固态发酵葡萄皮渣生产生物饲料的菌种筛选

为了筛选适宜固态发酵葡萄皮渣生产生物饲料的菌种,以葡萄皮渣为主要原料,以真蛋白含量为评价指标,采用产朊假丝酵母、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌4株菌的单菌和多菌组合进行固体发酵试验筛选最佳发酵菌种,同时研究了固体培养基灭菌与不灭菌工艺对其产物真蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,葡萄皮渣固体培养基不灭菌发酵产物的真蛋白含量高于灭菌处理;4株菌中产朊假丝酵母单菌发酵后产物的真蛋白含量最高,为13.75%;产朊假丝酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌双菌组合的发酵效果优于三菌和四菌发酵,发酵后产物的真蛋白含量最高,为13.88%。由该试验结果可以确定固态发酵葡萄皮渣的最佳菌种组合为产朊假丝酵母+嗜酸乳杆菌。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌发酵条件的优化

研究旨在对动物饲料中添加的蜡样芽孢杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的发酵条件进行优化。利用正交试验对两种杆菌的生长条件进行优化并验证。研究结果表明:蜡样芽孢杆菌培养的最佳条件为葡萄糖1.5%、蔗糖1.5%、淀粉0.5%、牛肉粉0.5%、蛋白胨1.5%、酵母粉1%、硫酸铵0.5%、培养时间18～20 h,活菌数可达1.3×10¹²CFU/mL,较优化之前的8×10¹¹CFU/mL提高了62.5%。嗜酸乳杆菌最佳生长条件为MRS液体培养基中添加1%大豆蛋白胨、2%葡萄糖、20%番茄汁、发酵时间22 h,最大活菌数达1.9×10¹¹CFU/mL,较优化之前的1.3×10¹¹CFU/mL提高了46.15%。使用优化的条件进行蜡样芽孢杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌进行发酵,可以极大地提高发酵水平和活菌数,有效降低生产成本。     

嗜酸乳杆菌SR-1发酵代谢产物的体外抑菌试验分折

通过药敏试验研究嗜酸乳杆菌SR-1代谢产物对66种抗生素的耐药性;平板抑茵试验研究嗜酸乳杆菌SR-1代谢产物对35种常见病原菌抑菌作用;与大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌混合培养,确定其对致病菌的颉颃作用.结果表明:嗜酸乳杆菌SR-1代谢产物对15种常见的抗生素有耐药性;pH值为3.0时,其有广谱的抗菌活性,对35种常见革兰阳性和革兰阴性致病茵均有明显的抑制作用,但对肠道内益生茵无抑制作用;在与致病菌混合培养40 h内可以彻底清除金黄色葡萄球菌,18 h内可以完全消灭大肠杆菌.体外抑菌试验结果表明嗜酸乳杆菌SR-1代谢产物具有较强的抑菌作用.     

嗜酸乳杆菌发酵乳饮料的研究与开发

研究和开发了一种嗜酸乳杆菌发酵乳饮料.对嗜酸乳杆菌单菌发酵和与保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌的混菌发酵工艺进行了研究,确定了最佳混合菌种组合比为2∶1∶1.同时对工艺条件及稳定性影响因素进行了研究,得出活菌型最佳发酵终点为90-95°T灭菌型最佳发酵终点为75-80°T;通过正交试验确定稳定剂的最佳组合配方.对活菌型产品进行了4℃下,18 d的储藏试验,产品中的嗜酸乳杆菌的活菌数大于1×106 cfu/mL.     

保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌促生长因子的研究

研究了保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌在改良MRS和PYG培养基中,添加生长因子后的增菌效果,挑选出对保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌增菌效果最好的三种生长因子后做三因素三水平的正交试验。试验结果表明,在改良MRS液体培养基中添加7％的番茄汁、10％的麦芽汁和6％的胡萝卜汁时,保加利亚乳杆菌的活菌数达到最高;在改良PYG培养基中添加7％的番茄汁、4％的香菇浸汁和5％的啤酒时,嗜热链球菌的活菌数达到最高。     

