马铃薯硫素吸收规律的初步研究

通过田间试验和室内测定分析,研究了马铃薯硫素吸收规律。结果表明:马铃薯全生育期内各器官含硫量始终以叶片最高,茎秆其次,块茎最低;全株硫的累积吸收量随生育进程的推进呈二次曲线变化,在淀粉积累期硫素累积量达到最大值;块茎形成至块茎增长期是马铃薯一生中硫素吸收速率最快、吸收数量最多的时期;生育期间硫素在马铃薯各器官的分配随着生长中心的转移,发生相应的变化,块茎增长期之前叶片中分配最多,其次为茎秆,块茎中最少,之后则是块茎中最多,茎秆其次,叶片中最少;硫在叶片中的分配率随生育进程逐渐降低,块茎中硫的分配率则为直线增长,茎秆中硫的分配率变化表现为单峰曲线,峰值出现在块茎形成期。本试验产量水平下,每生产500kg块茎需要吸收硫0.13kg。     

马铃薯根际器官的呼吸变化

采用改良的桶栽法和排除根系法两种方法测定马铃薯植株在苗期、块茎形成期和块茎膨大期三个阶段根际器官CO2和O2呼吸速率的变化。结果表明:一天之中,马铃薯根际器官的呼吸速率先升高,后降低;O2的呼吸速率和CO2的变化趋势相反;在整个生育期过程中块茎形成期的呼吸速率最大。两种测定方法的根际器官呼吸速率变化趋势一致。     

Potato Stolon and Tuber Growth Influenced by Nitrogen Form

Abstract

Potato tuber initiation and its growth are key processes determining tuber yield, which are closely related to stolon growth, and are influenced by many factors including N nutrition. We investigated the influences of different forms of nitrogen (N) on stolon and tuber growth in sand culture with a nitrification inhibitor during 2010 – 2011, and using two potato cultivars. Plants supplied with NO₃-N (N as nitrate, NO₃^-) produced more and thicker stolons than those supplied with NH₄-N (N as ammonium, NH₄⁺) at tuber initiation stage. In the plants fed NO₃-N, the stolon tips swelled or formed tubers earlier and produced more tubers than in those fed with NH₄-N. However, no significant difference was observed among N forms in terms of tuber yield at harvest, this may have been because of the shoot growth rate at tuber initiation stage was lower in the plants fed NO₃-N. During the tuber bulking stage, the difference in shoot DWs among N forms began to decrease, and the shoot DW of plants fed NO₃-N was even heavier than those fed NH₄-N in some cases. The influence of N form on potato plant growth may therefore vary with the potato growth stage.     

Impact of Canopy Destruction from Simulated Hail on Potato Yield and Economic Return

Insurance against hailstorm-inflicted losses to potato crops is crucial for producer risk management. Insurance providers need regionally specific information on which to base estimates of hail damage. The objective of the research reported here was to determine the effects of a range of simulated hail defoliation treatments, low (33%), medium (66%), and high (99%), relative to an untreated control (0%) on yield and grower economic returns from one medium- and one late-maturing potato variety (‘Russet Norkotah TX278’ and ‘Ranger Russet,’ respectively) at three growth stages (tuber initiation, early bulking, and late bulking) in the Columbia Basin of Washington. Plants within the 33% and 66% treatments were defoliated by sweeping a garden rake with 16 solid, curved tines through the canopy of each treatment row several times until plants exhibited the desired defoliation level. Tuber initiation and early bulk plants within the 99% treatment were essentially mowed to ground level. Intensity of defoliation and stage of growth had significant, interacting effects on grower returns. Gross return and yield for both varieties at each growth stage were significantly reduced by 99% defoliation; these effects were mediated by the effects of defoliation on tuber size distribution. Total yield and gross return experienced the largest declines at early bulk compared with tuber initiation and late bulk defoliation in both varieties. When 99% of the early bulk foliage was removed, Russet Norkotah TX278 gross return and yield were reduced to 14% and 38%, respectively, of the values for the non-treated control, and Ranger Russet gross return and yield were reduced to 30% and 51% of control values, respectively. Defoliation of 99% at all growth stages significantly reduced overall market yield compared to controls for both varieties. However, tuber size distribution was most affected by 99% defoliation at early bulk. Severe defoliation (99%) at tuber initiation significantly delayed vine senescence in both varieties. The results of this study suggest that insurance adjusters should take into account the combined influence of growth stage and defoliation level when hail damage occurs.     

