大豆不同轮作系统主要植物线虫季节动态

为从线虫生态角度评价土壤健康状况和大豆轮作系统的合理性及预测大豆根部病害发生与为害,利用浅盘法收集大豆不同轮作系统下苗期、花期和结荚期土壤线虫,研究大豆不同生育期土壤总体线虫和重要属植物线虫群体动态.取大豆连作14年、小麦-玉米-大豆轮作、麦豆麦豆迎茬、米豆米豆迎茬和休闲区0～20 cm土壤.结果表明:土壤中胞囊线虫密度为迎茬(米豆、麦豆)轮作连作休闲;从大豆苗期、花期至结荚期,各轮作系统胞囊线虫密度逐渐递增,麦豆迎茬和轮作土壤中总体线虫密度呈递增趋势,各轮作系统苗期和花期土壤总体线虫差异显著;3个时期,轮作土壤中总体线虫密度分别最大,而休闲土壤中螺旋-盘旋-拟盘旋线虫为优势种群.     

黑土区大豆田土壤线虫垂直分布

为了解不同土地利用方式对土壤线虫垂直分布的影响,对中国科学院海伦生态农业实验站长期定位试验区大豆田0—80cm深度土壤线虫进行研究,所取土样茬口为大豆连作15a、麦-米-豆轮作、麦豆麦豆迎茬和休闲地,以期明确不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫总数和营养类群的变化。结果表明：各取样田土壤线虫总数从0—5到60—80cm深度呈现逐渐下降趋势,0—30cm耕层土壤是线虫主要的聚集地。各营养类群线虫在取样茬口间数量动态变化有差异,总的来说大豆田高于休闲田,而大豆不同茬口营养类群变化不同,捕食杂食类群出现最少。     

不同茬口种植的大豆品种根渗出物对大豆孢囊线虫卵孵化的影响

取北方5种作物轮作茬口和休闲土壤种植不同大豆品种,出苗后22d制备植株的根渗出物观察对大豆孢囊线虫(SCN)卵孵化的影响.试验结果表明,同一品种在不同茬口土壤种植后获得的根渗出物对SCN卵孵化率不同,抗线3号在不同的茬口条件下根渗出物对SCN卵孵化率差异很大,豆麦米轮作、米豆米迎茬和豆麦豆迎茬条件下对SCN卵孵化具有促进作用,但在麦豆麦迎茬、连作12a大豆和休闲条件下根渗出物对SCN卵孵化具有抑制作用.合丰25只在连作12a大豆条件下对SCN卵孵化具有促进作用,而在豆麦米轮作、麦豆麦迎茬、米豆米迎茬和豆麦豆迎茬条件下均表现为对SCN卵孵化的抑制作用,在休闲条件下与对照差别不大.抗线4号在6个茬口中没有明显的促进或抑制作用,基本与对照差别不大.     

作物轮作系统对大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫寄生真菌的影响

采用蔗糖梯度离心法和传统真菌鉴定技术,研究定位试验条件下长期连作、麦豆迎茬、米豆迎茬和麦米豆轮作不同轮作方式下大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫虫口密度和寄生真菌情况.结果表明:连作大豆田土壤中大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫寄生真菌只有明尼苏达被毛孢(Hirsutella minnesotensis),其它轮作方式中,寄生真菌有2种即洛斯里被...     

黑土区不同抗性大豆品种与大豆胞囊线虫群体动态关系

大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichnohe,简称SCN)病是一种大豆最严重的病害之一,应用抗病品种和轮作是控制该病最经济有效的方法.上个世纪80年代以来我国也相继育成了一些抗大豆胞囊线虫病品种,为了探讨不同抗性品种与大豆胞囊线虫群体动态关系和抗性品种的抗性机制,在黑土区的中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站的长期定位区,取我国大豆主产区常见的小麦--玉米--大豆轮作、玉米--大豆--玉米--大豆迎茬、小麦--大豆--小麦--大豆迎茬和大豆连作13年4种轮作方式,以在我国大豆主产区育成的抗大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗线4号和非抗病品种黑农35为材料,研究了不同抗性品种大豆在不同轮作系统中根内不同龄期线虫和根面雌虫发育动态.结果表明,不同大豆品种根内二龄幼虫(J2)数量存在着差异,在大豆连作13年、豆米豆和豆麦豆茬口上种植的抗线4号根内J2数量高于黑农35;在大豆连作13年、轮作、米豆米豆迎茬和麦豆麦豆迎茬4个茬口中抗线4号根内三龄幼虫(J3)、四龄幼虫(J4)数量和根面雌虫数量明显低于黑农35.由此推断抗线4号对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性机制可能是抗线虫发育,而不是抗线虫侵入.     

不同土壤类型和纬度大豆田植物线虫分布特征

大豆根嗣有多种植物线虫,有些为重要的植物病原线虫,可影响大豆的生长发育,甚至造成严重的经济损失.利用贝漫浅盘法收集我国9个省86块大豆田土壤线虫,分析不同土壤类型和纬度大豆根围植物线虫群体分布特征,以明确大豆田植物线虫群体结构和分布,为从线虫生态角度评价土壤健康状况、控制大豆根部病害和大豆根际微牛态研究提供参考.结果表明:大豆根围植物线虫的群体分布与土壤类型有一定的关系,有机质丰富型土壤中植物线虫群体结构相对较丰富;贫瘠型土壤中植物线虫的种类和数量相对较少;纬度对其影响不明显.共鉴定出植物线虫13个属,丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)、短体属(Pratylenchous)、垫刃属(Tylenchus)、螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)、平滑垫刃属(Psilenchus)和茎线虫属(Ditylenchus)在黑龙江省大豆田首次发现.     

