生产者对农产品标识的认知及采纳意愿研究———以广东省合作社为例

农产品市场中的信息不对称既给消费者制定合理消费决策带来了障碍,也给监管部门溯源责任主体造成了困难,为保障农产品安全,广东省实施了农产品标识市场准入制度.通过对广东省合作社的实地调研,运用二元Logistic回归,重点研究了合作社对食用农产品标识的认知以及影响其采纳意愿的主要因素.结果表明,合作社对食用农产品标识认知不充分,采纳意愿较低.另外,合作社成立时间、规模、成本、政府扶持和认知等是影响生产者采纳意愿的主要因素.     

China's meat and grain imports during 2000–2012 and beyond: A comparative perspective

This paper provides a review on China's meat trade for the 2000–2012 period and discusses its future development, with reference to China's grain trade. With marginal decreases in meat exports and slight increases in their imports, China's net imports of major meat products(including pork, beef, mutton and poultry but excluding meat offal) were just below 1 million tons in 2012, dwarfed by China's net imports of grains which reached 66.7 million tons in the same year. This slow growth in meat trade seems to contradict earlier expectations on increasing meat demand and imports, based upon projected shifts in consumption patterns driven by rapid per capita income growth. Several plausible explanations of this paradoxical trade pattern are offered, including mass imports of feed grains, persistent(but shrinking) gaps between Chinese and international meat prices, tariff barriers, and non-tariff measures. In the near future China may not be able to maintain such a lower profile on the world meat markets, as per capita income is projected to continue to rise and domestic production cost advantages erode due to rising labor costs. A model-based projection exercise indicates that under plausible assumptions China's meat imports may rise sharply by 2030.     

Cultured meat from muscle stem cells: A review of challenges and prospects

Growing muscle tissue in culture from animal stem cells to produce meat theoretically eliminates the need to sacrifice animals. So-called "cultured" or "synthetic" or "in vitro" meat could in theory be constructed with different characteristics and be produced faster and more efficiently than traditional meat. The technique to generate cultured muscle tissues from stem cells was described long ago, but has not yet been developed for the commercial production of cultured meat products. The technology is at an early stage and prerequisites of implementation include a reasonably high level of consumer acceptance, and the development of commercially-viable means of large scale production. Recent advancements in tissue culture techniques suggest that production may be economically feasible, provided it has physical properties in terms of colour, flavour, aroma, texture and palatability that are comparable to conventional meat. Although considerable progress has been made during recent years, important issues remain to be resolved, including the characterization of social and ethical constraints, the fine-tuning of culture conditions, and the development of culture media that are cost-effective and free of animal products. Consumer acceptance and confidence in in vitro produced cultured meat might be a significant impediment that hinders the marketing process.     

Educated consumers don't believe artificial meat is the solution to the problems with the meat industry

The production of in vitro meat by cell culture has been suggested by some scientists as one solution to address the major challenges facing our society. Firstly, consumers would like the meat industry to reduce potential discomfort of animals on modern farms, or even to avoid killing animals to eat them. Secondly, citizens would like meat producers to reduce potential environmental deterioration by livestock and finally, there is a need to reduce world hunger by increasing protein resources while the global population is predicted to grow rapidly. According to its promoters, artificial meat has a potential to make eating animals unnecessary, to reduce carbon footprint of meat production and to satisfy all the nutritional needs and desires of consumers and citizens. To check these assumptions, a total of 817 educated people(mainly scientists and students) were interviewed worldwide by internet in addition to 865 French educated people. We also interviewed 208 persons(mainly scientists) after an oral presentation regarding artificial meat. Results of the three surveys were similar, but differed between males and females. More than half of the respondents believed that "artificial meat" was feasible and realistic. However, there was no majority to think that artificial meat will be healthy and tasty, except respondents who were in favour of artificial meat. A large majority of the respondents believed that the meat industry is facing important problems related to the protection of the environment, animal welfare or inefficient meat production to feed humanity. However, respondents did not believe that artificial meat will be the solution to solve the mentioned problems with the meat industry, especially respondents who were against artificial meat. The vast majority of consumers wished to continue to eat meat even they would accept to consume less meat in a context of increasing food needs. Only a minority of respondents(from 5 to 11%) would recommend or accept to eat in vitro meat instead of meat produced from farm animals. Despite these limitations, 38 to 47% of the respondents would continue to support research on artificial meat, but a majority of them believed that artificial meat will not be accepted by consumers in the future, except for respondents who were in favour of artificial meat. We speculated that the apparent contradictory answers to this survey expressed the fact that people trust scientists whoare supposed to continuously discover new technologies potentially useful in a long term future for the human beings, but people also expressed concern for their health and were not convinced that artificial meat will be tasty, safe and healthy enough to be accepted by consumers.     

