玉米灰斑病空间流行动态模拟模型组建及传播距离研究

 以玉米品种郑单958为试材接种灰斑病菌,在田间形成不同发病梯度,分析病害传播的空间流行动态,利用SAS9.13统计软件分别构建病害传播梯度的一维、二维和三维模型。结果表明:1.指数模型和GOMPERTZ模型是沈阳地区玉米灰斑病单向传播梯度的最佳模拟模型;2.高斯模型是模拟病害平行于垄向和垂直于垄向方向传播的最佳模型;3.含有(x²+y²)形式的圆形模型和含有a (x²+y²)+bx+cy+d形式的椭圆形模型是模拟病害在二维平面上传播过程的最佳模型。通过模型推导得到病害的传播距离约20~50m。     

葡萄霜霉病流行传播模型和扩散规律研究

为明确葡萄霜霉病流行空间传播动态规律,对葡萄霜霉病的传播梯度和空间分布进行定时定株系统调查。应用OriginPro 2019软件中曲线方程拟合程序分别构建病害的直向和多向传播梯度模型,并推导获得病害最大传播距离和传播速率。结果表明,沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病初期病株集中在菌源中心附近,且单株病情指数偏低;随后菌源中心四周病株的病情指数急剧增加,且水平方向上单株病情指数呈现明显钟罩状分布。病害直向传播曲线呈中心式传播。Exponential模型是病害直向传播梯度的最佳模拟模型。病害在平行于（或垂直于）垄向的传播呈现典型的偏正态分布,由于风向和风速的不同,发病中心分别向北向和东向发生了一定的偏移。病害多向传播梯度呈钟罩状非对称分布,Gaussian曲面模型是拟合病害多向传播的最佳模型。利用Exponential模型可较准确预测出东、西、南和北4个方向上的最大传播距离为19.3～41.1 m,日均传播速率为0.18～0.45 m/d。     

PEG介导的玉米弯孢叶斑病菌遗传转化

为了探索不同酶系组成对玉米弯孢叶斑病菌原生质体制备的影响,建立该病菌原生质体遗传转化系统,采用酶系混合物裂解菌丝体制备原生质体,采用PEG介导方法进行原生质遗传转化,通过PCR和Southern blotting技术对转化子进行验证。结果表明:1%溶壁酶+1%蜗牛酶+1%纤维素酶混合酶系为玉米弯孢叶斑病菌原生质体制备的最佳酶系,可以产生原生质体6.78×106 cfu/mL。用PEG介导方法转化共获得16个稳定的转化子,从中随机挑取5个转化子发现质粒pV2已被成功整合到基因组中。本研究获得了制备玉米弯孢叶斑病菌原生质体的最佳酶系,建立了PEG介导的原生质体遗传转化体系,为开展该菌致病相关基因克隆和基因功能研究提供了一种手段。     

玉米新月弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)的RAPD分析

 对分离自玉米弯孢菌叶斑病标样中的77株新月弯孢菌和1株来自水稻的新月弯孢菌进行RAPD分析表明,菌株间具有丰富的遗传多样性,在相似系数约0.60处,所有菌株被聚为3个组,但88.0%的菌株聚入第Ⅰ组内,其余菌株被聚入另外2个组内。第Ⅰ组内共有69个菌株,包含来自不同区域的致病性较强的菌株,是玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的优势类群,其余2个类群主要是一些致病能力较弱或不致病的菌株。结果表明,新月弯孢菌种内菌株的遗传多样性与致病性相关,但与菌株地理来源无明显的直接关系。     