马铃薯旱作栽培干物质积累与分配

对内蒙古呼盟与乌盟旱作马铃薯优化栽培下的干物质积累状况进行了研究。结果表明 :马铃薯全生育期植株干物质积累量呈“S”型曲线变化 ,干物质积累速率呈单峰曲线 ,峰值出现在块茎快速增长期 ,干物质积累百分率以块茎增长后期至淀粉积累期较高 ;马铃薯生育期间不同器官干物质积累中心依次为叶片、地上茎、块茎 ;两地区不同品种优化栽培下的各项栽培生理指标均优于一般生产田和不施肥处理 ,其产量差异达显著或极显著水平     

数字图像技术在马铃薯氮素营养诊断中的应用

应用数码相机获取马铃薯冠层图像色彩信息,探索出马铃薯氮营养状况的一种新方法。结果表明,在块茎形成期和块茎膨大期,数码相机获取的数字图像分析得到的冠层绿光与蓝光比值(G/B)与其它描述马铃薯氮素营养状况的指标如土壤无机氮、植株全氮含量、叶柄硝酸盐浓度、叶绿素仪读数均有良好的负相关关系。     

马铃薯钾素的吸收、积累和分配规律

马铃薯各器官中钾素(K2O)浓度始终以茎秆中最高,表明作为运输器官的地上茎需要更多的钾离子。马铃薯对钾素(K2O)的吸收速率呈双峰曲线变化,峰值分别出现在块茎增长初期和淀粉积累期,且以淀粉积累期的吸收速率为最高,这与块茎的生育代谢规律一致。降低密度、增施氮、磷、钾肥可提高各器官中钾的含量和钾的积累量,尤其是增施磷肥。马铃薯钾素(K2O)积累量在淀粉积累期达到峰值,在块茎形成期以前,叶片中钾素(K2O)的分配率最高;块茎形成后,地上茎中的K2O的分配率始终高于叶片,这有利于保持地上茎的高效运输、直立与抗性;块茎形成后,K2O的分配率逐渐增加,对于块茎体积的增长和淀粉的积累具有重要意义。     

马铃薯稻草覆盖免耕栽培与传统栽培比较研究

为探索马铃薯稻草免耕栽培增产机理,我们开展了马铃薯稻草覆盖免耕栽培与传统栽培比较研究。结果表明,与传统栽培相比,稻草覆盖免耕栽培马铃薯薯皮光滑,块茎大小整齐,出苗率高,株高和叶片数较多,中、后期植株生长速度明显加快。分枝数多、单株块茎重和大薯率高是马铃薯稻草覆盖免耕栽培增产的主要原因。     

马铃薯氮素营养状况的SPAD仪诊断

以马铃薯品种克新1号为材料,研究了叶片SPAD值、叶片全氮含量、叶绿素含量以及块茎产量随供氮水平的变化规律及相互关系,旨在为使用叶绿素仪进行马铃薯无损伤氮素诊断和推荐施肥奠定基础。研究结果表明,从马铃薯苗期到块茎淀粉积累各个生育阶段叶片的SPAD测定值均与马铃薯叶片含氮量呈显著正相关关系。除苗期外,块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期的马铃薯叶片含氮量和叶片SPAD值随土壤施氮量的变化均表现为线形加平台的模式。因此马铃薯块茎形成期后叶片的SPAD读数可揭示马铃薯的氮素营养状况。统计分析结果还表明,叶片SPAD值与块茎相对产量呈线形加平台的数量关系模式,据此确定了应用叶绿素仪SPAD-502进行马铃薯推荐施肥的SPAD临界值为块茎形成期47.3、块茎膨大期45.1、淀粉积累期40.2。     

马铃薯磷素的吸收、积累和分配规律

磷元素在马铃薯植株体内的流动性较大,磷营养水平与块茎膨大密切相关,块茎是磷素的最终贮存库。在块茎增长初期,叶片、地上茎和块茎中的磷素浓度均为一生中的最高值,此时是马铃薯对磷需求最多的时期,块茎形成后,则大量的磷(P2O5)向块茎转移。马铃薯对磷素(P2O5)吸收速率较低。在整个生育期内吸收速率呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在块茎增长期。     