What is artificial meat and what does it mean for the future of the meat industry?

The meat industry cannot respond to increases in demand by ever increasing resource use. The industry must find solutions to issues regarding animal welfare, health and sustainability and will have to do so in the face of competition from emerging non-traditional meat and protein products in an increasingly complex regulatory environment. These novel meat and protein products, otherwise known as ‘artificial meat' are utilising ground breaking technologies designed to meet the issues facing the conventional meat industry. These artificial meats, in vitro or cultured meat and meat from genetically modified organisms have no real capacity to compete with conventional meat production in the present environment. However, meat replacements manufactured from plant proteins and mycoproteins are currently the biggest competitors and are gaining a small percentage of the market. Manufactured meats may push conventional meat into the premium end of the market, and supply the bulk, cheap end of the market if conventional meat products become more expensive and the palatability and versatility of manufactured meats improve. In time the technology for other artificial meats such as meat from genetic modified organisms or cultured meat may become sufficiently developed for these products to enter the market with no complexity of the competition between meat products. Conventional meat producers can assimilate agroecology ecology concepts in order to develop sustainable animal production systems. The conventional meat industry can also benefit from assimilating biotechnologies such as cloning and genetic modification technologies, using the technology to adapt to the changing environment and respond to the increasing competition from artificial meats. Although it will depend at least partly on the evolution of conventional meat production, the future of artificial meat produced from stem cells appears uncertain at this time.     

Adjusting to a demand oriented food system: New directions for biotechnology innovation

This article analyses the results of a series of interviews conducted among leading firms in agrofood designed to assess the strategic importance of biotechnologies. Earlier analyses have emphasized either the revolutionary character of these technologies or the ability of oligopoly structure to contain the potential within existing market patterns. Our interviews would suggest that biotechnologies must be situated within the shift to a demand oriented food system. This has led on the on hand to a preoccupation with quality rather than cost-cutting applications. It has also highlighted the inter-connectedness of the different phases of the agrofood system, since the incentive and the capacity to introduce innovations at any one point in the system depends on their acceptability to other actors in the agrofood chain. Biotechnologies have now become integrated into the competitive strategies of the leading actors but they remain ambiguously placed within the emerging “biotechnology” paradigm. The peculiarities of the agrofood system and the limitations of its industrialization have opened the way to strong consumer pressure based on the demand for quality and “natural” food and agriculture. It remains to be seen whether advanced biotechnologies can be assimilated within these priorities     

广东省消费者对食用农产品标识的认知及支付意愿

农产品标识是传播农产品信息的有效途径,能够消除农产品信息不对称现象。广东省于2009年率先在我国颁布实施了农产品标识市场准入制度,因而其消费者具有较好的认知基础。通过对广州、湛江、东莞和惠州4市消费者进行实地调研,运用二元Logistic回归模型,重点研究消费者对农产品标识的认识水平以及影响其支付意愿的主要因素。研究结果表明:消费者对加贴标识农产品的认知水平和支付意愿具有正相关性,即认识水平低,支付意愿也低;另外,年龄、收入、文化程度、支付能力和农产品价格也是影响消费者支付意愿的重要因素;其中,农产品价格与支付意愿负相关,其他影响因素与支付意愿正相关。     

Normalised,human-centric discourses of meat and animals in climate change,sustainability and food security literature

The large-scale, intensive production of meat and other animal products, also known as the animal-industrial complex, is our largest food system in terms of global land use and contribution to environmental degradation. Despite the environmental impact of the meat industry, in much of the policy literature on climate and environmental change, sustainability and food security, meat continues to be included as part of a sustainable food future. In this paper, I present outcomes of a discourse analysis undertaken on a selection of key major international and Australian reports. After highlighting common themes in the ways that meat and animals are discussed, I draw on the animal studies literature to critically analyse the assumptions underpinning such policy documents. My analysis illustrates that animals are effectively de-animated and rendered invisible in these bodies of literature by being either aggregated—as livestock, units of production and resources, or materialised—as meat and protein. These discursive frames reflect implicit understandings of meat as necessary to human survival and animals as a natural human resource. A critical examination of these understandings illustrates their dual capacity to normalise and encourage the continuation of activities known to be seriously harming the environment, climate and human health, while at the same time obstructing and even denigrating alternative, less harmful approaches to food. In response, I offer some conceptual and analytical modifications that can be easily adopted by researchers on climate change, sustainability and food security with the aim of challenging dominant discourses on meat and animals.     

