不同施肥配比对芒果园土壤养分、微生物数量和酶活性的影响

通过小区试验,探索化肥减施和有机肥替代部分化肥对芒果园土壤养分、微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果显示,土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、有速效磷含量顺序均为：常规施肥＞化肥减施20%＞有机肥替代20%,但化肥减施20%和常规施肥处理差异均不显著,有机肥替代20%处理的有机质、速效钾、速效磷均显著低于常规施肥;脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸单酯酶活性顺序为：常规施肥＞化肥减施20%＞有机肥替代20%,化肥减施20%处理土壤酶活性均与常规施肥处理无差异显著性,有机肥替代20%处理的土壤酶活性均显著低于常规施肥;真菌、放线菌数量顺序为：化肥减施20%＞常规施肥＞有机肥替代20%,差异不显著;细菌数量顺序为：有机肥替代20%＞常规施肥＞化肥减施20%,差异不显著;相关性分析结果表明,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸单酯酶活性均与土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷有显著或极显著相关性。     

秸秆还田对黄壤农田氮、磷养分平衡的影响

分析2018～2020年不同处理土壤养分、玉米产量、土壤氮磷平衡的差异,筛选出集增产、土壤养分维系及生态环境保护为一体的施肥模式。结果表明,秸秆还田后,土壤有机质、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷含量均有提高,以T4处理(氮、磷减量10%,秸秆还田)最高。秸秆还田增产效果随还田时间增加逐渐明显;T1处理(不施肥、秸秆不还田)经济产量逐年降低,其他处理产量均显著提高。各施肥处理土壤氮素均有盈余,其中,T4处理盈余量随时间增加有下降趋势,T5处理(氮、磷减量30%,秸秆还田)盈余量最低。各施肥处理磷盈余量为165.41～270.16 kg/hm2。相较T2处理(单施化肥),秸秆还田伴随氮、磷化肥减施利于降低环境污染风险。秸秆还田伴随化肥减施能提升土壤养分含量,增加玉米产量,减轻环境污染风险,综合结果显示,T4处理较优。     

Annual Nutrient Balance and Soil Chemical Properties in Heavy Multiple Cropping System in the Coastal Area of Southeast Lake Dianchi,Yunnan Province,China

Abstract

To ensure higher yields, farmers in China have increased cropping intensity with a large input of chemical fertilizer and livestock manure since 1980s, which has led to unsustainable agricultural productivity and environmental quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intensive cropping on nutrient absorption and biomass production of crops and to determine the controllable source of residual nutrients in soil in the coastal area of Lake Dianchi, China. Soil and crops were sampled in 32 vegetable fields and four paddy fields; and simultaneously surveyed. In vegetable fields, cropping intensity and input to each crop were extremely high; and, 58, 72, and 20% of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were not absorbed by the crop. Nitrogen absorption ratios of the vegetables were low. The amount of nitrogen absorbed from sources other than chemical fertilizer by vegetables, namely, from soil, manure, or irrigation water, in the fields with three to nine years cultivation duration was higher than those with zero to two years cultivation duration. Reduction of input should be more efficient than enhancing output to decrease soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; and, reducing input of chemical fertilizer should be more efficient than reducing input of manure. These results should be helpful for reducing agricultural pollution in China.     

腐殖酸类营养型改良剂改善火龙果果园土壤理化特性和幼茎养分含量

采用随机区组试验,比较不同施用量腐殖酸类营养型改良剂（2906、4100、5415 kg/hm ²）下火龙果果园土壤理化性状和幼茎养分含量的差异,为火龙果果园的土壤肥力管理提供理论指导。结果表明：虽然腐殖酸类营养型改良剂中化肥用量仅为对照的13.40%、18.90%和24.96%,但改良剂的施用未降低土壤全氮、全磷、全钾和碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,且改良剂施用量为5415 kg/hm ²的处理显著提升了肥沟内土壤速效钾和有机质含量。此外,改良剂的施用未降低土壤pH和火龙果幼茎养分含量。火龙果果园中可施用腐殖酸类营养型改良剂,从而减少化肥的施用量,稳定果园土壤肥力和保障火龙果生长的养分需求。     

