夏大豆花荚脱落的原因及对策

一、花荚脱落情况及其规律据调查,夏大豆一般脱落率为４５％～７０％,严重者高达８４％。脱落的比例大致分为：花蕾占１０％、花朵占５０％、幼荚占４０％。落蕾一般发生在花轴末端及副芽花序上,落花多发生在开花后３～５天,落荚以开花后７～１５天的幼荚脱落最多。花...     

甘蓝型油菜胞核雄性不育两系法制种技术──Ⅲ．多效唑对母本花期的调控作用

油研５号制种，父母本花期差距较大．采用多效唑７５—２５０ｐｐｍ溶液在母本苗期、现蕾期及初花期前喷施，能使初花期比对照延迟４－１３天，盛花期延迟３—１２天．其中，２５０ｐｐｍ初花前期喷施效果最好，初花延迟１３天，盛花延迟１２天，父母本花期相遇程度最高，单产比对照增加４０．４％－４０．７％。     

花信灵在杂交稻制种上的应用效果研究

在杂交稻制种的母本抽穗 ４０％与 ８０％时期，分别喷施“花信灵”３０ ｇ，使始花时提早的 １小时，父母本花时相遇率提高８．５％～１５．１％，柱头外露率平均提高６．５９％，花期缩短１～２天，异文结实率平均提高８．２１％。     

杂交水稻制种花期,花时与结实率的研究

恢复系测６４－７张颖时间短，花时集中，８～１２时开花数占总颖花数９８．１％，花期可达１３天以上。不育系张颖时间长，闭颖后柱头外露率高，花时极分散，珍汕９７Ａ、Ｖ２０Ａ、Ｄ汕Ａ８～１２时开花数分别占总颖花数４４．１％、４１．５％、３５．４％，花期８～９天。不育系和恢复系的开花特性是花时不遇的根本原因，父母本花时相隔时间越长，结实率越低。安排花期以父母本同时始穗或父本早１～２天为宜。     

南方春大豆不同生育期干物质积累与氮磷钾含量的变化

本研究对两个南方春大豆品种分别于分枝期，始花期，结荚期，鼓粒期，成熟期取植株与籽粒进行化验分析的结果表明：（１）结荚到鼓粒期为干物质积累最快的时期，干物质积累占总积累量的４０．１３％，始花至结荚期是干物质积累较快的时期，干物质积累占总积累量３１．８８％。（２）分枝至结荚期氮，磷均以叶中含量最高，氮为３．７００％－４．１０９５，磷为０．２８％－０．２８５％；钾一般以茎的含量较高，为１．６９０％－１。     

不同结荚习性大豆的器官平衡与产量的关系

采用一对结荚习性不同的姊妹系辽95024的有限型和亚有限型大豆,分别在盆栽和田间条件对不同结荚习性大豆品系的器官平衡与产最的关系进行比较研究:结果表明:在盆栽条件下,有限结荧习性和亚有限结荚习性大豆在始花期的器官平衡表现出的规律都是:叶片>茎秆>根系>叶柄;有限结英习性大豆在成熟期的器官平衡总趋势是:籽粒>叶片>茎秆>荚皮>根系>叶柄;亚有限结荚习性大豆的器官平衡总趋势是:叶片(或籽粒)>茎秆>荚皮>根系>叶柄.存田间条件下,有限型大豆的器官平衡总的趋势是:籽粒>叶片>茎秆>荚皮(或叶柄)>根系;亚有限型大豆的器官平衡则表现为:籽粒>茎秆>叶片>荚皮>叶柄>根系这两种结荚习性大豆的器官平衡与它们的牛长习性有着密切的天系.无论按照哪种方法计算经济系数.辽95024有限型大豆的经济系数在盆栽和田间条件下均高于亚有限型大豆.     

3个水稻雄性不育系海南开花特性观察

在海南研究了３个不育系逐日开花动态和１ｄ当中各时段开花动态。结果表明,３个不育系主茎穗始花１～３ｄ后进入盛花,持续２～３ｄ;泗稻８号Ａ单株全部穗子开花３ｄ后进入盛花,盛花期持续４ｄ,盛花较２个籼型不育系明显;珍汕 ９７Ａ、协青早Ａ当日开花率在１２％～１６％范围的分别有５和４ｄ;在每天开花中,无论主茎穗还是单株全穗,３个不育系午后花率占绝对多数;从始花到终花,泗稻８号Ａ历时不到４ｈ,珍汕９７Ａ、协青早Ａ分别为６和８ｈ,每日开花高峰时间分别在１２：３０,１２：３０,１３：３０。     

大果型高产早熟花生豫花3号选育

豫花３号是用濮阳７７—２×开７７０４杂文选育而成。普通型，百果重２６３．２ｇ，百仁重９９．７ｇ，双仁荚果率８９．８％，油酸、亚油酸比值１．３３．出口果挑选率在４０％以上．一般亩产２５０ｋｇ左右。前期长势强，花期集中，发育快，生育期１１０—１２５天。是大果、早熟、高产新品种。     

花生结荚期同化物运输的化学调控

花生结荚期同化物运输的化学调控／李娘辉（华南师范大学生物系），陈汝民，黄群声中国油料．一１９９４，１６（３）．一６～１０以花生品种汕油２７为材料，采用田间栽培与盆栽相结合，于始花后１０、２０、３０天给植株叶片喷施营养元素溶液（氮０．２１ｍＭ、磷０．１...     

