基于人工消化液与密闭消化器的酶法测定豆粕鸭代谢能值的研究

本试验旨在通过探讨基于人工消化液与密闭消化器的酶法条件下酶法与排空强饲法的测试精度及测定豆粕鸭代谢能值的差异,为鸭饲料养分生物学效价酶学评定方法的设计提供参考.酶法与排空强饲法测试精度的比较研究采用完全随机设计,其中酶法每个消化阶段设5个重复,每个重复1个样品,排空强饲法设4个重复测定,每个重复3只试验鸭,比较两方法间重复测定的极差、相对标准差偏差.酶法与排空强饲法测定豆粕鸭代谢能值的比较研究中,采用配对设计,对25个豆粕样品的酶水解物能值与排空强饲代谢能作系统比较.结果表明,鸭排空强饲法重复测定的日粮干物质消化率极差为2.89％,相对偏差为1.57％,代谢能值极差为0.36 MJ· kg-1,相对标准偏差为1.13％.酶法重复测定的日粮干物质消化率极差和相对标准偏差分别为1.57％和1.13％,其测试的精度可以达到鸭排空强饲法类似的测试精度.25个豆粕样品的鸭排空强饲法真代谢能(TME)平均值、酶水解物能值平均值分别为13.33和13.55 MJ·kg-1 DM,两平均值间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).在考虑到允许误差的前提下,本试验所用酶法准确估测豆粕鸭代谢能值的概率为68％(n=25,差值为0.85 MJ· kg-1以内).     

鸡鸭对饲料氨基酸利用的比较研究

本文旨在研究鸡和鸭对饲料氨基酸消化率的差异,为合理配制鸭饲料提供必要参考。选用18周龄健康、体重约为(2.6±0.20)kg的海兰褐佳蛋公鸡和北京Z系公鸭各48只。以Sibbald“真代谢能(TME)”法测定公鸡和公鸭常用谷物(玉米、稻谷、小麦和麸皮)、饼粕(豆粕、棉粕、花生粕)两大类7种常用饲料的氨基酸消化率,每种饲料各用8只禽来测定,每只禽为1个重复。结果显示:(1)豆粕、花生粕、玉米、水稻和小麦的总氨基酸表观消化率(total amino acid apparent digestibility,TAAAD),鸭的测定值都比鸡显著高(P<0.05),鸭对棉粕、麸皮的TAAAD极显著高于鸡(P<0.01),在同一种饲料中,大多数氨基酸表观消化率(amino acid apparent digestibility,AAAD)鸭测定值明显高于鸡的;(2)鸡和鸭内源总氨基酸排泄量分别为478.31和941.34 mg/48 h,差异极显著(P<0.01),单个氨基酸排泄总量鸭都极显著高于鸡(P<0.01);(3)7种饲料总氨基酸真消化率(total amino acid true digesti-bility,TTAAD)鸭的测定值都高于鸡(P<0.01),同一种饲料中,大多数氨基酸真消化率(amino acid true digestibil-ity,TAAD)鸭的测定值显著高于鸡。以上结果表明,鸡和鸭对饲料氨基酸消化率存在显著差异,在所测定的7种植物饲料中大多数AAAD和TAAD测定值都是鸭比鸡高,目前以鸡测定各种饲料氨基酸消化率不适宜鸭的生产。     

中国家禽营养与饲料研究最新进展

<正>(接2010年《新饲料》第1期第8页)7饲料品质和饲料安全7.1饲料营养价值评价赵峰等[78]比较了12个豆粕样品的鸭代谢能值及氨基酸消化率,认为不同来源豆粕代谢能的差异可能与豆皮的含量有关,而氨基酸消化率的差异可能与大豆的来源及生产     

味精蛋白对鸡代谢能和养分代谢率影响的研究

试验选用24只2kg左右的蛋公鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6只鸡,前3个处理分别给每只鸡强饲占体重3%的待测原料,第4个处理作为内源对照组,测定内源排泄量,以评定味精蛋白对鸡代谢能和养分代谢率的影响。结果表明:味精蛋白的总能比豆粕高3.87%,而比玉米蛋白粉低15.56%;粗蛋白含量达到71.45%,分别比豆粕和玉米蛋白粉高64.03%和22.32%。味精蛋白的表观代谢能、真代谢能、粗蛋白表观消化率和真消化率、总氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率均极显著低于豆粕和玉米蛋白粉(P<0.01)。而干物质表观消化率和真消化率三者间无显著差异(P>0.05)。在已测定的17种氨基酸中,除甘氨酸外,味精蛋白粉其他氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率均极显著低于豆粕和玉米蛋白粉(P<0.01)。这表明味精蛋白的养分利用率低于豆粕和玉米蛋白粉。     

