蜀柏毒蛾性信息素及其林间诱集效果初步研究

采取正己烷溶剂浸提法提取蜀柏毒蛾处女雌蛾性信息素腺体中的性信息素,运用气相色谱-触角电位联用仪(Gas Chromatography-electroantennographic Detection,GC-EAD)测定蜀柏毒蛾雄蛾触角对雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物中性信息素成分的活性反应,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrum,GC-MS)鉴定其活性反应成分。GC-EAD结果显示雄蛾触角对雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物中的2种成分有较好的反应。GC-MS分析结果表明能引起雄蛾触角电生理反应的成分为顺-9-十八碳烯醛和顺-9-十八碳烯醇。林间试验表明,顺-9-十八碳烯醛和顺-9-十八碳烯醇诱芯对蜀柏毒蛾有相近的诱集效果,表明顺-9-十八碳烯醛和顺-9-十八碳烯醇是蜀柏毒蛾性信息素主要成份。通过对复合组分配方顺-9-十八碳烯醛∶顺-9-十八碳烯醇=1∶9(200μg)、顺-9-十八碳烯醛∶顺-9-十八碳烯醇=9∶1(200μg)和单组分配方顺-9-十八碳烯醛(200μg)、顺-9-十八碳烯醇((200μg)4种配方诱芯林间诱集效果试验,结果 4种配方均具有一定的诱集效果,但复合组分诱集效果比单组分诱集效果好。     

落叶松毛虫对人工合成性信息素的剂量反应研究

为了推广落叶松毛虫性信息素应用技术,进行了落叶松毛虫对人工合成性信息素的剂量反应研究,结果表明:落叶松毛虫雄虫对含有人工合成性信息素顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇和顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醛的不同剂量诱芯的反应不同。随着性信息素剂量的增加诱到雄蛾的数量逐渐显著增加,含有最高剂量的顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇和顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醛各5 000μg诱芯的诱捕效果最好,但仍然低于含有1头处女雌蛾的诱捕器的诱捕量。建议在落叶松毛虫综合治理中推广使用含有顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇和顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醛各5 000μg或以上剂量的诱芯。     

中国林业专利选摘

☆一种赤松毛虫性信息素诱芯及其用途申请号:CN03101945.5公开号:CN1520724A申请人:中国科学院动物研究所(北京市)摘要:以袖口式橡胶塞为载体,将具有赤松毛虫性信息素的己烷溶液滴加到载体上,所述的赤松毛虫性信息素包括:顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇、顺5,反7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯和顺5,     

松墨天牛信息化合物在不同缓释载体上的释放速率

[目的]为研究目前常用的4种缓释载体对松墨天牛信息化合物的释放速率,以筛选合适的缓释材料应用于仿生诱芯制作。[方法]选用(+)-α-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯、2-十一烷氧基-1-乙醇,按9∶1∶1的成分比配制成引诱剂,聚乙烯缓释瓶A(LDPE)、聚乙烯缓释瓶B(HDPE)、聚乙烯管(PE)及灯芯瓶(PP)作为松墨天牛信息化合物的缓释材料,制作成松墨天牛诱芯悬挂于室外,并以APF-Ⅰ型松墨天牛引诱剂为对照。每5 d称量诱芯的重量并对缓释材料内的引诱剂成分进行GC分析,连续观察记录60 d,探究不同材料的缓释效果。[结果]灯芯瓶作为缓释材料,能使三种松墨天牛信息化合物比例长时间保持在较好水平,60 d后三种组分的相对含量分别为85.69%、9.23%、5.08%,缺点在于日挥发量较低。而聚乙烯缓释瓶A、聚乙烯缓释瓶B、聚乙烯管三种缓释材料组分挥发比例不协调,表现在聚乙烯缓释瓶A不能在较长时间内保持初始组分比例,物质释放在第19 d达到高峰,然后迅速下降并保持低释放水平;聚乙烯缓释瓶B中信息化合物的释放速率长期处于不稳定状态,第34 d是其释放速率的高峰,但该缓释材料能将释放量长期处于较高释放水平;聚乙烯管能在初期测试时就达到释放最高水平,然后随观测时间推移释放量持续下降,不能保持长时间高释放量。[结论]对照常见的APF-Ⅰ缓释材料,聚乙烯管缓释曲线最接近。实验明确了松墨天牛信息化合物在4种常用缓释载体上的释放模式及释放动态特征,能对缓释材料的选择应用提供指导,但这些材料都有一定缺陷,有必要加强对松墨天牛引诱剂缓释材料的进一步研究。     

