Oral vaccination trials with crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to induce resistance to the white spot syndrome virus

The potential of oral vaccination against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish Procambarus clarkii was investigated. The protective effect of binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated WSSV was tested by oral vaccination, followed by an oral challenge with WSSV. The crayfish fed with feed pellets coated with BEI-inactivated WSSV showed a resistance to WSSV on the seventh day post vaccination (dpv). The relative percentage survival values were 60%, 70% and 75% for the vaccinated once, twice and thrice with inactivated WSSV. Following an intramuscular injection experiment, no mortality was recorded in the inactivated WSSV group and the negative control at 17 days post challenge. The cumulative mortalities in the heated WSSV group and WSSV group were 100%. Shrimp that survived the WSSV challenge on the seventh day after cessation of oral vaccination were positive for the presence of WSSV by a polymerase chain reaction assay specific for WSSV. This result indicated that inactivated WSSV could protect crayfish against WSSV by oral delivery.     

注射白斑综合征病毒对克氏原螯虾酚氧化酶活力的影响

将白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila,Ah)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)(DH5α)用注射法接种克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii),在0~72 h之间定时检测克氏原螯虾血细胞和肝胰脏中酚氧化酶(Phenoloxidase,PO)活力变化。结果显示:(1)0.1 mg/m L和1 mg/m L胰蛋白酶处理样品后,样品间差异不显著。(2)加胰蛋白酶处理与未加胰蛋白酶相比,供试克氏原螯虾PO活力均升高。(3)未加胰蛋白酶与加胰蛋白酶表现出相似的特征,WSSV和Ah注射组与对照组相比均表现为,12~48 h PO活力显著高于对照组,并且在48 h达到最大值,72 h时基本恢复正常;注射DH5α组与对照组相比没有显著性变化。可见感染WSSV后,克氏原螯虾体内酚氧化酶活力发生了变化,由此推测,PO参与了螯虾体内抵御病毒的免疫反应。     

养殖克氏原螯虾体内白斑综合征病毒的绝对定量分析

近年来克氏原螯虾的养殖受到WSSV的威胁,病毒在宿主组织中的绝对定量对于了解病毒的致病性具有重要意义,但克氏原螯虾组织中WSSV的绝对定量分布还有待研究。实验调查了湖北省5个主养区克氏原螯虾WSSV的感染率,结果表明80%以上克氏原螯虾都携带有WSSV。采用WSSV-VP28蛋白特异性抗体对克氏原螯虾提取蛋白进行Western Blot检测,在WSSV-PCR阳性样品中可检测到VP28特异性条带,在WSSV-PCR阴性样品中没有检测到相应条带。采用实验室建立的WSSV绝对定量PCR方法,对携带病毒的克氏原螯虾6个组织(鳃、胃、肠、血淋巴细胞、肝胰腺和心脏)进行检测。结果表明,在鳃、胃和肠可检测到较多病毒量(约108拷贝/mg),其次是血淋巴细胞(107拷贝/mg)、肝胰腺(106拷贝/mg),在心脏中病毒的含量最低(103拷贝/mg),表明病毒的复制存在组织特异性。结果显示WSSV主要存在于消化系统中,预示着克氏原螯虾可能主要在摄食过程中感染WSSV;不同地区克氏原螯虾组织病毒携带量表现出一定差异,预示着WSSV感染可能受到环境因素的影响。     

克氏原螯虾自噬相关基因PcAtg2的克隆及其在白斑综合征病毒胁迫下的表达分析

为了解自噬相关基因Atg2在克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkia)先天免疫中的作用,本研究克隆了克氏原螯虾Atg2 (PcAtg2)基因全长序列。生物信息学分析显示,PcAtg2蛋白编码序列全长为9 966 bp,推测其编码2 189个氨基酸。组织定量表达分布显示,PcAtg2在克氏原螯虾的各个组织中均有表达,其中在肝胰腺中表达最高,在眼柄中表达最低。在白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染实验中,PcAtg2基因表达量在不同组织中均呈现显著上调趋势。RNA干扰(RNAi)实验显示,PcAtg2基因沉默后,WSSV在克氏原螯虾体内的增殖明显被抑制,同时,自噬相关基因的表达量上调。透射电镜分析结果显示,在WSSV感染后,PcAtg2基因沉默组中克氏原螯虾肝胰腺组织中的自噬小体多于对照组。本研究结果可为了解克氏原螯虾应对WSSV胁迫下的调控机制提供理论参考。     