Decreasing input–output balance by reducing chemical fertilizer input without yield loss in intensive cropping system in the Coastal Area of southeast Lake Dianchi,Yunnan Province,China

Overuse of chemical fertilizer and/or manure in agriculture is a principal factor in water eutrophication in China. Our previous study indicated that reducing chemical fertilizer input effectively decreased the soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in an intensive vegetable cropping system in the coastal area of southeast Lake Dianchi, China. This study aimed to decrease the input–output balance, namely the nutrient balance between input of fertilizer and output through vegetable harvesting, by reducing chemical fertilizer application without yield loss. A pot experiment was performed using chemical fertilizer with different amounts of N, P, and K on soils from six vegetable fields’ representative of the study area. High nitrate concentration in soils 2, 3, and 6 resulted in high N absorption from soil, and low N absorption from chemical fertilizer. Moreover, the responses of dry matter production to N absorbed from chemical fertilizer were less sensitive in soils 2, 3, and 6 than those in the other soils. Accordingly, reducing N input of chemical fertilizer did not decrease total N absorption or dry matter production, which should be the reason why reducing N input of chemical fertilizer did not reduce dry matter production in soils 2, 3, and 6. In the cases of soils 1, 4, and 5, reducing N input of chemical fertilizer reduced dry matter production, owing to lower levels of soil nitrate. This study should be helpful for reducing nutrient surplus from chemical fertilizer in the coastal area of southeast Lake Dianchi and other eutrophic agricultural areas in China.     

保水缓释肥料保水性能及养分释放特性

为了明确添加水溶性保水剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯酸钠)肥料的保水缓释效果,利用圆盘造粒工艺制备了保水缓释肥料,通过土壤培养和土柱淋溶试验,研究了保水缓释肥料在土壤中的保水性能和养分缓释效果。结果表明:3种保水缓释肥料均具有一定保水性和养分缓释效果,随保水缓释肥料用量增加,土壤最大持水率逐渐增加,土壤水分蒸发率逐渐减小;其中,以添加聚丙烯酸钠的保水缓释肥料保水性能和养分缓释效果最佳,首次淋溶后氮磷钾养分释放率较普通肥料分别减少了50.38%、55.74%、48.37%,当肥料添加量为2%时,土壤最大持水率较纯土壤提高了43.28%,培养至30 d土壤水分蒸发率较纯土壤降低了22.86%。     

基于养分专家系统的水稻磷肥减施潜力研究

为探究养分专家系统推荐施肥下磷肥用量的减施潜力,进而为不同肥力水平稻田磷肥减施提供理论依据,在高、中、低肥力稻田上,通过在养分专家系统推荐施肥基础上增减15％、30％、45％磷肥用量开展双季稻田间试验,并分析磷肥用量与水稻产量的量化关系.结果表明,在高、中、低肥力稻田上,养分专家系统推荐施肥处理的早、晚稻产量均呈高肥力...     

有机肥替代部分无机肥对菜园土理化特性及果实养分的影响

以海南菜园土为试验对象,设计5个不同比例有机肥替代无机肥处理,于2016年11月下旬至2017年5月下旬在海南文昌进行大田试验,探讨有机无机肥不同配比对土壤理化性质和辣椒果实养分的影响。结果表明:土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量大小依次为0.7M>0.5M>0.3M,这说明在一定范围内,有机肥替代比例越高,土壤养分(碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质)含量就越高;5个处理试验饱和含水量大小依次为0.7M>0.5M>0.3M,土壤容重大小依次为0.7M<0.5M<0.3M,土壤总孔隙度大小依次为0.7M>0.5M>0.3M,说明在一定范围内,随着有机肥占比的增加,土壤的物理性质依次得到相应改善;土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性大小顺序皆为0.3M>0.5M>0.7M,说明0.3M处理为土壤酶活性最高且有机肥配比最适处理;0.7M处理中果实氮、磷、钾养分最高,钙、镁中量元素养分差异不显著,说明与有机肥配比关系较小。此结果说明有机肥替代30%无机肥能保持土壤酶活性,有机肥替代70%无机肥不仅能保证果实养分含量,而且能提高土壤肥力。      