辽宁省引进的花生高产品种开花特性（简报）

从全国各地引进的109个花生品种(系)中筛选出的5个适合辽宁地区生长的高产品种，分别为徐花5号、R03-3、唐油4号、丰花5号和汕油101，比较研究这5个品种在辽宁地区的开花特性。结果表明，5个花生品种在辽宁地区出苗后27～36d进入始花期；唐油4号始花期较早(6月18日)，花期较长(50d)，单株总开花量(258朵)和有效花量(87朵)较多；丰花5号和汕油101各指标居中；而徐花5号和R03-3始花期较晚(6月28日)，花期较短(37d和41d)，单株总开花量较少(160朵和185朵)。徐花5号第1、2对侧枝开花总量占全株总花量的比例最高，为86.8%；汕油101所占比例最低，为74.9%。5个品种侧枝上第1、2节位开花量较多，其余各节位开花数量较少，仅开2~4朵花。徐花5号、R03-3和丰花5号整个花期的每5d开花量呈单峰曲线变化，而唐油4号和汕油101呈双峰曲线变化，高峰期过后，各品种每5d开花量均迅速减少。 [     

油菜结实特性与库源关系的研究

以4个油菜品种的结实特性研究表明，开花后20d内油菜角果体积和表面积急剧增长，角果和籽粒干重随成熟进程而增加，籽粒干重在开花25d后增重加热，40d左右超过果皮干重。具有生殖生长优势品种的单位角果皮面积的生产力（PPA）和单位角果皮表面积负担的籽粒数（SNPA）较高。果皮与种子的生理代谢进程不同，二者的全氮，叶绿素以及可溶性糖含量的动态变化与角果形态及干物质积累转化进程有明显的相关性。初花期去叶处理可使4个品种明显减产，去叶对分枝产量的影响大于主花序，主要减少分枝的每角粒数；去短叶的减产幅度大于去无柄叶。     

夏大豆荚粒形成特性研究

对中黄13、SK12等7个品种（系）不同节位分枝、结荚特性分析研究,结果表明：主茎自3节开始结荚,荚粒占70％以上,随节位呈抛物线变化。分枝着生在3—8节,呈正态分布;分枝荚粒随节位上升直线下降。分枝数、主茎荚粒与单株生产力正相关。对中黄13豆荚长、宽、厚度动态变化和豆荚、籽粒质量变化分析研究,结果表明：豆荚长、宽度先期同步快速增长,达到恒定值后则趋于稳定;厚度先缓增后降,顶部开花40d左右最大。籽粒体积随着豆荚厚度增减而增减。鲜荚质量变化可用e的二次多项式指数曲线描述,豆荚、籽粒和百粒干物质积累可拟合直线和Logistic曲线,荚壳质量变化为抛物线。因此高产栽培要保花增荚增粒。     

利用荚果厚度与粒重估计大豆鼓粒速率的研究

大豆鼓粒阶段是决定大豆产量的重要阶段,鼓粒速率可以利用粒重和荚果厚度与花后天数的关系进行模拟估计。田间分别种植3个粒重差异较大的大豆材料(中黄37,秦豆10号和JTN-5503),通过花期标记,利用不同取样方式(定位和随机),连续测定大豆粒重和荚果厚度,拟合其与花后天数的动态变化。结果显示:(1)线性函数和二次多项式函数可以有效模拟大豆鲜(干)重和荚果厚度与花后天数之间的关系;(2)与籽粒鲜重表示的鼓粒速率比较,籽粒干重增速估值偏高,而基于荚果厚度的估值偏低;(3)不同材料间的荚果平均增厚速率存在差异,但不同材料的初始速率估值差异不大;(4)荚果厚度定位测定的试验误差最小。因此,荚果厚度定位连续测定法可用于大豆鼓粒速率的度量,其结果与籽粒重表示的鼓粒速率有较好的一致性。     

秦油2号角果的生长特性

通过测定秦油２号角果长、宽的增长及其亮、籽粒重量变化。角果长度在花后１２—１５天定型，宽度在花后２１—２８天定型。当长度达到最大值时，宽度的增长速度达最大值；当宽度达最大值时，果壳的鲜重、干重及籽粒的鲜重也达最大值。秦油２号籽粒增重具有明显的优势。     