白斑综合征病毒感染克氏原螯虾后的PCR检测及组织病理学研究

采用投喂感染白斑综合征病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus,WSSV)对虾肌肉的方式,对养殖克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)进行人工感染,以确定WSSV对养殖克氏原螯虾的易感性。结果发现,投喂病虾感染组螯虾的死亡率达到90%,而对照组未出现死亡。采用PCR对试验组螯虾的肌肉进行WSSV检测,发现投喂感染组的阳性检出率为100%,对照组的阳性检出率均为0。PCR检测结果发现,濒死螯虾的肝胰腺、中肠、肌肉、鳃、性腺、心脏六种组织的PCR结果均为WSSV阳性,而对照组的各组织检测结果均为阴性。组织切片的光镜观察也证实,濒死螯虾的肝胰腺、中肠、肌肉、鳃、性腺、心脏及血淋巴等组织均发生了不同程度的病变。     

Protection of crayfish, Cambarus clarkii, from white spot syndrome virus by polyclonal antibodies against a viral envelope fusion protein

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus, causing considerable mortality in penaeid shrimp and other crustaceans. WSSV produces five major structural proteins, including two major envelope proteins, VP28 and VP19. To produce VP28 and VP19 as a single protein for antibody production, DNA sequences encoding both open reading frames were fused together and cloned into pET-22b(+) expression vector. The fusion protein, VP(19+28), was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified using Ni2+ His affinity chromatography and injected into a rabbit. Antiserum collected from the immunized rabbit was tested in vivo for ability to protect crayfish, Cambarus clarkii, from disease caused by WSSV. Fifteen days after challenge with WSSV, treatment with VP(19+28) antiserum gave 100% protection against disease in the ambient temperature range of 15-22 degrees C and 65% protection at a constant temperature of 26 degrees C. These results demonstrated VP(19+28) antiserum is effective in protection of crayfish from WSSV and confirmed that VP19 and VP28 play an important role in WSSV host infection. Targeting both VP19 and VP28 may be effective for the design of both immunotherapeutic medicines and reagents to detect WSSV.     

Purification of white spot syndrome virus by iodixanol density gradient centrifugation

Up to now, only a few brief procedures for purifying white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) have been described. They were mainly based on sucrose, NaBr and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. This work describes for the first time the purification of WSSV through iodixanol density gradients, using virus isolated from infected tissues and haemolymph of Penaeus vannamei (Boone). The purification from tissues included a concentration step by centrifugation (2.5 h at 60 000  g ) onto a 50% iodixanol cushion and a purification step by centrifugation (3 h at 80 000  g ) through a discontinuous iodixanol gradient (phosphate‐buffered saline, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The purification from infected haemolymph enclosed a dialysis step with a membrane of 1 000 kDa (18 h) and a purification step through the earlier iodixanol gradient. The gradients were collected in fractions and analysed. The number of particles, infectivity titre (in vivo), total protein and viral protein content were evaluated. The purification from infected tissues gave WSSV suspensions with a very high infectivity and an acceptable purity, while virus purified from haemolymph had a high infectivity and a very high purity. Additionally, it was observed that WSSV has an unusually low buoyant density and that it is very sensitive to high external pressures.     

Recent insights into host–pathogen interaction in white spot syndrome virus infected penaeid shrimp

Viral disease outbreaks are a major concern impeding the development of the shrimp aquaculture industry. The viral disease due to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) observed in early 1990s still continues unabated affecting the shrimp farms and cause huge economic loss to the shrimp aquaculture industry. In the absence of effective therapeutics to control WSSV, it is important to understand viral pathogenesis and shrimp response to WSSV at the molecular level. Identification and molecular characterization of WSSV proteins and receptors may facilitate in designing and development of novel therapeutics and antiviral drugs that may inhibit viral replication. Investigations into host–pathogen interactions might give new insights to viral infectivity, tissue tropism and defence mechanism elicited in response to WSSV infection. However, due to the limited information on WSSV gene function and host immune response, the signalling pathways which are associated in shrimp pathogen interaction have also not been elucidated completely. In the present review, the focus is on those shrimp proteins and receptors that are potentially involved in virus infection or in the defence mechanism against WSSV. In addition, the major signalling pathways involved in the innate immune response and the role of apoptosis in host–pathogen interaction is discussed.     