思茅松毛虫3个地理种群性信息素成分差异分析

[目的]分析思茅松毛虫雌成虫不同地理种群间性信息素成分、含量和比例差异,比较雄成虫触角敏感性和不同配比诱芯诱捕效果差异,开发不同地域有针对性的思茅松毛虫种群监测方法和诱捕防控技术。[方法]运用气相色谱(GC)分析思茅松毛虫湖南、云南和江西地理种群雌虫性信息素腺体提取物,利用触角电位仪(EAG)测定思茅松毛虫各地理种群雄蛾触角对性信息素标准品及其不同配比组分的电生理敏感性,然后进行林间生物测定,比较不同配比的性信息素成分诱蛾效果。[结果]思茅松毛虫性信息素腺体中含有顺5,反7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯(Z5,E7-12:OAc)、顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇(Z5,E7-12:OH)和顺5-十二碳烯乙酸酯(Z5-12:OAc)3种成分,3个地理种群间这3种腺体成分含量和比例存在微小差异。3种成分以100:10:25或者100:10:10的比例配比,不同地理种群间均具有很好的触角电位活性和林间诱蛾活性。[结论]思茅松毛虫性信息素组分还没有发生明显的种下分化现象,3个地理种群间性信息素含量和比例的细微差异暗示着与地域差异、寄主植物差异和人为化学防控干扰等因素相关。     

马尾松毛虫性诱测报的研究

马尾松毛虫雌蛾具有较强释放性信息素的能力。为此,我们利用这一特性进行了马尾松毛虫发生期和发生量测报的研究。 分别应用人工合成性信息素、雌蛾活体及粗提性信息素进行诱测试验,效果良好,能在生产实践中应用。 一、人工合成性信息素的应用 马尾松毛虫人工合成信息素,系辽宁省营口市化工研究所提供,共有六种组合的诱芯,其成分分别如下: A种:2E—5.7—十二碳二稀—1—醇丙酸酯,剂量500微克/每诱芯。 B种:2E—5.7—十二碳二稀—1—醇,剂量500微克/每诱芯。 C种:醇:乙酸酯:丙酸酯的比例为4:3:3,剂量500微克/每诱芯。 D种:乙酸酯,剂量250微克/每诱芯。 E种:醇:乙酸酯:丙酸酯的比例为5:3:2,剂量500微克/每诱芯。 诱捕器采用江苏省海门三厂中学生产的三角形诱捕器,内涂上海警备区天山化工厂     

性信息素迷向干扰防控害虫的研究进展及应用前景

[目的]本文陈述国内外迷向技术的应用进展及影响迷向技术开展的生态因素,进而探讨不同缓释载体的剂型,旨在为利用昆虫性信息素迷向干扰害虫提供技术借鉴和参考。[方法]通过文献检索及个人研究方向,重点介绍国内外迷向干扰技术的应用情况及环境影响因素,探索常见缓释载体的类型(毛细管迷向丝、微胶囊、Puffer、SPLAT、蜡滴、空气纤维、静电纺丝/纳米纤维),指出不同缓释装置的优缺点。[结果]昆虫性信息素迷向干扰技术作为一种高效专一、环境友好的新型绿色防控害虫技术,已经成为害虫综合防控体系IPM(Integrated Pest Management)的重要组成部分,在全球范围内广泛应用于鳞翅目害虫的防治,鞘翅目、同翅目、半翅目、膜翅目等也有少量报道,尤以舞毒蛾、苹果蠹蛾、葡萄花翅小卷蛾的应用最为成功;明确了昆虫性信息素缓释载体及释放速率控制是有效实施性信息素迷向干扰技术的前提,揭示昆虫性信息素迷向干扰技术的应用机理,得出限制昆虫性信息素迷向干扰技术的经济及政策因素,旨在为我国更好的开展性信息素迷向干扰技术防控害虫提供参考。[结论]昆虫性信息素迷向干扰防控害虫的应用前景广泛,在农林业害虫的绿色防控中至关重要。     