马铃薯氮素的吸收、积累和分配规律

植株体内氮素浓度的高低反映了其生长势的强弱,马铃薯生育期间各器官氮素浓度的变化始终表现为叶片>地上茎>块茎,叶片中的氮素浓度高低反映了叶片光合活性的大小。马铃薯对氮的吸收与营养生长和块茎的增长密切相关,植株对氮的需求量受其生长状况所控制。而且,氮在植物体内很容易流动,块茎形成后,大量的氮素转移到块茎中,用于块茎的建成和营养贮存。马铃薯植株在淀粉积累开始后,各器官中氮素加快了向块茎的转移,使叶片和地上茎的衰老进一步加剧。因此,在马铃薯高产栽培实践中,须注重氮、磷、钾的适量与配合施用,使之既能满足块茎的形成与生长的需要,又可防止植株生长过旺或后期发生早衰。本试验表明,在因素中量(适量)组合下,每生产500kg块茎需要纯N2 65kg。     

马铃薯抗旱品种的筛选与评价(一)

本文对24个马铃著品种(系)在旱作栽培条件下进行了评价,产量表现最高的为晋薯1号、乌盟851、坝薯10号和紫花白。块茎产量与茎叶覆盖度、根系拉力、茎叶干鲜重、根干鲜重、根数之间呈直线正相关,与出苗天数、块茎形成天数则呈直线负相关。根系拉力与根数、株高、茎叶干鲜重、根干鲜重呈直线正相关;与出苗天数和形成块茎天数呈负相关。结果表明,高根系拉力产生高块茎产量。因此,根系拉力可作为鉴定植株生长早期耐旱性的一个参数。     

Effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato tuber yield and quality under plastic mulch in arid Northwestern China

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth, tuber yield and quality, and water use efficiency (WUE) when grown under plastic mulch in an arid area of Northwestern China in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The 2008 experiment consisted of a drip irrigation check without plastic mulch and four different drip irrigation frequency treatments with plastic mulch: once every day, once every 2 days, once every 4 days, and once every 8 days. In 2009 and 2010 the drip check treatment without mulch was irrigated at −25 kPa soil matric potential (SMP) during three potato development stages and four different SMP drip irrigation strategies were compared during the potato development stages (using plastic mulch): S1 (−25 kPa SMP during the three development stages), S2 (−25 kPa SMP during tuber initiation and bulking and −35 kPa SMP during maturation), S3 (−25 kPa SMP during tuber initiation and maturation and −35 kPa SMP during bulking), S4 (−35 kPa SMP during the three development stages). Plastic mulch negatively affected tuber yield, WUE, and tuber quality. In the presence of plastic mulch, tuber yield, specific gravity, starch content, and vitamin C content seemed to be enhanced as the irrigation frequency increased, although the differences were not statistically significant. Irrigation frequency did not affect WUE for potato grown under plastic mulch. Analysis of plant height, tuber yield and WUE showed that a drip irrigation threshold of −35 kPa SMP led to obvious water stress for potato growth in this arid area. Under plastic mulch in 2010, S2 was the optimum drip irrigation regime because of the significantly higher yield than S3 and S4, the highest WUE and significantly firmer tubers than any of the other irrigation regimes tested.     

Tuber initiation and development in irrigated and non-irrigated potatoes

Tuber initiation and development are processes basic to potato production and are particularly critical in areas with short growing seasons. It is important to know how and to what extent management decisions affect these processes in order to maximize the yield of marketable tubers. A two-year field study, conducted in southcentral Alaska, examined top growth, tuber initiation, and tuber development in eight potato cultivars grown with and without irrigation. Plants of the cultivars Allagash Russet, Bake-King, Green Mountain, Kennebec, Lemhi Russet, Russet Burbank, Shepody, and Superior were harvested weekly throughout the growing season, and top dry weight, numbers of tubers, and individual tuber fresh weights were recorded. Top dry weight was reduced by moisture stress shortly after emergence in 1993, and about one month following emergence in 1994, when early-season soil moisture was greater. The weight of tubers was similarly affected within approximately 5 wk of emergence in 1993 and 6 weeks in 1994. Tuber weight at harvest was increased two-to three-fold by irrigation in all cultivars. The number of tubers each plant set was affected by irrigation in most, but not all, cultivars. Some varieties (Lemhi Russet in 1994, Allagash Russet both years) set more tubers than were maintained through the growing season. Tuber remnants found during sample collection indicated that tuber reabsorption had occurred. Irrigated Green Mountain had more than one tuber initiation period during the season, whereas other varieties such as Shepody maintained a relatively constant number of tubers following initial tuber set. Tuber size distribution at the end of the growing season showed that larger tubers were favored by irrigation.     