禾谷镰孢荧光定量检测体系的建立及其在玉米苗枯病上的应用

为实现对田间土壤中禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum的定量检测,本研究构建了土壤含菌量与玉米苗枯病病情指数的回归模型。基于禾谷镰孢甾醇14α-去甲基化酶基因CYP51C序列,设计特异性引物HQ1-F/HQ1-R,利用引物建立实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)体系,选取4个玉米自交系品种进行室内苗枯病接种试验,调查其病情指数,利用RT-qPCR体系检测土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量,并对病情指数和土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量进行回归。结果表明,仅禾谷镰孢扩增出目的条带并且可从多种病原菌土壤中检测出。RT-qPCR的熔解曲线具有单一吸收峰,扩增曲线的循环阈值与模板浓度呈良好的线性关系,扩增效率为104.7%,标准曲线为y=-3.2137x+34.9560(R~2=0.9968),最低可检测到1 pg/μL的DNA。随着土壤禾谷镰孢接菌量的增加,单位土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量呈线性增加,即y=13.603x-85.370(R~2=0.9998)。4个玉米品种的病情指数与土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量的回归曲线分别为y=0.0789x+22.0590(R~2=0.7949)、y=0.0304x+7.8686(R~2=0.9579)、y=0.0458x+23.7540(R~2=0.5420)、y=0.0471x+32.0760(R~2=0.6753)。     

橙酮类似物的合成及抑菌活性

以芝麻酚和芳香醛为主要原料,经傅-克酰基化、关环和羟醛缩合反应,设计合成了14个未见文献报道的橙酮类似物,其结构均经1H NMR、MS和IR确证。初步抑菌活性测定结果表明:在100 mg/L下,所有目标化合物对7种供试病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中化合物 3a、3b、3c和3d 对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cirerea的抑制率达到100%, 3g 对小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum、玉米弯孢叶斑病菌Curvulavia lunata、棉花枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum、水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe grisea的抑制率均大于80%, 3m 对马铃薯干腐病菌Fusarium solani和玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的抑制率分别为100%和83.8%。     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌生理分化及鉴定技术

 从我国20余个主栽玉米品种和20个骨干自交系中筛选出沈135、78599-1、Mo17、477、C8605、E28、7922和黄早4等8个自交系,作为鉴别寄主来研究弯孢叶斑病菌的生理分化。研究表明,弯孢叶斑病菌[Curvularia lunata(Wakker) Boed.]在温室进行的苗期鉴定与田间成株期鉴定的生理分化结果一致。苗期鉴定具有操作简单、鉴定环境条件易控制等特点。通过8个鉴别寄主将采自我国玉米产区的20株弯孢叶斑病菌分为6个致病类型,其中类型A致病性强、分布广,为优势致病类群;类型D主要分布在我国零星发生的地区,为弱致病类群。同时研究了影响病菌生理分化鉴定的主要环境因子,其中湿度、温度和植株营养状况对病菌生理分化鉴定结果有明显影响。本研究结果为我国玉米品种抗性鉴定、弯孢菌叶斑病流行监测和品种合理布局提供了理论依据。     

人工接种对新月弯孢菌侵染玉米籽粒的影响

研究了人工接种不同接种时期和方法对新月弯孢菌侵染玉米籽粒的影响,结果表明:玉米弯孢叶斑病菌可以侵染玉米果穗籽粒,使玉米籽粒产生褐色病斑。伤口接种法能使玉米果穗100%发病;花丝通道接种也可导致果穗发病,但其发病频率很低;而花丝喷雾接种和苞叶喷雾接种病菌不能成功侵染玉米果穗籽粒;吐丝后10 d和乳熟期接种只能引起接种点籽粒发病,病菌扩展不好;但籽粒形成期接种的玉米果穗籽粒不仅接种点发病,而且其周围的籽粒也感染了病菌,病菌扩展情况较好。试验明确,玉米籽粒形成期采用伤口接种是使玉米籽粒发生弯孢叶斑病的一种较为理想的人工接种方法。     

玉米大斑病流行规律若干问题的初步定量研究

对玉米大斑病流行的主要环节—病斑产孢,孢子在叶画的附着、萌发和侵入,病斑的潜育、显症和扩展——进行了定量研究,组建了以下回归式:[1]单斑产孢量((?))与日令(t)的关系:当 t=1-8时,令 x=100×(t-0.3)/8.3则 (?)=8000×Sin(1.31x-0.0084x~2+0.00013x~3)当 t=9-30时,Y=-92.39t+4084.25[2]单斑产孢量((?))与温度(u)的关系:令 x=170-(u-23)~2/(680-18.4u)×100     

