stomata than needles from a susceptible selection H111. In addition, needles from seedlings that failed to develop symptoms 6 weeks after inoculation, from a cross between P327 and susceptible parent H109, had a significantly higher percentage of stomata occluded with wax compared with needles from seedlings that developed symptoms. In experiments where epicuticular waxes were removed from needles before seedlings were infected, resistant seedlings without wax developed approximately the same number of infection spots (as measured by spot index) as susceptible seedlings with wax intact. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comparisons of extracted epicuticular waxes revealed several peaks that were specific to P327 and not found in susceptible H111 suggesting biochemical differences in wax composition. These results implicate the role of epicuticular waxes as a resistance mechanism in P. strobus selection P327 and suggest a role for waxes in reducing spore germination and subsequent infection through stomatal openings.     

菏泽地区甜菜夜蛾发生及防治

自 8 0年代以来 ,随着农田生态环境的变化 ,特别是气温逐步增高 ,甜菜夜蛾的发生愈来愈重。 1 999年 ,甜菜夜蛾在菏泽地区发生早 ,大面积暴发成灾 ,为害时间长 ,虫口密度高 ,为害作物范围广 ,施药量多 ,给农业生产造成很大的损失。目前 ,该虫已成为本地区农业生产中的一种重要害虫。作者自 1 993年开始对其发生及防治进行了研究 ,现报道如下。1　生活史甜菜夜蛾在鲁西南 1ａ发生 5代 ,某些气温偏高年份 ,有第 6代发生。 5月下旬始见越冬代成虫。第一代卵发生期在 5月下旬至 6月中旬 ,6月为一代幼虫期 ,一代成虫期为 6月下旬至 7月下旬 ;第二…     

噻虫啉防治松褐天牛试验初报

林间用2种噻虫啉粉剂进行防治松褐天牛试验。结果表明,这2种粉剂对该害虫有较强的杀灭效果,而且持效期长达28d以上。在喷洒1%噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂的林区,平均每个诱捕器的成虫诱捕量为11.7头,诱木上平均成虫产卵刻槽数为10.66个/m^2;而在空白对照区,平均每个诱捕器的成虫诱捕量为38头,是喷药区的3.25倍,平均刻槽数达144.82个/m^2,是喷药区的13.59倍。施药的相对防治效果可达60%.