Soil heterogeneity and potato fertilizer recommendations

Each of 24 field experiments ranging from. 23 to 3.1 acres in size was divided into small rectangles. Each rectangle was soil sampled and each sample was analyzed separately for phosphorus and potassium. In some experiments separate samples were taken from both the top and the second foot of soil. The means, standard deviations, coefficients of variation and the percentage of the experimental area which fell into one of five nutrient level classifications were calculated. Soil test results showed that fertility varied greatly within plots located in Washhington's Columbia Basin. The extreme soil variability is a factor that affecsts the method of soil sampling and the fertilizer recommendation. Thus, soil variability must be evaluated before a fertilizer program can be built. The use of soil testing to determine α specific fertilizer need for a field is not practical if the variability of the field is large. However, soil testing can assist in assessing the variability of a field and determining fertility trends over the years if properly used.     

Improving fertilizer recommendations for Nepalese farmers with the help of soil-testing mobile van

Smallholder farmers dominate agriculture in Nepal. These farmers have poor knowledge about agriculture and lack of support for soil management and integrated plant-nutrient systems. Focusing on the importance and need for soil-fertility management, a soil-testing mobile van program has recently been introduced in Nepal by Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan. With the introduction of the mobile lab, famers can get their soil tested for nutrient deficiencies and fertilizer requirements at their doorsteps. Using mobile lab, spatial distributions of chemical properties, including pH, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (as P₂O₅), and available potassium (as K₂O) were examined in soil samples taken from the 0 to 15 cm depth from selected agricultural fields in eight different districts in the mid-hills and Terai regions of Nepal. Tests conducted on 1,479 soil samples in the soil-testing mobile van revealed the following: the mean soil OM ranged from 0.01 to 1.77%; total N content ranged from 0.01 to 0.08%; mean available P₂O₅ ranged from 16.47 to 197.82 kg ha^?1; and mean available K₂O ranged from 84.3 to 422.57 kg ha^?1. For each crop to be grown, farmers were provided with individual soil health reports and fertilizer recommendations (rate, amount, and type). This program not only allows scientists and farmers to work closely and share information but also serves as a model for the nation to successfully transfer technology for improving soil health and sustainability.     

Influence of paddy rice terraces on soil erosion of a small watershed in a hilly area of Northern Vietnam

Soil erosion is the main cause of soil degradation in northern Vietnam. In this study, soil erosion was measured in 2 m² field plots, a 19.1-ha sub-watershed, and a 248.9-ha main watershed in Tam Quan commune, Tam Duong district, northern Vietnam during 2 years, i.e., 2004–2005. The main watershed includes lowland paddy fields, and is representative for watersheds in the northern Vietnamese landscape. Soil erosion was measured for eight events, at all the three scales to increase our understanding of erosional processes and to assess the effects of paddy fields within the main watershed. The results show that total discharge and sediment yield in both sub-watershed and main watershed were much lower than those in the field plots. Total discharge per unit area in the main watershed was higher than in the sub-watershed, because during the growing season, the paddies are filled with water and any rainfall on them therefore becomes runoff. Sediment yield in the main watershed fluctuated, depending on the soil erosion contribution from many sub-watersheds. Annual rainfalls in 2004 and 2005 were 1,172 and 1,560 mm, respectively, resulting in corresponding total discharges of 54 and 332 mm and total soil losses of 163 and 1,722 kg ha^?1 year^?1. High runoff volumes occurred in July, August, and September, but April, June, the last 10 days of September and October, were the susceptible periods for soil erosion in the study area because of low plant cover and many agricultural activities during these periods.     