湖北省潜江地区克氏原螯虾(procambarus clarkii)白斑综合征(White Spot Syndrome)PCR诊断及组织病理学观察

近年来在湖北省范围内人工养殖的克氏原螯虾暴发了严重的疾病,其中白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）已成为危害克氏原螯虾健康养殖的重要病原。2016年5月湖北省潜江市养殖区暴发了一种传染性疾病,为探究此次疾病病因和流行规律,将染病虾进行临床症状观察、对病料进行PCR检测、系统发育树分析、人工感染和组织病理学观察。结果显示,发病克氏原螯虾临床症状主要表现为摄食减少,活力下降,反应迟钝;组织病理学观察结果显示,克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺、肠、肌肉、鳃组织均出现不同程度变性和坏死以及炎性细胞浸润等典型病理学变化,与WSSV感染克氏原螯虾出现的病变相似;PCR检测患病克氏原螯虾样品,结果显示WSSV呈阳性,阳性检出率为55.56%（15/27）,未检测到斑节对虾杆状病毒（MBV）和传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒（IHHNV）;检测产物测序并进行系统发育树分析,结果显示,该基因序列与WSSV的EG3株（KR083866.1）核苷酸序列同源性为100%。将病虾的肝胰腺、肠和肌肉组织投喂健康克氏原螯虾,投喂组均表现为急性死亡（累积死亡率为100%）,并出现与自然发病虾相同的症状。WSSV的巢式PCR检测结果显示,人工感染病虾为WSSV阳性。根据以上显示,本次养殖克氏原螯虾大规模死亡的病原是WSSV。     

复方中草药对克氏原螯虾生长和脱壳的影响

研究了饲料中添加复方中草药(质量分数为1%,2%和4%)对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)生长和脱壳的影响。结果显示,添加复方中草药后,虾的脱壳周期缩短,脱壳死亡率和非脱壳死亡率均明显降低(P<0.05),但各中草药添加组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。三个剂量的复方中草药添加组均能不同程度地提高虾的脱壳数、成功脱壳数、硬壳虾重和软壳虾重,与未添加组相比差异显著(P<0.05),其中2%组增加最为显著,分别比对照组高出71.1%、103.2%、20.3%、10.0%。回归分析表明,克氏原螯虾的特定生长率达到最大值时的中草药添加质量分数为2.74%。试验表明克氏螯虾饲料中复方中草药水平以2%左右为宜。     

Increased resistance to white spot syndrome virus in Procambarus clarkii by injection of envelope protein VP28 expressed using recombinant baculovirus

In order to investigate whether protein structure has an effect on protective effect of envelope protein of WSSV, VP28 protein was expressed both in Escherichia coli (pET-VP28) and insect (BmN) cells (BmNPV-VP28). The baculovirus (BmNPV) expression system was used to obtain correctly folded VP28 protein. Procambarus clarkii crayfish were intramuscularly injected with lysates of cells infected with recombinant pET-VP28 and BmNPV-VP28, respectively, and then challenged by intramuscular injection of WSSV to assess the duration of protection. The crayfish injected with BmNPV-VP28 showed generally lower mortality rates when compared to crayfish injected with pET-VP28, resulting in relative percent survivals of 92% and 39%, respectively, when compared to the control groups injected with empty vectors BmNPV and pET-30a. These results showed that VP28 protein produced in BmN cells gave much better protection than VP28 protein produced in E. coli.     

Effect of low water temperature on viral replication of white spot syndrome virus in Procambarus clarkii

This study evaluated the effect of low water temperature (10 ± 1 °C) on viral infection and replication of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, under standardized conditions. Crayfish were (i) maintained at 24 ± 1 °C before challenge and 10 ± 1 °C afterwards, or (ii) maintained at 10 ± 1 °C before challenge and 24 ± 1 °C afterwards. No mortality was observed when crayfish were held at 10 ± 1 °C after challenge, but mortality reached 100% when they were transferred to 24 ± 1 °C. Competitive PCR showed that viral levels at 10 ± 1 °C rose from 10⁶ to 10⁸ copies/mg of gill tissues, while at 24 ± 1 °C levels increased from 10⁶ to 10¹⁰ copies/mg of gill tissues during the same time interval. These results showed that a low water temperature of 10 ± 1 °C could reduce viral replication when compared to 24 ± 1 °C but could not prevent it.     

常规PCR与巢式PCR法快速检测克氏原螯虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)

对传统对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的PCR检测方法中的病毒模板DNA的提取方法加以改进,建立了一种快速检测克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)WSSV的PCR方法。本方法将克氏原螯虾肝胰腺组织匀浆液冻融3次进行差速离心后,在病毒沉淀中加入50μL蛋白酶K溶液,室温消化5 min,沸水中煮10 min后,10000 r/min高速离心5 min即可取上清液用于PCR扩增,结果显示:与传统的病毒模板DNA提取方法相比,本方法的PCR结果特异性强,扩增效率高,准确率高,可应用于快速大规模检测克氏原鳌虾中的WSSV。     

Effectiveness of Synthetic Molecules,and Animal and Vegetable Extracts as Baits for Harvesting Red Swamp Crayfish,Procambarus clarkii