松实小卷蛾对几种碳烯醛的室内行为反应研究

通过松实小卷蛾雄蛾对(E)-2-癸烯醛、(E)-2-十二碳烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛和(E,E)-2,4-十二碳二烯醛4个化合物的室内行为反应实验。结果表明,4个化合物都可在一定程度上引起松实小卷蛾雄蛾的兴奋、起飞、定向飞行等反应;松实小卷蛾雄蛾对(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛的反应最为强烈,是松实小卷蛾信息素的关键组分,其余3个化合物也是其信息素中不可或缺的组分。能够引起松实小卷蛾雄蛾明显行为反应的最低刺激量为0.01μg。     

沙蒿木蠹蛾性诱剂的分析合成与生物活性

采用毛细管气相色谱(GC)和触角电位测定(EAG)技术分析沙蒿木蠹蛾雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物.结果表明:在提取物中存在有顺-5-十二碳烯乙酸酯(Z5-12∶Ac)、顺-5-十四碳烯乙酸酯(Z5-14∶Ac)和顺-5-十二碳烯-1-醇(Z5-12∶OH)3种主要成分.通过人工合成得到相应的标准化合物,林间诱蛾试验结果显示:Z5-12∶Ac和Z5-14∶Ac 2种组分的组合具有很高的诱蛾活性,且具有专一性,当加入反-3-顺-5-十二碳二烯乙酸酯(E3,Z5-12∶Ac)时诱蛾活性增加.将3种化合物按10∶6∶0.5配成性诱剂制成诱芯(825 μg·个-1),诱蛾效果最佳,日平均诱蛾7.2头.此性诱剂可用以田间诱捕和虫情监测,为沙蒿木蠹蛾的综合防治提供一条新的方法和技术.     

祥云新松叶蜂与会泽新松叶蜂的性信息素评选试验

利用48种人工合成的松叶蜂性信息素单体在云南进行了祥云新松叶蜂和会泽新松叶蜂性信息素的筛测试验,并分别利用二氯甲烷和甲醛提取的祥云新松叶蜂性信息素粗提物,和祥云新松叶蜂处女蜂进行林间诱虫试验。试验结果证明,人工合成的48种松叶蜂性信息素的单体对祥云新松叶蜂和会泽新松叶蜂雄性成虫无引诱效果,需针对祥云新松叶蜂和会泽新松叶蜂重新进行性信息素的结构分析。利用祥云新松叶蜂性信息素二氯甲烷和甲醛粗提物的诱虫效果不如祥云新松叶蜂处女蜂。但其甲醛粗提物和二氯甲烷粗提物均能诱到祥云新松叶蜂的雄虫,说明该甲醛粗提物和二氯甲烷粗提物中含有祥云新松叶蜂性信息素成分,但由于提取的性信息素浓度偏低,故诱虫效果不明显。     

