Predictors of arterial oxygen tension in anesthetized horses: 1,610 cases (1992-1994).

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with various arterial partial pressures of oxygen (Pao2) in anesthetized horses. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 1,450 horses anesthetized a total of 1,610 times with isoflurane or halothane. PROCEDURE: Anesthesia records, particularly results of blood gas analyses, were reviewed, and horses were grouped on the basis of lowest Pao2. RESULTS: For horses with lowest Pao2 < 120 mm Hg, those with low pulse pressure, that underwent anesthesia on an emergency basis, or that were males were more likely to have Pao2 < 80 mm Hg. For horses with lowest Pao2 < 250 mm Hg, those that were positioned in dorsal recumbency, that underwent anesthesia on an emergency basis, or that had a shorter duration of anesthesia were more likely to have lowest Pao2 < 120 mm Hg. For horses with lowest Pao2 < 400 mm Hg, those that were positioned in dorsal recumbency, that underwent anesthesia on an emergency basis, that had a shorter duration of anesthesia, that were older, that were heavier, or that were being ventilated mechanically were more likely to have lowest Pao2 < 250 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Low pulse pressure, emergency case status, dorsal recumbency, and short duration of anesthesia were significantly related with lower Pao2 in anesthetized horses.     

南京地区犬细小病毒基因型鉴定

为调查南京地区犬细小病毒(canine parvovirus,CPV)基因型分布情况,采集南京市某宠物医院2012-2019年犬细小病毒病患犬粪便43份作为检测病料,通过PCR扩增犬细小病毒VP2基因片段,并将扩增产物测序,分析CPV基因型.结果显示,43份病料皆扩增出目的片段,经测序后使用MegAlign软件与Gen...     

Factors associated with long-term survival in dogs undergoing liver lobectomy as treatment for liver tumors

The objectives of the study were to describe clinicopathologic findings in dogs that underwent surgical treatment of liver tumors and to define outcome-associated variables in this canine population. Medical records of 118 dogs that underwent liver lobectomy were reviewed. Variables were assessed via univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Hazard ratios, median survival times (MSTs), and Kaplan-Meier Survival curves (KMSCs) were created for significant variables. Of the dogs with surgically addressed hepatic tumors, 93% survived to discharge. The MST was not reached. Lethargic dogs had a mortality risk 10.2 times that of non-lethargic dogs. Non-tachypneic dogs had a mortality risk 4.3 times that of tachypneic dogs. Dogs that experienced anesthetic complications had a mortality risk 100 times that of dogs that did not. We conclude that the prognosis associated with liver tumors is good. Lethargy, respiratory rate, and anesthetic complications were associated with outcome.     

Effects of halothane sensitivity on mobility status and blood metabolites of HAL-1843-normal pigs after rigorous handling

The objective of this study was to determine if HAL-1843-normal pigs that respond abnormally to halothane anesthesia were more likely to become nonambulatory (NA) when subjected to rigorous handling than pigs that exhibit a normal response to halothane. After a 1,100-km transport, pigs exhibiting low (HS-L; n = 33), intermediate (HS-I; n = 10), and high (HS-H; n = 47) sensitivity to halothane were moved through a 36.6-m long aisle that was 2.1 m wide at each end and 0.6 m wide in the middle 18.3 m. Ten groups of 8 pigs were briskly moved down the aisle and back 4 times, receiving a minimum of 1 electrical prod per pass (8 prods/pig). Before testing, rectal temperature was measured, open-mouth breathing and skin discoloration were visually evaluated, and a blood sample was collected from each pig. After the test, the pigs were returned to their pens, and the same measurements were taken immediately posttest and 1 h posttest (no blood at 1 h posttest). Pigs that were HS-H were more prone to becoming NA compared with HS-L pigs (P < 0.02). Regardless of halothane status, a greater number of pigs exhibited open-mouth breathing and skin discolorations immediately posttest than at the pretest or 1 h posttest times (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in blood metabolites between the different halothane sensitivity categories. However, pigs that became NA had elevated blood levels of creatine phosphokinase, lactate, glycerol, nonesterified fatty acids, ammonia, and urea nitrogen before testing (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data suggest HS-H pigs are more susceptible to becoming NA than HS-L. The elevated pretest blood metabolites of NA pigs suggest that they were in a hypermetabolic state that predisposed them to becoming NA.     

A case-control study on the association of selected risk factors with the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Ireland

We did a case-control study on the association between the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis in herds in the East Offaly area and a number of possible risk factors: herd size, the purchasing of cattle, the herd history, the status of contiguous herds, distance to the nearest badger sett, and animal factors such as age, breed and animal type. The characteristics of 100 herds that had a confirmed outbreak of tuberculosis at a herd test in 1988 were compared with those from an equal number of herds that passed at least one tuberculin test during that year. The study base consisted of 1379 herds mainly from the eastern part of County Offaly. The data were analysed at both herd and animal levels. Factors that were associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis breakdowns at the herd level were (i) the total number of animals in the herd and (ii) the restriction of a contiguous herd for tuberculosis within a period of 6 months prior to or following the herd under study. A number of factors were associated with an animal having an increased risk of failing a tuberculin test. After adjusting for all other variables in the model, cows, heifers and bullocks were 10.3, 14.8 and 8.0 times, respectively, more likely to fail a tuberculin test than calves. Cattle that had teen purchased since the previous herd test were less likely to fail a tuberculin test compared with cattle that had been present at the time of the preceding herd test.     