玉米几种重要病害蛋白质组学研究进展

 本文介绍了玉米镰孢菌和黄曲霉穗腐病、腐霉菌苗期病害抗性相关蛋白, 以及在我国曾严重发生的玉米弯孢霉叶斑病菌致病性相关蛋白质组和寄主抗性相关蛋白质组的研究进展, 探讨了利用蛋白质组学技术深入研究玉米-病原菌互作的优势和重要方向。     

Quantification of within‐season focal spread of wheat take‐all in relation to pathogen genotype and host spatial distribution

Within season gradient of wheat take‐all was measured in field experiments according to line or random sowing host spatial distribution, and two Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) isolates (G1i and G2i), representative of the G1 and G2 genotype groups in terms of aggressiveness. Root disease incidence and severity were assessed at six dates from early March to late June on plants located at regular distances from the inoculum sources. Simple models relating disease intensity at different levels of hierarchy fitted observed data well, and indicated a strong disease aggregation both within and among plants. Disease severity on source plants placed nearby the inoculum source increased over time, ranging from 5 to 46% at the first assessment, and from 55 to 98% at the last assessment, being in general larger for G2i than G1i. In line‐sown plots, disease progressed steadily along the line but did not extend beyond 20 cm, seldom reaching the neighbour line. Disease rarely reached 25 cm in the direct‐seeded crop stands. These results indicate that Ggt intensifies but does not spread to a large extent during a cropping season. Distance from the source, pathogen genotype and assessment date had a significant effect on disease severity according to mixed model analyses, disease spread being larger for G2i than G1i. However, no significant effect of host spatial distribution could be detected. Yield loss within 20 cm of the source plant ranged between 20 and 40%, and was not significantly affected by pathogen genotype or host spatial distribution.     

华北地区夏玉米田马唐治理的生态经济杀除阈期研究

作者于1992～1994年研究夏玉米田马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis L.)治理的生态经济阈期,借助计算机进行数学模拟,建立夏玉米的相对产量与马唐的相对干扰生长时间、相对出苗时间的函数关系。苗后马唐干扰生长的相对时间即相对天数(Xu)与夏玉米相对产量(Yu)的关系式为: Yu=101.5/{1.0 0.01756EXP[—(—0.0876Xu 0.0004888Xu~2)]}…………(1)苗后马唐出苗的相对时间与玉米相对产量的关系式为: Yd=100.73/{1.0 0.96EXP[—(0.06346Xd-0.00006859Xd~2)]}……………(2) 根据生态经济杀除阈期的定义和(1)、(2)两公式计算可知:夏玉米田马唐防除的生态经济杀除阈期的始期应从夏玉米苗后生育期总天数的11.8％开始,结束于夏玉米苗后生育期总天数的53.9％。例如华北地区夏玉米全生育期总天数一般是95天,夏玉米苗后生育期总天数(T)约为88天,故夏玉米田马唐防除的生态经济杀除阈期约在夏玉米苗后10.6—47.5天之间。     

The Distribution and Spread of Sorghum Downy Mildew in Sorghum and Maize Fields in Nigeria and Zimbabwe

Sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi, SDM) is a damaging disease of sorghum and maize crops in Africa. Runs analysis was used to study the distribution of systemically infected sorghum and maize plants in Nigeria and Zimbabwe. The temporal and spatial development of local lesions of SDM on sorghum in Zimbabwe was investigated by assessing the local lesion symptoms caused by conidia in plots with a single point source of inoculum. With ordinary runs analysis, there was evidence of clustering of disease in some fields in the humid areas of Nigeria and the semi-arid areas of Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Clustering was found in two of the eight runs analyses performed on maize in the humid south of Nigeria, and in only one of the eight runs in Zimbabwe, which was interpreted as a predominance of random infection at the time of assessment and at the spatial scales assessed. Symptoms of local lesions of SDM developed rapidly across plots from an introduced point source of infection. After 9 days-exposure to the source of inoculum, the incidence of diseased leaves was 1.2%, and after 50 days it was 74.5%. A disease gradient which initially developed flattened as the plot became uniformly diseased. The predominant wind direction was NNE, and most rapid spread of disease was towards the SSW and WSW. In conclusion, local lesions can spread rapidly in sorghum crops, suggesting that they may be an important source of conidial inoculum for further local and systemic infections during the growing season.     