榆木蠹蛾性诱剂的合成及林间诱蛾试验

利用毛细管气相色谱分析榆木蠹蛾处女雌蛾性腺体提取物、化学合成相应的标准化合物并通过触角电位分析及林间诱蛾试验,旨在找到一种对榆木蠹蛾成虫具有强引诱活性的性诱剂.结果表明:提取物中存在反-3-十四碳烯醇(E3 - 14∶OH)、顺-3-十四碳烯醇(Z3 - 14∶ OH)、反-3 -十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(E3 - 14∶Ac)、顺-7-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z7-14∶ Ac)和顺-3-反-5-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z3E5 -14∶ Ac).榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对Z7-14∶ Ac产生最强的触角电位(EAG)反应,为4.95 mV,极显著高于其他化合物,其他依次是E3 - 14∶Ac、Z3E5 -14∶Ac、E3E5 -14∶ Ac、Z3 - 14∶Ac、腺体提取物、E7 - 14∶Ac,其中乙酸酯化合物EAG值极显著高于其相应的醇(P＜0.01).林间诱蛾活性试验表明:Z7- 14∶ Ac有诱蛾活性,E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac有显著的增效作用,Z7-14∶ Ac、E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac按10∶ 4∶4的比例配成每个含900 μg性诱剂的诱芯具有很好的诱蛾活性,单诱芯日平均诱蛾数达11.02头.     

Development of natural waxes dispensers for pheromones and use in mating disruption of the ambrosia beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Megaplatypus mutatus</Emphasis> in poplar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis> spp) plantations

Megaplatypus mutatus (= Platypus mutatus) (Chapuis) is an ambrosia beetle native to South America that attacks live trees, mining deeply into the xylem through large tunnels. This activity weakens the structural integrity of the tree, causing severe stem-breakage and mortality. Attacks are initiated by pioneer males that select a host tree and build short nuptial galleries, to which they attract females using a sexual pheromone. Previously, we showed the potential for the strategy of pheromone-mediated mating disruption of M. mutatus in commercial poplar and hazelnut plantations in South America and Europe using polyethylene reservoir dispensers for pheromones. In the present work we replaced the polymeric reservoir dispensers by monolithic dispensers made by dispersion of the pheromone in natural waxes and the addition of kaolin and we found that: prior to pheromone deployment, the mean number of galleries per tree did not differ significantly between the control and treated plots and the same was observed after the mating disruption treatment for the control plot but not for treated plots, where the mean number of galleries were reduced. These findings confirm that mating disruption is a viable tool for management of M. mutatus in poplar plantations. Using natural wax dispensers has obvious advantages from an environmental point of view.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis> males mainly fly at dusk: video camera-assisted pheromone traps and implications for mating disruption

Pheromone-mediated mating disruption (MD) is currently considered an effective strategy to control the European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana, with a successful interference on natural female calling during the male searching flight. However, little is known on the impact of the hour of the day on EGVM male flight. While various models forecasting the day of maximum presence of males per flight have been developed, field research on the male flight activity over 24 hours is scarce. Hence, we used video camera-assisted pheromone traps to allow a continuous monitoring of EGVM flights over daylight and night hours, quantifying captures of males. Experiments were carried out in three vineyards located in northern Spain over two years (2016 and 2017). Results showed that EGVM flight mainly occurred between 21:00 and 23:00 h (GMT+1, daylight saving time). Furthermore, male catches significantly differed over the study year, annual flight period and vineyard. Most of the dispensers used worldwide for EGVM MD continuously release the main sex pheromone component [(7E,9Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-yl acetate], except for some automatic devices releasing puffs of sex pheromones at selected time intervals. The findings presented here can be useful to optimize the MD technique, identifying selected time intervals when the release of EGVM synthetic pheromones can be concentrated, boosting MD efficacy against this important pest, minimizing the release of synthetic sex pheromone molecules in the environment and reducing application costs.     

天牛科昆虫信息化合物研究现状

天牛科昆虫是危害严重的林业害虫,给林业生产造成重大损失。昆虫信息化合物的鉴定及应用,在害虫综合治理(IPM)中发挥着重要的作用。到目前为止,已从100多种天牛科物种中鉴定出信息化合物质,天牛亚科(Cerambycinae)、沟胫天牛亚科(Lamiinae)和椎天牛亚科(Spondylidinae)鉴定出雄性天牛的聚集信息素组分,花天牛亚科(Lepturinae)和锯天牛亚科(Prioninae)物种主要是鉴定出雌性天牛释放性的性信息素组分。这些信息素组分在不同亚科、不同属和种之间重叠率高,同一种组分可以在多种天牛物种中发挥作用,调节昆虫行为活动的信息化学物质在害虫治理中具有应用潜力和广阔的前景。对国内外已研究的天牛科信息素组分进行系统分析,可为今后鉴定新的天牛科信息素组分提供依据,加快我国天牛科信息素组分鉴定和应用进程。     