Impact of early-season water deficits on Russet Burbank plant development,tuber yield and quality

Russet Burbank potatoes grown on Owyhee silt loam were subjected to early-season moisture stress by delaying initiation of furrow irrigation up to seven weeks after planting. A range of water stress treatments from 4 to 7 weeks after planting resulted in reduced plant size, tuber number and total tuber weight per plant 8 1/2 weeks after planting. Early-season water stress resulting from delayed irrigation onset was associated with improved tuber quality at harvest. Plants water stressed before tuber initiation had fewer tubers with dark stem-end fry colors, reduced percentage of US No. 2 potatoes, and increased percentage and size of US No. 1 potatoes. Increasing duration of soil water potential below -60 kPa early in the season was associated with declining total yield in 1985 but not in 1986. To obtain optimum yield and processing quality, the first irrigation should be no sooner than full plant emergence.     

The effect of water stress on potato growth,development, and yield

The effect of water stress on plant morphology, production rate and marketable yield is discussed based on the literature. Compared to other species the potato is a drought sensitive plant. The reduction of yield as a result of water stress can be caused by reduced leaf area and/or reduced photosynthesis per unit of leaf area. Water shortage during the tuber bulking period decreases yield to a larger extent than drought during other growth stages. The relationship between the stress parameters relative water content (RWC), leaf water potential (LWP) and stomatal diffusion resistance on the one hand and photosynthesis on the other is discussed. Further it is shown how the amount of water needed by the potato crop depends on climate, soil and plant characters. Finally the effect of water stress on marketable yield and varietal differences to shortage of moisture are discussed.     

不同加工型马铃薯品种光合特性的比较

本文通过对4个加工型马铃薯品种在块茎形成期和块茎增长期的光合作用参数、叶片的SPAD值等光合特性的测定与分析,结果表明:4个加工型马铃薯品种光合作用能力大小依次为大西洋(A tlantic)>利云6号(PB06)>利云4号(PB04)>利云8号(PB08)。     

The effect of short periods of shading at different stages of growth on the development of tuber number and yield

Summary Shading potato plants at the beginning of tuber initiation for a period of 12 days reduced the rate of tuber formation and growth; but after the shades were removed tuber formation continued to give more tubers and the shaded plants eventually produced 30% more tubers than the unshaded, with similar yield. Shading for 12 days during the early stages of rapid tuber bulking had no effect on tuber number or survival, though bulking rate was temporarily reduced, leading to a reduction in final yield. These number results indicate that tuber number can be influenced by the weather during the period of tuber initiation.     

The influence of reduced temperatures after emergence on the subsequent growth and development of the potato

Summary The performance of potato platato plants raised under glass and transplanted to the field after emergence was compared with that of field-raised plants. The transfer from the warmer environment of the glasshouse to the cooler environment of the field resulted in immediate initiation of tubers. The period between initiation and the commencement of rapid bulking was, however, prolonged so that some of the advantage was lost. Nevertheless, this technique enabled yields, in the range of 2–6 tons per acre to be achieved some 4–5 days carlier; the tubers were also more uniform in size. Foliar applications of urea after tuber initiation hastened and extended the phase of rapid bulking, leading to carlier marketable yields and to higher yields at maturity. Urea applied before tuber initiation delayed its commencement. Plants which were transplanted after raising under glass always matured more quickly and gave lower final yields than field-raised plants. The physiological bases of the respones found are discussed. Some plants were exposed to frosts. Recovery from frost damage was rapid; the rate of tuber bulking was slower but yields at maturity were slightly higher than those of plants protected from forst.     

Influence of irrigation regimes on growth and yield of potato cv. Spunta

Summary The effect of furrow and drip irrigation giving 0, 33, 66, 100 and 133% of the maximum evapotranspiration (ETM) was studied on leaf transpiration, stomatal resistance, tuber growth, yield and yield response of cv. Spunta. The research was carried out in Sicily in 1988 and 1989 on early potato crops grown during the winter/spring cycle. Increased water supply increased leaf transpiration, plant fresh weight, tuber growth rate, yield and earliness, and decreased stomatal resistance and tuber dry weight. A higher yield response was obtained at the lower water regimes (ETM of 33 and 66%). There were no significant differences between the two methods of irrigation.