猕猴桃园区坡度和晴雨天对猕猴桃溃疡病传播的影响

猕猴桃溃疡病是由丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae,Psa)引起的细菌性病害,严重影响猕猴桃产业发展。明确猕猴桃溃疡病在田间的传播对其防治具有重要意义。本研究于2020年4月16-22日和2021年3月24-30日,在湖北省赤壁市调查了半岛南猕猴桃种植园区内猕猴桃溃疡病的发病情况,通过孢子捕捉器在猕猴桃园区的不同地势(坡度为10°、30°和45°的区域)和不同天气环境下进行24 h连续病原捕集,并据猕猴桃叶片上溃疡病显症所需时长反映不同地势和天气环境对病害传播的影响。结果表明,在坡度10°区域进行病原捕集的猕猴桃叶片显症所需时间比坡度30°和45°区域晚1~2 d。雨天在孢子捕捉器内的叶片上显症所需时长仅需7 d,而晴天显症时长则需10~12 d。明确了露地栽培猕猴桃园区坡度和雨天显著促进了猕猴桃溃疡病的传播。对猕猴桃溃疡病防治技术制订和实施有一定意义。     

酒泉盆地地下水系统水资源评价

在系统分析研究区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,确定了研究区范围和边界条件,借助GIS技术与FEFLOW建立了研究区地下水系统概念模型和数学模型及相应的地下水系统数值模型。以2001~2003年地下水动态观测井的地下水动态观测资料,对建立的模型进行了多次求解与识别,结果表明:建立的模型能够较好的反映研究区水文地质条件空间分布及组合方式,具有一定的代表性可以用来对研究区地下水资源进行定量评价与预测。运用识别后的模型评价和预测了在P=50%、75%、95%不同地表径流条件下研究区地下水系统水资源量,与其对应的补给量分别为7.7346亿m3/a、7.1663亿m3/a、6.3610亿m3/a,排泄量分别为:8.7208亿m3/a、8.3789亿m3/a、7.8477亿m3/a,总均衡分别为:-0.9862亿m3/a、-1.2126亿m3/a、-1.4867亿m3/a。结果表明在上述三种不同典型年情况下,研究区地下水系统长期处于负均衡状态,为了改善该区域脆弱的生态环境,地下水开采前应进行可开采量论证,并制定合理的地下水开采方案。     

番茄叶片上美洲斑潜蝇幼虫种群密度的零频率估计法

为了在一定精度保证的前提下,简便、快捷地估计番茄叶片上美洲斑潜蝇田间发生情况,本文基于番茄叶片上美洲斑潜蝇幼虫种群发生的田间调查数据,用种群密度m和零频率p0分别拟合Gerrard Chiang模型、线性函数、二次函数、双曲函数、指数函数、幂函数和对数函数7种不同模型。结果表明,以Gerrard Chiang模型m=1.322 5×(-ln p0)1.075 9为最优（理论抽样数187.3叶）,用其可根据零频率有效地估计番茄叶片上美洲斑潜蝇幼虫种群密度。     

Effect of planting density of maize on the progress and spread of northern leaf blight fromExserohilum turcicum infested residue source

Effect of plant density (37,037, 44,444 and 55,555 plants/ha) on the increase of northern leaf blight in time and space on two maize cultivars planted at spacings of 90, 75 and 60 between rows and 30 cm within rows was investigated.Exserohilum turcicum infested maize residue was used as an inoculum source. Maize density did not significantly affect the disease indices, but significantly influenced the grain yield of the two cultivars. In contrast, the two cultivars differed significantly (P0.01) in disease severity, but not grain yield. Higher disease severities and grain yields were associated with higher plant densities, whereas the apparent infection rate was lower in higher plant density. Distance from the maize residue (inoculum source) significantly influenced disease severity. The percentage leaf area blighted, area under disease progress curve and disease progress curve intercept decreased with distance from the maize residue area, but the apparent infection rate on EV8429-SR appeared to increase with distance. Disease gradients (b) were higher in closely planted maize and flattened with time in one location only.