天牛信息素的研究进展

天牛是对林木健康生长最具破坏力的重要蛀干害虫之一,对天牛信息素的研究是探索基于化学生态学和行为特性的防治技术的重要方面。雌雄二性天牛受寄主植物挥发物,特别是幼虫危害诱导的寄主挥发物的吸引,聚集在取食地点附近。雌雄二性天牛都可释放性信息素吸引异性。雄性在触角接触雌性天牛后,对雌性产生的接触信息素产生反应,识别雌性后才试图和雌性进行交配,雌性天牛表皮蜡质层的烃类或雌雄二性表皮中相对含量比较多的物质成为特有的信号物质。雄性天牛产生聚集信息素吸引雌雄二性。随着对天牛信息素的深入研究,使用信息素复合技术将有利于提高天牛林间诱捕量,对监测天牛种群动态和无公害防治天牛具有极其重要的意义。     

Studies on trapping of Fall Webworm moth,Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepid., Arctiidae)

With the aim of optimizing the trapping ofHyphantria cunea (Drury) males through pheromones, the activity of various traps, doses of pheromone components and dispensers was investigated. The best degree of activity was obtained by funnel traps (Uni-traps) with high capture ability and satisfactory representation of the flight curve when the population of the moth is high. On the contrary, the sticky traps gave good results in low density population. Comparing the activity ofH. cunea to the pheromones, (3Z, 6Z, 9S 10R)-cis-9,10-epoxy-1,3,6-heneicosatriene (or TEP), (3Z, 6Z, 9S 10R)-cis-9,10-epoxy-3,6-heneicosatriene (or DEP) and linolenic aldehyde (or TAL), the results obtained showed different responses according to the areas considered. Blend 1∶1∶1 of DEP:TAL:TEP revealed better results in the Venezia area (north-east Italy), while the activity of the Japanese dispenser (2∶30∶1) was highest in the Novara area (north-west Italy); on the contrary no significant differences were noted in Bergamo, the middle area considered. These results denote that the Italian population ofH. cunea could be made up of different strains, introduced from different geographical areas, with the presence of pheromone dialects.     

Reflections on structure and function of pheromone glands in storage insect species