连作、迎茬和轮作大豆对田间杂草群落变化的影响

采用定位试验方法研究了大豆长期(10—13年)连作、豆麦豆迎茬、豆米豆迎茬、麦米豆轮作、麦豆豆和麦豆豆豆短期连作条件下大豆田杂草密度、杂草种群和杂草地上鲜重变化。试验结果表明：田间杂草密度以豆麦豆迎茬最大，且明显高于其它茬口，豆米豆迎茬田间杂草密度最小，杂草密度在不同年际间存在着差异；北方大豆田杂草主要有藜、鸭趾草、苋、稗、龙葵、野苏、卷茎蓼、鬼针等；藜、鸭趾草、苋、稗为所有茬口所共有；随着连作年限的增加，使连作区一些杂草种类增加，这种差别主要是在双子叶杂草之间，单子叶杂草种类没有变化；豆麦豆迎茬田间杂草鲜重最大，但干旱年份各茬口杂草鲜重普遍减少。     

春大豆长期连作对土壤线虫群落结构和食物网的影响

以土壤线虫为指示生物,研究了大豆不同耕作系统土壤线虫群落结构、生态指数和食物网指数的变化特征,以期明确大豆长期连作对土壤生物多样性和土壤食物网结构的影响。结果表明:大豆轮作土壤线虫属最丰富,大豆长期连作25年后土壤线虫属水平种类最少。大豆轮作和大豆短期连作3年土壤线虫群落组成Jaccard相似性最高(0.81),大豆轮作和大豆长期连作25年Jaccard相似性最低(0.66)。大豆短期连作3年土壤中植物寄生线虫的数量最高,显著高于大豆轮作和大豆长期连作25年。食真菌线虫在大豆长期连作25年土壤中较丰富,显著高于大豆轮作和大豆短期连作3年。大豆长期连作25年植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)高于大豆短期连作3年和大豆轮作。土壤线虫的通路指数(CI)在3个处理中均小于50,土壤腐蚀食物网的降解以细菌降解通路为主。大豆短期连作3年处理位于富集指数(EI)和结构指数(SI)食物网特征图的A象限,大豆轮作和长期连作25年位于食物网特征图的B象限。结果表明,大豆长期连作改变了土壤线虫的群落结构,降低了属的多样性,食物网结构向成熟稳定的方向恢复。     

不同茬口大豆根圈土壤pH值和氮营养分布的变化

利用根箱系统,研究不同茬口条件下大豆根圈土壤pH值和氮营养分布,结果表明,前茬为麦茬和玉米茬的大豆根面区土壤偏碱,而前茬为休闲和豆茬的大豆根面区土壤偏酸.不同茬口土壤大豆根面区NO-3 -N含量较距根面2mm区低,表现为亏缺效应.尽管处理间NH 4 -N含量分布受茬口影响较NO-3 -N小,但NH 4 -N含量分布走向却因茬口而不同,休闲土、正茬土、迎茬土、重茬土和大豆长期连作处理条件下的大豆根圈土壤NH 4 -N含量表现为一定的累积效应,而小麦长期连作茬口土壤的大豆根圈NH 4 -N含量表现为亏缺效应.试验结果表明不同茬口的大豆根圈土壤pH值、NO-3 -N和NH 4 -N含量分布变化不同,说明大豆连作障碍的原因可能更主要的归结于大豆根圈土壤微生态环境的改变.     

大豆连作土壤盆栽大豆根腐病及生长发育状况

根腐病是引起大豆连作障碍的主要原因.对取自海伦农业生态试验站长期定位试验区大豆连作16 a、轮作和休闲3个小区大豆田耕层土壤,采用盆栽方法,探讨长期连作对大豆根腐病及生长发育的影响.分别于大豆播种后20、30和55 d取样调查大豆根腐病发病程度、株高和鲜重,并分别在20 d和55 d时调查病原菌和胞囊数量.结果表明:大豆连作17 a土壤盆栽大豆根腐病发病程度略低于轮作,两者之间差异不显著,轮作高于休闲,两者相比差异显著.播种55 d后休闲大豆株高最高,与大豆连作17 a和轮作比差异显著;其次为轮作,大豆连作17 a株高最低.休闲鲜重最高,其次为轮作,连作17 a最低,但3者之间无明显差异.从大豆根中共分离出镰孢菌和腐霉菌2种病原菌,镰孢菌分离频率明显高于腐霉菌,连作17 a和轮作无明显差异.轮作大豆根上胞囊数量高于大豆连作17 a,差异显著,休闲土盆栽大豆未发现胞囊.因此,大豆长期连作土壤盆栽大豆根腐病与轮作无明显差异,但连作17 a大豆生长发育状况较轮作稍差.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).