排空-强饲法测定鸭饲料氨基酸真消化率的研究

本试验旨在通过研究"排空-强饲"条件下,鸭饲料氨基酸的排泄规律是否满足Sibbakd"排空-强饲"法的基本条件,为Sibbald法是否适合于鸭饲料氨基酸真消化率的测定提供参考.试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将84只成年公鸭随机分配到7个处理中,即饥饿组和6种试验日粮组(豆粕在试验日粮中的比例分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%),每个处理4个重复,每个重复3只鸭,以"排空-强饲"法测定日粮的氨基酸排泄量.结果表明,在以豆粕为唯一氨基酸来源的日粮中,成年公鸭17种氨基酸的排泄量与摄入量间呈极显著的线性关系(P<0.01).无氮日粮条件下内源性组氨基酸的排泄量显著地高于饥饿条件下所测值(P<0.05),而其他内源性氨基酸的排泄量在饲喂无氮日粮与饥饿条件下无显著差异.鸭氨基酸排泄量与摄入量间回归直线截距中仅精氨酸、组氨酸及甘氨酸的回归截距显著地高于饥饿法所测相应的内源性氨基酸值(P<0.05),而其他14种氨基酸的回归截距与饥饿法所测相应的内源性氨基酸无显著差异.因此,Sibbald"排空-强饲"法可以用于鸭饲料氨基酸真消化率的测定.然而,客观、准确地估测内源性氨基酸的量对"排空-强饲"法氨基酸真消化率的测定值至关重要.     

季节因素对真代谢能法测定鸡饲料氨基酸消化率影响的初步研究

本文分别在夏季(平均温度22℃,光照15小时)和秋季(平均温度12℃,光照12小时)采用Sibbalcl“真代谢能法”测定了菜籽饼、棉仁粕、豆饼和豆粕的氨基酸利用率和鸡内源氨基酸排泄量。结果表明,试鸡夏季内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于秋季(P<0.01)。4种饲料样品氨基酸平均表观消化率夏季测定值分别为57.0,67.6,70.7,87.8;秋季测定值分别为70.4,75.4,72,4,91.9。菜籽饼、棉仁粕和豆粕氨基酸消化率夏季测定位显著低于秋季测定值(P<0.05)。4种饲料平均真氨基酸消化率夏季测定值分别为63.6,74.1,75.8,91.1;秋季测定值分别为72.7,79.1,74.2,93.4。夏季测定值除豆饼外,仍低于秋季测定值,但除菜籽饼外,差异不显著(P>0.01)。因此,在进行鸡饲料氨基酸利用率测定时,有必要考虑温度和光照的季节影响因素。     

直接法与差量法测定豆粕鸭代谢能值的比较研究

本试验旨在通过比较研究直接法与差量法测定豆粕鸭代谢能值的差异,为豆粕鸭代谢能值的客观评定提供参考.试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将84只成年公鸭随机分配到7个处理中(豆粕在试验日粮中的比例分别为0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、100%),每个处理4个重复,每个重复3只鸭,以排空强饲法测定日粮的代谢能值.结果表明,日粮中豆粕的含量从10%升高到50%时,日粮的AME和TME的实测值均显著高于其计算值(P<0.05).然而,在试验日粮中豆粕含量为40%时,试验日粮的AMEn和TMEn实测值与计算值无显著差异(P>0.05).在试验日粮中豆粕含量分别为10%、20%、30%时,由差量法测得的豆粕鸭代谢能值(AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn)显著高于直接法测值(P<0.05).在试验日粮中豆粕含量分别为40%、50%时,差量法测得的豆粕AME、TME值显著高于直接法测值,但在AMEn、TMEn上与直接法无显著差异.因此,在鸭的代谢能值测定中,差量法应要求日粮的豆粕含量达到40%～50%.豆粕的AMEn和TMEn值既可选用直接法,也可选用差量法测定,但在AME、TME的测值上建议使用差量法.     