African swine fever and meat prices fluctuation: An empirical study in China based on TVP-VAR model

African swine fever(ASF), a fatal disease outbroken in China in August 2018, has widely attracted social concern especially in the information era. The occurrence of ASF led to an imbalance between supply and demand in pork and other meat markets. As a result, meat prices fluctuated greatly during the past year in 2019. To measure ASF quantitatively, the internet public concern index about ASF was created using web crawler methods. The relationships between ASF and meat prices were analyzed based on time-varying parameter vector auto-regressive(TVP-VAR) model. The results showed that there were some differences in the impact size, direction and duration of ASF on the prices of pork, chicken, beef and mutton, and the characteristics of time variability and heterogeneity were obvious. At the same time, the impact of ASF on meat prices is not consistent with the trend and degree of ASF. The impulse intensity is strongly correlated with the strength and duration of ASF, and it is generally weak in the early stage and much stronger in the middle and late periods. The results indicate that macro regulations, monitoring and early-warning system, standardizing production and circulation, and the public opinion monitoring and guidance about ASF should be given more attention in future to stabilize the market expectations and to promote a smooth functioning of the livestock markets.     

Contextualizing farmers’ attitudes towards genetically modified crops

Analyses of the role of technological development in agriculture are central to an understanding of social change in agri-food systems. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the formation of a broader perspective of how farmers are positioning themselves with respect to controversial agricultural technologies through an empirical analysis of Washington State farmers’ willingness or unwillingness to try Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) technology on their farms. The use of this type of biotechnology in farming has been criticized for its potential harmful effects on natural environments and socio-cultural systems, while proponents highlight the possibilities for increasing production with minimal use of other inputs. An analysis of the extent of farmers’ expressed willingness to use GMOs provides an opportunity to better understand how their diverse thoughts about controversial agricultural technologies are shaped not only by their own experiences but also by social context. The present study does this by analyzing data from a farm survey conducted on a random sample of farmers from across Washington State. The results show that the production practices farmers utilize and the market strategies they employ may be at least as useful as farmers’ socio-economic characteristics in explaining what types of farmers appear to be more or less interested in potentially using this technology. Furthermore, the relationship between level of formal education and willingness to use GMOs is not straightforward. It may hide differences between farmers with respect to where and how they received their formal education as well as the type(s) of knowledge they gained. It is argued that future research should recognize the diversity that exists in farmers’ interests vis-á-vis particular technologies and should also explore how these interests are shaped by farmers’ past and present social networks and life experiences. Kazumi Kondoh is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology at Washington State University. Her research interests include environmental policies, science and technology, and sustainable agriculture. Raymond Jussaume is an Professor and Chair, Community and Rural Sociology at Washington State University. His primary areas of interest are sociology of agriculture, development sociology, and political sociology.     

产业链升级的京津冀生猪养殖业协作模式研究

【目的】为在将来可以形成有效的京津冀区域产业发展方式和产业链。【方法】分析京津冀地区生猪养殖产业链,并提出了京津冀生猪养殖业产业链并不完善的观点,发现了产业链升级缺乏统筹安排和规划、产业链升级没有充分利用区域优势、科学技术等问题。【结果】根据问题提出京津冀生猪养殖业协作的三种模式以解决有关问题。     

Standard fare or fairer standards: Feminist reflections on agri-food governance

In 2007 new meat inspection regulations standardizing meat production throughout the Province of British Columbia (BC), Canada came into effect moving food for local consumption closer to continentally harmonized production standards. Critics argue that the economic viability of small-scale livestock farmers is threatened. Small-scale women farmers are central to the creation of alternative local agri-food networks in BC. Using gender as an analytically enabling tool this paper argues that public food-safety regulation can create the conditions for the dominance of private agri-food governance. The discursive creation of a feminized privileged consumer legitimates much non-democratic agri-food governance. The paper argues that more just and ecologically sustainable futures require a ‘gender troubling’ of agri-food governance in which the privileged identity of the food consumer is reconstructed as global citizen in the context of the food sovereignty of the farmers who produce their food.     

冰温结合气调技术在肉品保鲜中的应用

食品保鲜对于产品的安全性和可靠性非常重要。肉类是易腐食品,需要更好和更先进的保鲜技术,冰温和气调保鲜技术可以有效地延长肉品货架期。阐述了冰温和气调技术的原理及其在肉品保鲜中的应用现状,并对冰温结合气调技术在肉品保鲜中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Parameters of technological growth