白菜型春油菜果喙生长与其生产特性研究

通过不同品种（系）的田间小区试验及剪喙处理,研究白菜型春油菜果喙生长状况、叶绿素含量及生产力。结果表明：果喙长度在开花后14d基本定型,平均果喙长度占果身长度的38．9％。叶绿素含量为叶片大于果喙,果喙大于果壳,果喙叶绿素含量平均为果壳叶绿素含量的2．7倍以上。剪喙后,角果长度、宽度、果壳干重、角粒数、千粒重和角粒重均呈下降趋势。剪喙时间愈早,对角果生长及其生产力的影响程度愈大。开花后14d剪喙处理的角粒重下降率为20％左右。     

Genotypic and Environmental Variation of Lag Period of Pod Growth in Soybean

Abstract

Pod growth in soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) begins several days after flower opening, compared with more immediate growth in other beans. We investigated the relationship between genotype, raceme order of pod set, assimilate supply or photoperiod and the length of lag period of pod growth (LP, days from flower opening to the time when pod length reaches 10 mm). Soybean (five cultivars) plants were grown in a greenhouse and in the field in 2001. The lengths of pods developed from 20 flowers which opened on the same day and set on the same raceme order, were measured every other day. The length of LP varied with the cultivar from 5 to 16 days and it was longer in late cultivars. The LP in the primary raceme (early flowers) was 15 days but that in the secondary raceme (late flowers) was 8 days. Both late sowing and short photoperiod (lOh) after the start of flowering shortened the LP by up to 7 days in Enrei and 5 days in Fukuyutaka. However, neither sink (except the target racemes) removal nor BA application to the target racemes at the start of flowering affected the length of LP, even though these treatments were expected to stimulate pod growth.     

Post-flowering leaflet removals increase pod initiation in soybean canopies

Much of the yield variation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crops is related to changes in pod and seed number. Pod number is the result of pod initiation and pod abscission while seed number is the result of potential seed per pod and seed abortion. However, the physiological regulation of these processes is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of post-flowering changes in source size and canopy structure on pod initiation, pod abscission and seed abortion in soybean. Two soybean genotypes: DM48 and A7409 (maturity groups IV and VII, respectively) were used. Leaflet removal treatments (L) consisted of removing none (L0), one (L1) or two (L2) lateral leaflets of every developed trifoliate leaf present. Leaflet removals were applied twice: the first at full bloom and the second shortly after the beginning seed stage. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), and relative leaf growth rate, were determined during the periods in which numerical components are established. For the period between the first and the second leaflet removal, CGR remained unchanged among L treatments in both genotypes because LAI reductions were compensated through an increase in the net assimilation rate of the remaining leaves. The first leaflet removal increased the relative leaf growth rate and the number of pods initiated (PI) and these increases were inversely related to the remaining LAI in both genotypes. Moreover, the inverse relationship between LAI and PI was sustained at LAI below and above critical (i.e., LAI for 95% LI) and was not related to CGR or LI. The number of pod abscised also increased with the level of leaflet removal during the first and main abscission period in both genotypes and the percentage of pod abscission was directly related to the seed growth rate per unit leaf area during the abscission period. Seed abortion was inversely related to LAI after the second leaflet removal. Only the highest level of leaflet removals (i.e., L2) was able to reduce seed size in both genotypes. Whereas pod abscission, seed abortion and seed size could be related to indicators of canopy assimilatory capability pod initiation was not, suggesting that other physiological mechanism/s operate in the regulation of pod initiation. In addition, our results suggest that early (i.e., at flowering) canopy closure may negatively impact pod initiation in soybean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document that the number of initiated pods is inversely related to LAI in soybean canopies.     

花生种子大小和重量对生长和产量的影响

花生种仁的大小及重量对出苗速度及出苗率、幼苗的生长和发育、植株的花芽分化和成花率以及荚果产量等有很大的影响。大粒优质种仁可提高出苗速度2～5d及出苗率3％～5％，植株生长健壮，花芽分化增多，成花率高，最终获得高产。     

早晚熟夏大豆品种花荚形成的比较

通过对１７个有限、亚有限型夏大豆品种的研究结果,鼓粒前的花荚期长短是选择夏大豆品种生育期长短的重要因素。不同熟期类型品种间生殖器官发育规律存在差异,早熟品种较晚熟品种花、荚形成发育快、时间短、脱落也快。当早熟品种生育重心进入鼓粒前的中、大荚形成发育过程中（相当于Ｒ４阶段）时,晚熟品种的相对时期还处在花和幼小英     

花生结荚期同化物运输的化学调控

于始花后的不同天数给植株叶片喷施营养液（Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｂ，Ｍ。等），并给植株中下部果针施用植物生长调节剂（１０ｐｐｍ６—ＢＡ和５ｐｐｍＧＡ３），结果表明，营养液和生长调节剂同时使用，能显著提高叶片的光合速率，促进和吸引植株中光合产物向荚果中运输和积累，使单株荚果数增加，特别是高节位的荚果数增加；同时使饱果率、百果重提高，花生平均增产８．６％—２０％。