大豆加工产品对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

本研究通过3个试验分别对豆粕、大豆浓缩蛋白和发酵豆粕氨基酸回肠消化率、代谢能及其在早期断奶仔猪中的应用进行评价。试验1采用4×4拉丁方设计,4头初始体重为(14.2±1.4)kg的阉割公猪,日粮中唯一的能量来源是玉米,另外3种日粮用25%的大豆加工产品替代日粮中的玉米,分别测定日粮中消化能和代谢能含量的差异。在试验2中,选择4头初始体重为(18.2±1.5)kg带有回肠瘘管的阉割公猪,分配到4×4拉丁方设计。3种日粮以玉米淀粉为基础,用大豆加工产品作为氨基酸唯一来源,同时对照组作为无氮日粮,用于测量内源性氨基酸的损失。在试验3中,选择21 d断奶、初始体重为(5.6±0.9)kg的仔猪192头,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复16头组,分别饲喂3种大豆加工产品日粮。进行为期21 d的饲养试验。结果 :大豆浓缩蛋白和发酵豆粕中代谢能和消化能的含量显著高于玉米(P 0.05),豆粕消化能水平显著高于玉米(P 0.05)。大豆浓缩蛋白粗蛋白质消化率(89.25%)显著高于豆粕(84.3%)(P 0.05)。除了蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸和脯氨酸外,大豆浓缩蛋白中大多数氨基酸的消化率均显著大于豆粕(P 0.05),大豆浓缩蛋白和发酵豆粕组断奶仔猪的日增重和饲料效率显著高于豆粕组(P 0.05)。从1～7 d、8～14 d及1～21 d,大豆浓缩蛋白和发酵豆粕组断奶仔猪评分均高于豆粕组(P 0.05)。结论 :大豆浓缩蛋白的代谢能和氨基酸消化率高于豆粕,发酵豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白中一些必需氨基酸的消化率高于豆粕,大豆浓缩蛋白和发酵豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能的改善作用也优于豆粕。     

仿生消化系统测定鸭饲料原料代谢能的重复性与精密度检验

本试验通过采用仿生消化系统测定常用鸭饲料原料(玉米、豆粕、棉籽粕和小麦麸)干物质消化率与代谢能的变异,探讨该系统测定鸭饲料原料代谢能的重复性与精密度,为确立基于仿生消化系统定量测定饲料养分的生物学效价方法提供参考.重复性试验采用单因素完全随机设计,其中同一套仿生消化系统的重复性试验每一饲料原料设3个处理(批次),每个处理10个重复.不同套仿生消化系统间的重复性试验每一饲料原料设3个处理(仪器),每个处理10个重复.试验结束后分别测定每个重复的干物质消化率和代谢能.结果表明,同一套仿生消化系统不同批次间玉米、豆粕、棉籽粕和小麦麸干物质消化率与代谢能的批内变异系数、批间变异系数和总变异系数均小于1.40%,不同套仿生消化系统间玉米、豆粕、棉籽粕和小麦麸干物质消化率与代谢能的仪器内变异系数、仪器间变异系数和总变异系数均小于1.64%.通过对4种鸭饲料原料干物质消化率和代谢能进行正态性检验及95%置信区间分析,重复观测数据中玉米、豆粕、棉籽粕和小麦麸干物质消化率的最大绝对偏差分别控制在0.94%、1.00%、1.02%和0.88%以内,其中85%的观测数据最大绝对偏差均不高于0.75%;代谢能最大绝对偏差分别控制在0.18、0.29、0.18和0.24 MJ/kg,其中85%的观测数据最大绝对偏差均不高于0.22 MJ/kg.从本试验的重复性及精密度看,采用该仿生消化系统测定鸭饲料原料代谢能可以达到较高的定量水平.     

常规豆粕、高蛋白豆粕和低寡糖豆粕饲喂肉鸡的营养价值

采用3个肉鸡试验测定高蛋白豆粕(SBM-HP)、低寡糖豆粕(SBM-LO)和常规豆粕(SBM-CV)的饲用价值。这3种豆粕(SBM)的粗蛋白含量(CP)分别为54.9%、53.6%和47.5%。①3种豆粕的氨基酸(AA)标准消化率(SDD)通过在单冠白来航公鸡上采用精准饲喂分析法进行测定。结果显示,除赖氨酸外,3种豆粕的氨基酸标准消化率没有差异,高蛋白豆粕比常规豆粕的赖氨酸标准消化率高(P=0.07)。②在第二个试验中,采用公鸡精准饲喂分析法测定每种豆粕的氮校正真代谢能(TMEn)。结果显示,高蛋白豆粕的氮校正真代谢能高于(P<0.001)低寡糖豆粕和常规豆粕的氮校正真代谢能(3 104、2 984和2 963 kcal/kg干物质)。③选用120只308品种商品肉公鸡(平均初始体重为102.6 g)进行14日龄生长表现试验,试验设计采用完全随机化设计法设计。每个处理8个重复,每个重复5只鸡。3种玉米-豆粕型日粮配方设计基于之前试验测定的可消化AA和TMEn值来确定。每种日粮选用一种豆粕,但因为SBM-HP和SBM-LO的可消化氨基酸浓度比SBM-CV的高,所以,SBM-HP和SBM-LO的添加量分别为31.21%和32.60%,而SBM-CV的添加量为38.21%。分别饲喂3种日粮的肉鸡体增重和饲料效率没有显著差异,即表明日粮中SBM-HP和SBM-LO的添加量低于SBM-CV的添加量并不影响肉鸡的生长表现。总之,和SBM-CV相比,SBM-HP和SBM-LO在肉鸡日粮中的添加量较低的原因是这两种来源SBM的营养价值高于SBM-CV的营养价值。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.