Abstract

The present study was designed to evaluate the efficiency of different biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermine and spermidine) and their precursory amino acids (arginine, histidine, lysine and tyrosine), as well as animal extracts (from fish, crustaceans and mollusks) and vegetable extracts (Chara sp., coconut and alfalfa) as baits in traps for red swamp crayfish, P. clarkii. The methodology was conceived as a logical sequence to proceed from rapid screening of a large number of treatments and was divided into three phases: (1) chemo-detection bioassays, (2) chemattraction bioassays, and (3) field bioassays carried out under natural conditions. The attractants that showed the best performance as baits for P. clarkii, were: the fish soluble extract (included at 2.96%), the putrescine (included at 0.30%) and the red crab soluble extract (included at 2.69%). The benefits of using these attractants, when added to common pelleted feed, come from their low cost, availability and enhanced handling properties.     

孕酮对克氏原螯虾大颚器激素生物合成的体外调控

运用体外放射化学方法研究孕酮对克氏原螯虾（Procambarus clarkii）大颚器官（MO）生物合成甲基法尼酯（MF）的调控作用.结果表明,低浓度孕酮（10 pmol/L,100 pmol/L）对MO生物合成MF的抑制作用不明显;高浓度孕酮（1 nmol/L,5 nmol/L,10 nmol/L）对MF生物合成具有极显著的抑制作用（P＜0.01）.表明较高的血淋巴孕酮水平对克氏原螯虾MO合成MF产生反馈抑制作用.研究中对涉及MF合成的眼柄-大颚器官-卵巢轴的调节机理作了探讨.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：471-474]     

白斑综合征病毒环介导等温扩增快速检测方法的建立

根据对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)囊膜蛋白VP28基因保守序列,利用Primer Explorerv 4.0软件设计了4条引物,建立了白斑综合征病毒环介导等温扩增快速检测方法,对反应温度和反应时间等参数进行了优化,同时将建立的LAMP检测方法与巢式PCR进行了比较分析。结果表明,LAMP最适反应在64℃恒温条件60min内完成,凝胶电泳呈现梯型条带;反应体系中添加SYBR Green I荧光染料后,绿色的阳性结果明显区别于橙色阴性结果。LAMP方法的最低检出限为100拷贝/μL,灵敏度较巢式PCR高100倍,而且LAMP方法在1h内即可完成检测,操作简单,无需复杂仪器,肉眼可直接观察检测结果。用建立的LAMP方法对临床发病南美白对虾样品进行了检测,结果表明,LAMP方法适合对虾白斑综合征病毒的现场快速检测。     

Experimental infection of European crustaceans with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Eight European marine and freshwater crustaceans were experimentally infected with diluted shrimp haemolymph infected with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Clinical signs of infection and mortalities of the animals were routinely recorded. Diagnosis was by direct transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DNA hybridization (dot-blot and in situ hybridization) using WSSV probes and by PCR using WSSV specific primers. High mortality rates were noted between 7 to 21 days post-infection for Liocarcinus depurator , Liocarcinus puber , Cancer pagurus , Astacus leptodactylus , Orconectes limosus , Palaemon adspersus and Scyllarus arctus . Mortality reached 100%, 1 week post-infection in P. adspersus . When infection was successful, direct TEM observation of haemolymph revealed characteristic viral particles of WSSV, some observed as complete virions (enveloped), others as nucleocapsids associated with envelope debris. WSSV probes showed strong positive reactions in dot-blots and by in situ hybridization in sections and specific virus DNA fragments were amplified successfully with WSSV primers. White spot syndrome virus was pathogenic for the majority of the crustaceans tested. This underlines the epizootic potential of this virus in European crustaceans.     

Protection of Procambarus clarkii against white spot syndrome virus using recombinant subunit injection vaccine expressed in Pichia pastoris

ABSTRACT:   The potentiality of injection vaccine against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish Procambarus clarkii was investigated. WSSV envelope proteins VP19 and VP28 were expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris GS115. The purified recombinant proteins (2 µg/g of crayfish) were injected intramuscularly, and the same dose injected as a booster shot on fifth day after vaccination. The vaccinated crayfish were divided into two even groups and later challenged orally by WSSV-infected dead crayfish muscle (2 g/individual) on the third and 21st days after the booster shot. The relative percent survival (RPS) in the third-day group was the highest in VP28 (91%), followed by VP19 + VP28 (84%), and VP19 (45%). The RPS for the 21st-day group was the highest in VP28 (78%), followed by VP19 + VP28 (76%), and VP19 (17%). Development of vaccine by using recombinant proteins VP19 and VP28 expressed in yeast is feasible.