刺激割制下橡胶园养分状况及其与产量的关系

于2003年8～9月在西双版纳胶园采集土壤样品218份,橡胶树叶片样本107份,调查了刺激割胶制度实施5 a后的胶园养分状况及其与胶树产量的关系.结果表明：刺激割制实行5 a后西双版纳胶园除土壤有机质、全氮、叶片氮含量下降外,总体来说其他养分状况均有所改善.胶园养分状况的好转与刺激割制推行过程中各农场采用营养诊断施肥等措施有关.缺氮是西双版纳垦区胶园的普遍现象,已成为该区胶树产量提高的限制因子,建议增施氮肥;但也有个别农场缺磷（东风农场）、缺镁（景洪农场）的现象.胶树产量与叶片N含量、胶园0～20 cm土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、有效磷含量成正相关,与叶片K,Ca,Mg,P含量呈负相关.     

有机无机复混肥在热带地区双季稻上化肥减施的应用效果

以热带地区典型酸性水稻土为载体,通过设置不施肥处理(CK)、常规化肥(T)、有机无机复混肥(OF)、有机无机复混肥减施10％(10％OF)和有机无机复混肥减施20％(20％OF)等不同试验处理,研究化肥、有机无机复混肥和减量施用对海南省双季稻的产量、养分积累和肥料利用率的影响,评估有机无机复混肥及其减量施用对热带地区土...     

平衡施肥对春玉米产量及养分吸收的影响

在吉林省玉米主产区采用田间试验研究平衡施肥对玉米产量、养分吸收利用和土壤养分表观平衡的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施肥（FP）相比,平衡施肥（OPT）在减施氮肥17.0%～37.7%、减施磷肥39.2%～48.7%的情况下,玉米产量提高2.3%～3.1%。OPT处理的养分吸收总量和肥料利用效率有不同程度的提高,其中氮吸收量提高12.3～25.4 kg/hm²,磷吸收量提高0.8～2.9 kg/hm²,钾吸收量提高2.8～4.5 kg/hm²,肥料利用效率提高13.7～19.6个百分点。平衡施肥处理的氮、磷、钾养分平衡系数分别为0.92～1.11、0.83～0.96、0.67～0.77,均好于农民习惯施肥,说明平衡施肥的氮、磷、钾等养分投入基本合理。     

稻草还田腐熟与化肥配施对晚稻产量及土壤理化性状的影响

稻草还田腐熟可以改善土壤理化性状,对水稻生长的经济性状指标有一定的影响,稻草还田腐熟后提供的氮、磷、钾营养元素可以减施化肥用量。试验中与无稻草还田常规施肥相比,稻草还田腐熟,以氮磷肥用量减少10%,钾肥用量减少10%~20%为宜,可使当季土壤有机质含量增加0.1~0.2 g/kg,提高0.3%~0.6%,而产量、产值和纯收益无明显差异。     

海南岛典型农业土壤产流与面源污染特征分析

采用径流场结合人工模拟降雨方式,研究各种降雨条件下海南岛不同土地类型产流产沙的规律与面源污染特征。结果表明：土壤（泥沙）产流系数与平均流失速率表现为暴雨＞大雨＞中雨,且暴雨时的泥沙平均流失速率为中雨时的416％、大雨时的261％,在中雨、大雨和暴雨强度下,平均径流系数分别为24.49％、33.97％和53.40％;雨强对土壤营养物质流失速率的影响达到显著水平,COD、有机质和氮素以径流流失为主,磷素以泥沙流失为主;土壤径流和泥沙中的COD、有机质、氮素和磷素流失速率随雨强的增大而增大,坡度也可明显影响面源污染物的流失;海南岛农业土壤平均流失量为3.79 t/（hm2·a）,中雨强度条件时为1.92 t/（hm2·a）,大雨强度条件时为2.57 t/（hm2·a）,暴雨强度条件时为6.87 t/（hm2·a）。海南岛农业土壤的水土流失强度较高,海南农业土壤的水土流失与农田污染物输出状况不容乐观。     