Several polyphagous coleopteran and lepidopterous species, presently known as storage insects, have presumably evolved from free-living ancestral species, being capable of growth and reproduction on stored, desiccated and often nutritionally deficient foodstuffs. These potentially harmful insect species have probably adapted themselves to the newly acquired storage biotope by means of a well-developed sensory equipment serving food acquisition, aggregation and mate finding.Information by molecules may be communicated among the individuals of an insect species by means of relatively volatile pheromones (Greek, pher=convey) being emitted by exocrine glands and mainly carried by moving air to the sensilla of responsive individuals, or among the internal organs of an insect by means of relativelynonvolatile hormones (Greek, horma=impel), secreted fromendocrine glands and transported by the haemolymph to the receptors of target organs. It was postulated that pheromones were among the first chemical messengers utilized during evolution of animal behaviour, and that the pheromones of primitive protozoans could have been precursors of the hormones of metazoans. Hormones of the neurosecretory cells and corpora allata were found to induce sex pheromone biosynthesis in femaleTenebrio molitor, while dietary intake of a juvenile hormone analogue was shown to significantly enhance the production of aggregation pheromones in the males of certain silvanid and cucujid species.Aggregation pheromones are usually produced by the longlived and feeding males of several coleopteran species (Table 2) which deposit those chemical messengers to the substrate, where they induce the formation of bisexual assemblies supporting feeding, mating and reproduction. Sex pheromones are mostly produced by the short-lived and non-feeding females of several coleopteran and lepidopterous species (Table 2); females of those species usually release their sex pheromones to the air space during calling, and thus attract conspecific males for mating (Fig. 5 a–c).In some dermestid species, pheromone emission differs from the above scheme. Females of the short-lived and non-feedingTrogoderma granarium andT. inclusum release a phromone acting as a sex attractant for conspecific males and—in synergistic combination with tactile stimuli—as an assembling scent for conspecific females (Figs. 1 a, b, 2 and Table 1), females of the short-lived and feedingAntbrenus verbasci, Attagenus megatoma andAtt. elongatulus produce a sex pheromone for conspecific males, while females of the long-lived and feedingAn. scrophulariae emit a sex pheromone which lures conspecific males.Males of the long-lived and non-feeding bruchid speciesAcanthoscelides obtectus release a sex pheromone which attracts conspecific females. Androconial pheromones are discharged during courtship from the alar scales and abdominal tufts found in males of several microlepidopteran species (Phycitidae) includingAnagasta kuebniella, Cadra cautella, Ephestia elutella andPlodia interpunctella (Fig. 6 b–c); those aphrodisiac pheromones are known to enhance the specific responsiveness of the females to their mates. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that aggregation pheromones elicit considerable receptor potentials in the antennal olfactory sensilla of both sexes, whereas sex pheromones induce high receptor potentials in the antennal olfactory sensilla of one sex only. It was assumed that aggregation pheromones may be the evolutionary precursors of sex pheromones.Pheromone-producingexocrine glands are essentially groups of modified epidermals cells which are found in different body regions of male and/or female storage insect species. A simple pheromone gland, consisting of a single layer of adjacent secretory cells beneath the endocuticle of the 5th visible abdominal sternite, occurs in femaleTrogoderma granarium (Fig. 3 a). A more complex design, comprising an intra-abdominal semiglobular pheromone gland with numerous secretory cells being connected to tubuli which lead to an invaginated cuticular cribellum, is available in maleDermestes maculatus (Figs. 3 c, d and 4 c). The cribellum, provided with a caudally curved brush of fluted brisles, occurs in the centre of the 4th visible abdominal sternite (Figs. 4 a, b and 7 b). An apodemous exocrine gland is found in the lumen of the second abdominal segment of femaleLasioderma serricorne (Fig. 3 b). This lobate gland comprises many secretory cells, being connected by numerous tubuli to a sheath-like conical duct enveloping a V-shaped skeletal apodeme, which terminates in the abdominal tip. In maleTribolium castaneum, the secretory cells of both pheromone glands are connected by tubuli to two cribella, being densely covered by fluted bristles, and found in the femora of both forelegs (Fig. 7 a). Females of the phycitid speciesAnagasta kuebniella, Cadra cautella, Ephestia elutella andPlodia interpunctella are equipped with an intersegmental pheromone gland, situated between the 8th and 9th abdominal segment near the genital opening. The exocrine gland of the four moth species consists of a single layer of columnar secretory cells, lined by a spongy cuticle which seems to be permeable to the sex pheromone (Fig. 6 a). The latter is disseminated by calling females (Fig. 5 a, b) while their exocrine glands are widely exposed. Males of the above phycitid species are furnished with alar and abdominal androconia which become exposed during courtship and discharge aphrodisiac pheromones. The base of each of the androconial bristles and scales is immersed to an underlying unicellular, pheromone-producing gland (Fig. 6 d, e). The aphrodisiac pheromones, being secreted by the above glandular cells, are passing the lumen and walls of the bristles and scales, and evaporate from the surface of the latter. For example, malePlodia interpunctella possess 2 pairs of scent tufts (a small and a large one) on both sides of the 8th abdominal tergiet as well as 2 pairs of scent tufts (a small and a large one) near the base of the costal margin of the forewings (Fig. 6 b, c). Females of several phycitid species respond to the aphrodisiac pheromone of conspecific males by a pronounced readiness to mate.In the course of time, about 3 dozens of insect species (3/4 coleopteran and 1/4 lepidopterous species) have undergone sympatric speciation by sharing desiccated food in stores as a common habitat. Fertile matings between such heterogeneous species are often prevented by morphological and anatomical incompatibilities as well as physiological and behavioural barriers. Most of the species living in the storage habitat are reproductively isolated due to the molecular structure and blend composition of their pheromones (Table 2). Interestingly, some species (listed below) deviate from the majority by sharing the structure of their main pheromone components (mentioned in parenthesis), and are thus poorly separated: the curculionidsSitophilus oryzae andS. zeamais ((4S,5R)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone), the tenebrionidsTribolium castaneum andT. confusum ((4R,8R)-dimethyldecanal) as well as the dermestidsTrogoderma inclusum andT. variabile ((R,Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal). Theinsufficient reproductive isolation of the above species is compensated, i.a., by additional availability of a sex pheromone in femaleTribolium confusum, by different calling periods and emission rates of (R,Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal in females of the forementionedTrogodema species.Trogoderma glabrum andT. granarium areincompletely isolated by sharing (R,E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal as a pheromone component; they are indeed capable of cross-mating, but produce sterile hybrids. Moreover, maleOryzaepbilus mercator andO. surinamensis incorporate (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11R-olide as a common chiral component to their aggregation pheromones. The females of 5 phycitid species share (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate as their main pheromone component, while they are reproductively separated by additional emission of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol as secondary pheromone components, by the production of different androconial pheromones in conspecific males as well as different circadian calling activities.In the course of their research engagement on pheromones of storage insect and mite species (during the past 2.5 decades), the authors enjoyed fruitful collaboration with several renowned investigators working in Athens, Berlin, Hamburg, New York, Pantnagar, Tiantsin, Tokyo, Wisconsin, Yokohama and Zürich (chapter 6).Motto ...In addition to the amazing range of physiological activities of which it is capable during the process of moulting and cuticle formation, the epidermal cell is potentially an embryonic cell, with latent powers of differentiating in several different directions. The ordinary epidermal cell may divide to give rise to a pair of oenocytes. It may divide into four and produce a dermal gland cell with associated cells that form the glandular duct. Or the four daughter cells may differentiate into the bristle-forming and socket-forming cells which give rise to the sensillum and into the sense cell with its neurilemma cell both of which grow inwards to become a part of the central nervous system ...V B. Wigglesworth, 1959With 2 tables and 7 figuresDedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Sir Vincent BrianWigglesworth who died on February 12th, 1994.     