多菌种联合发酵奶牛精饲料的研究

试验分析了微生物发酵菌剂的菌种配比、饲料发酵过程中添加水量和发酵温度对奶牛精饲料发酵效果的影响。确定了最佳的奶牛精饲料发酵工艺:菌种配比为细菌1.5mg/kg、酵母菌0.5mg/kg、嗜酸乳杆菌1.5mg/kg、费氏丙酸菌1.5mg/kg,最佳添加水量600～650ml/kg,最佳发酵温度20～25℃。奶牛精饲料发酵成熟后,粗蛋白含量由发酵前的14.69%提高到17.55%,增加了19.47%,pH值由7.0降低到3.8,产酸菌(嗜酸乳杆菌和费氏丙酸菌)数量由原料的5.1×102cfu/g提高到4.1×106cfu/g,饲料中挥发性脂肪酸含量达到23.25g/kg。     

保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌促生长剂的研究

研究了保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌在改良MRS和PYG培养基中,添加促生长剂后的增菌效果,挑选出对保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌增菌效果最好的三种促生长剂后做三因素三水平的正交试验。试验结果表明,在改良MRS液体培养基中添加7％的番茄汁、10％的麦芽汁和6％的胡萝卜汁时,保加利亚乳杆菌的活菌数达到最高;在改良PYG培养基中添加7％的番茄汁、4％的香菇浸汁和5％的啤酒时,嗜热链球菌的活菌数达到最高。     

发酵乳中嗜酸乳杆菌的计数法

介绍了一种发酵乳中嗜酸乳杆菌的计数法.M17培养基能计数嗜热链球菌,MRS培养基能计数所有的乳杆菌,在MRS培养基中加入克林霉素,嗜酸乳杆菌能够生长,保加利亚乳杆菌不能生长,用这种方法可以专一地测出嗜酸乳杆菌数.     

乳酸菌固态混合发酵研究

以玉米粉、豆粕、麦麸为基质,以保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌为发酵菌种,采用固态发酵技术,以活菌数为指标,通过单因素和L9(34)正交试验确定了三种菌混合发酵的最佳条件,并对其发酵产物的常规营养成分进行分析测定。结果表明:固态基质中玉米粉:豆粕:麦麸=1:1:1、培养基初始含水量80%p、H值6.3、接种量为10%、三种菌接种比例为1:1:1、发酵温度40℃时的发酵效果最好。在此条件下,保加利亚乳杆菌数为3.0×109 CFU/g,嗜酸乳杆菌数为4.6×109 CFU/g,嗜热链球菌数为5.8×109 CFU/g,发酵产物粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和氨基酸态氮含量分别是发酵前的1.16、1.12和6.94倍。为开发一种新型生物饲料打下基础。     

不同处理豆粕及嗜酸乳杆菌培养物对断奶仔猪肠道微生态系统的影响

研究旨在探讨不同处理豆粕及嗜酸乳杆菌培养物对断奶仔猪肠道微生态系统的影响。试验选用遗传背景、胎次和体重相近的21日龄断奶仔猪240头,按随机区组设计分为5个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复12头。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮。试验Ⅰ组仔猪饲喂发酵豆粕代替10%普通豆粕的试验饲粮,试验Ⅱ组仔猪饲喂用膨化大豆代替对照组饲粮中豆粕的饲粮,试验Ⅲ组饲粮是在对照组基础上用嗜酸乳杆菌培养物代替3%原有原料,试验Ⅳ组饲粮是在对照组基础上用嗜酸乳杆菌培养物代替5%原有原料。试验期21 d。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌培养物可促进仔猪肠道厚壁菌门丰富度增加,变形菌门数量降低(P>0.05),广古菌门丰富度和乳杆菌属数量显著增加(P<0.05);发酵豆粕可使仔猪粪球菌属数量显著上升、弧形杆菌属显著降低(P<0.05);膨化大豆及3%嗜酸乳杆菌培养物组仔猪肠道菌群丰富度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中膨化大豆组仔猪盲肠内乳酸杆菌数量显著升高,3%嗜酸乳杆菌组仔猪盲肠内乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量显著升高(P<0.05)。由此可知,饲粮添加发酵豆粕、膨化大豆及嗜酸乳杆菌培养物均能在一定程度上有效增加仔猪肠道有益菌数量,促使肠道微生态系统更加稳定,且3%嗜酸乳杆菌培养物的效果最佳。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.