The key parameters to technological growth have been identified as societal resources and societal expectations. Both of these are evident functions of technology, and their combined effects can be expected to continue technology's historical exponential growth. This growth pattern would be substantially altered only if we assume that knowledge is bounded or if society makes a conscious decision to stop the flow of resources into the production of new technological options. Although such conscious selection among individual technical fields is to be expected, it is very unlikely to apply to the totality of technology since, as society grows more complex it continuously creates new needs (priority factor), which in turn provide new opportunities for the application of technological options (payoff factor). The analysis also clearly emphasizes the important role which awareness of new technologies plays in forming societal expectations. These considerations indicate that the technological component of the world simulation model proposed by Meadows et al. (1) and Forrester (2) is best represented by an exponential growth function. The importance of this has been shown by Boyd (3) (Fig. 1), whose "technological optimist" curve has slightly less than exponential growth. Private comnmunication with Boyd indicates that an exponential assumption would reduce the time for equilibrium by several decades. Boyd also indicated that in his modification of the world dynamics model, an exponential technological growth would eventually dominate all other parameters in determining the long-term approach to a steady state. It is evident that the behavior of any world system model is very sensitive to the growth and interaction assumptions for its principal parameters. Thus, model studies should not be easily presumed to represent reality. The one conclusion that appears to be valid regardless of approach is the evident merit of reducing population growth. The parameter for quality of life shown in Fig. 1, parts 2 and 5, is the product of material levels, overcrowding, food, and pollution. The one factor that a "technological optimist" cannot expect to substantially alter in this model is the effect of overcrowding (Fig. 1, parts 3 and 6). Certainly, the many clear values of reducing population growth and improving the environment do not appear to require the justification of a world system analysis. In like manner, it seems appropriate to encourage the "technological optimist" to provide future options for societal choice, even though there may be present philosophical uncertainties as to their eventual merits. Unlike resources found in nature, technology is a manmade resource whose abundance can be continuously increased, and whose importance in determining the world's future is also increasing.     

中国羊肉进口需求——基于产品属性的视角

为了解我国消费者对进口羊肉产品的需求偏好,基于2010—2019年的羊肉进口贸易月度数据,运用区分来源及特征属性的Rotterdam模型估算了我国羊肉产品的进口需求弹性。产品加总性检验结果表明:在我国羊肉进口市场上,不同来源国产品之间、带骨与去骨产品之间以及冷鲜与冷冻产品之间均存在相对独立的偏好,应将不同来源国及不同特征属性的羊肉产品进行区分并归入同一个需求系统进行分析。实证结果表明:如果未来我国羊肉进口支出保持增长的趋势,那么不同来源国及具备不同特征属性的羊肉产品进口结构将继续发生改变,新西兰鲜或冷带骨绵羊肉进口的增长潜力最大;不同类别羊肉产品之间的替代性较弱,应对不同来源国具备不同特征属性的羊肉产品制定差异化的进口策略,并根据需求偏好调整及优化不同羊肉产品在进出口贸易中的数量结构。     

渝太Ⅰ系母猪繁殖生产中的关键技术环节

渝太I系猪是2002年重庆市研究培育成的优质肉猪高产母系,该物种以其独特的高产仔优势和肉质风味而倍受广大养猪场(户)喜爱。就渝太I系母猪的繁殖性能特点,目前,饲养渝太I系母猪在繁殖生产中存在的主要问题,以及搞好渝太I系母猪繁殖生产的关键技术环节等作了分析及阐述,以便更好地帮助、指导广大养猪场(户)搞好渝太I系母猪的繁殖生产,从而加快渝太I系新品系猪的推广应用。     

气调包装对肉制品中病原微生物影响的研究进展

主要对目前常见的气调包装的方式、气体组成以及影响肉制品品质的主要病原微生物等几个方面进行综述,结合对病原微生物的抑制方法和创新技术,对未来气调包装的发展方向进行探讨。     

基于RFID、QR Code、NFC建立肉食品供应链追溯系统

为了加强肉食品供应链的监管,达到正向可追踪,逆向可追溯的目的.把供应链划分为饲养、加工和流通三个阶段,根据每个阶段的工作特点,选择了RFID、QR Code、NFC等技术的组合应用开发了追溯系统.该系统实现了分段管理:(1)在饲养阶段应用自制的"复合型RFID耳标"兼顾了远距离识别和大容量生产日志的存储;(2)在加工阶段应用成本低、抗污损能力好的QR Code码实现了肉块分割和识别追踪;(3)在流通阶段应用了NFC技术实现管理,方便消费者利用手机扫描成品包装上的NFC标签,实现供应链的逆向追溯,积极参与产品的质量监管.该系统的应用能够对肉类供应链实现全程、无缝的监管,同时保障了消费者知情权,增强消费信心.     

Traditional beneficiaries: trade bans,exemptions, and morality embodied in diets

Research on the nutrition transition often treats dietary changes as an outcome of increased trade and urban living. The Northern Food Crisis presents a puzzle since it involves hunger and changing diets, but coincides with a European ban on trade in seal products. I look to insights from economic sociology and decolonizing scholarship to make sense of the ban on seal products and its impacts. I examine how trade arrangements enact power imbalances in ways that are not always obvious. I explain how the ban’s exemption for Inuit-produced seal goods explicitly aims to protect Inuit from the harshness of capitalism and preserve their traditions. In this respect, the Northern Food Crisis is an embodiment of European visions of who Inuit are expected to be and how they are supposed to act in the global economy.