Response by Ips typographus to pheromone dispensers stored for 8 years

Pheromone dispensers containing methylbutenol, (‐)cis‐verbenol and ipsdienol, which are the three components of the Ips typographus pheromone, retained their effectiveness for 8 years when stored in sealed aluminium bags in an unheated room in the cellar of a storehouse     

Geographic variation in pheromone component ratio and antennal responses,but not in attraction,to sex pheromones among fall armyworm populations infesting corn in Mexico

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most important pests of corn in Latin America. This insect presents two strains with behavioural and genetic differences. In Mexico, both strains are present, and at least two different FAW populations have been reported within the corn-strain. The objective of this study was to gather evidence of whether pheromonal communication varies among different S. frugiperda populations infesting corn in Mexico. First, we investigated any qualitative or quantitative difference in the composition of sex pheromones among populations; second, we studied whether male antennal responses to pheromone components vary among populations; and, finally, we investigated whether males from a region can discriminate between a synthetic pheromone blend characteristic of their region and blends formulated with the ratio of pheromone compounds emitted by females from other populations. Sex pheromone components were sampled by solid-phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Females from all populations consistently released three compounds: (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc). Our results showed that Z9-14:OAc and Z7-12:OAc evoked the highest and most variable antennal responses among the populations studied compared to Z11-16:OAc. However, males did not discriminate between local pheromone blends and those formulated from other populations in a field test. These results show that although there is geographic variation in the ratio of pheromone components and in the peripheral reception of them, males were not differentially attracted to different pheromone blends in the field.