施钙对瘠薄红壤旱地花生土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨钙肥对瘠薄红壤旱地花生土壤理化性质影响，同时为优化花生生长环境提供理论依据，本研究在 湖南长沙选取红壤瘠薄旱地以及3个不同粒型大小花生品种（大粒湘花2008、中粒湘花55、小粒蓝山小籽），运用土 柱试验栽培法，设置施钙肥（CaO）和不施钙2个处理，对花生主要生育期的根际、0~20cm土壤理化性质进行测试与 分析。结果表明：在缺钙酸性土壤下，施钙能提高所有品种、各时期（成熟期略有不同）、各土层花生土壤的pH值， 调节土壤过酸强度；提升土壤有机质含量（蓝山小籽＞湘花2008＞湘花55）；显著增加土壤碱解氮含量（湘花55＞湘 花2008＞蓝山小籽）；更好地提高大、中粒型品种土壤有效钾含量；降低大、中粒型品种土壤有效磷含量。因此，在 氮、磷、钾营养元素充足，钙元素缺失的土壤下，增施石灰钙肥，既可降低土壤酸度，又能提高有机质、碱解氮、有效 钾含量，却降低速效磷含量，在缺钙酸性土壤花生生产中施用石灰时应增施磷肥，从而保障花生高产高效栽培。     

不同原料商品有机肥对土壤肥力性状及冬瓜产量的影响

分析明月海藻有机肥（CH01）、海腾鸡粪有机肥（HK05）、荣达豆粕有机肥（BT03）和博泰虾肽氨基酸有机肥（CJ01）4种不同原料商品有机肥养分含量,研究其对土壤肥力和冬瓜产量的影响。结果表明：海藻有机质含量最高,豆粕氮含量最高,鸡粪磷和钾含量最高;经过360 d的培养实验后,海藻对有机质提升效果最好;豆粕对碱解氮和全氮含量提升效果最好;鸡粪对速效磷提升效果最好;鸡粪和虾肽对速效钾提升最大。对土壤pH和CEC提升效果最好的有机肥分别为鸡粪和海藻。大田试验中豆粕对碱解氮含量提升效果最好,海藻对CEC提升效果最好,鸡粪对pH提升效果最好,与培养试验结果相一致。但各处理土壤中的养分含量,pH和CEC差异不显著。施用虾肽能显著提高冬瓜产量,其余处理与空白对照无显著差异。不同原料商品有机肥培肥土壤的能力受到有机肥基本理化性质的影响,增产效果与其钾含量高低有关,施用虾肽有机肥能显著提高冬瓜产量。短时间的田间试验无法体现商品有机肥的肥效。     

连作花生土壤养分变化及对施肥反应

采用盆栽试验,探讨了连作花生土壤养分的变化及对施用有机肥料和无机肥料的反应。结果表明,中等肥力砂壤土多年不施肥连作花生,土壤中的速效钾含量每年以近10％的量递减,速效磷含量以连作第3年减少最多,达52.99％。连年施用有机肥料,可增加土壤中的有机质和氮素含量。多量施用N、P、K化肥,土壤中的速效磷,速效钾含量较施用有机肥料分别增加77.05％,23.53％。连作花生施用有机肥料和无机肥料,增产效果均低于轮作花生。     

接种菌剂条件下玉米秸秆还田对玉米产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验研究接种菌剂条件下玉米秸秆还田对玉米产量、品质以及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,除可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量、植株磷含量和吸收量以外,施肥处理各项指标均优于对照。与单施化肥处理相比,化肥配施玉米秸秆直接还田导致玉米产量、农艺性状、品质和植株氮素与钾素含量下降,但接种菌剂能够改善农艺性状,降低减产幅度,而且能够改善玉米籽品质,提高植株氮素与钾素养分含量及吸收量。不同菌剂处理间以FSB2农艺性状较好,而品质和植株养分无明显差异。另外,化肥配施玉米秸秆直接还田能够增强土壤酶活性、提高土壤养分有效性,接种菌剂时效果更佳,在土壤养分方面以FSB2效果较好,而土壤酶无明显差异。说明接种降解菌剂有利于提高秸秆还田效果。