静松灵硬膜外腔注射对绵羊的镇静镇痛作用及其血液变化的研究

在１２只绵羊按０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量硬膜外腔注射静松灵,观测了镇静镇痛作用的效应,并对血液气体和酸碱平衡状态的变化进行了定量分析,结果表明静松灵硬膜外腔注射的镇静镇痛效果明显,显效时间短,持续时间达１２０ｍｉｎ,对体温,脉搏,呼吸与吸气量有显著作用（Ｐ〈０．０５）,对血液中氧分压,氧含量,氧饱和度,二氧化碳分压,剩余碱及碳酸氢盐的影响明显（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而对血液ｐＨ值和血红蛋白含量无显著影响。     

雏鸡喹乙醇中毒血液生化指标测定

为探讨喹乙醇急性中毒雏鸡血液生化指标的变化情况,。将200只5日龄伊莎公鸡雏随机分为2组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+150mg/kg喹乙醇。在染毒后5、10、15d,对相关血液生化指标进行检测。结果表明,喹乙醇中毒时,在各时间点,试验组血清K+含量均高于对照组,在15d差异显著(P<0.05);试验组血清中Ca2+、PO43-、Na+含量均低于对照组,在15d差异均显著(P<0.05);试验组血清ALB、TP含量均低于对照组,ALB在15d差异显著(P<0.05),TP在10d和15d差异显著(P<0.05);试验组血清ALP、GOT、GPT活性高于对照组,GOT、GPT在15d差异显著(P<0.05)。结果显示喹乙醇中毒能够引起雏鸡相关血液生化指标的改变,喹乙醇有一定的蓄积毒性。     

Retention of provided identification for dogs and cats seen in veterinary clinics and adopted from shelters in Oklahoma City, OK, USA

Personalized identification (ID) tags that contain contact information for the dog or cat owner can help assure lost animals are quickly reunited with their owners. The authors have previously reported that while the majority of pet owners stated that ID tags were very important, only a third responded that their pet wears an ID tag. The objective of this study was to evaluate if providing and putting on the pet a free collar and ID tag during an owner's visit to a veterinary hospital or spay/neuter facility increased the likelihood that the pet owners would actually keep the identification on their pet at least 6-8 weeks after they were placed on the pet. A second population of dogs and cats that were adopted from animal control and humane society shelters were also studied to assess retention of a collar and personalized ID tag. Telephone follow-up occurred a mean of 8 weeks after the tag was applied. Retaining and using the tag significantly increased for the veterinary group with 13.8% reporting their pets were currently wearing an ID tag pre-intervention, and 84.3% reporting their pets were currently wearing and ID tag post-intervention. Of the dogs and cats that were adopted, at follow-up 94% of owners reported their pets were currently wearing an ID tag. Approximately 5% of those who participated in the post-intervention survey lost a pet and recovered that pet because of the ID tag. This suggests that ID tagging is an effective method to potentially decrease stray intake into shelters and return pets home. The data also support placing tags and collars directly on pets as a method to retain those ID tags and collars on the animals, thus increasing the likelihood they will be returned home if lost or during a disaster.     

猪圆环病毒2a/2b亚型病毒株毒力分析

本研究对367份猪内脏样本进行PCV2检测,对阳性样本进行2a/2b鉴别诊断,并采用ORF2测序方法对部分阳性样本进行测序。在发病猪群中PCV2b阳性率远高于健康猪群,而健康猪群中PCV2a的阳性率高于发病猪群,从而在临床表型方面论证了PCV2b毒力强于PCV2a。通过比较12株PCV2 ORF2推导氨基酸序列的关键氨基酸位点,9株PCV2b毒株在ORF2氨基酸76位为I,131位为T;而3株PCV2a毒株在ORF2氨基酸76位为L,131位为P,据比对结果可知,PCV2b毒株为强毒株,PCV2a毒株为弱毒株。研究结果表明,PCV2的2种亚型2a/2b无论是临床表型还是ORF2基因型,毒力表现都是有差异的,且PCV2b毒力要强于PCV2a。     

Reliability of two 2,400-m time-trial protocols for assessing performance of Standardbred racehorses

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of 2 time-trial protocols, 1 that involved use of a pacemaker and 1 that did not, for assessing performance of Standardbred racehorses. ANIMALS: 3- to 7-year-old Standardbred maiden pacers. PROCEDURE: 11 Standardbred pacers were used to determine the reliability of a time-trial protocol that involved use of a galloping pacemaker. All tests were performed by a single driver. Horses were paced for an initial 1,600 m then raced and timed for the final 800 m. They were retested 9 days later. Twenty-two horses were used to determine the reliability of a time-trial protocol that did not involve use of a pacemaker. All tests were performed by a second driver. Horses were paced for the first 1,200 m then raced and timed for the final 1,200 m. They were retested 3 and 8 days later. RESULTS: Reliability of performance time, expressed as the coefficient of variation (ie, the typical percentage variation in a horse's time between trials), was similar for the 2 protocols (1.0% and 1.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The small variations in performance times for the 2 time-trial protocols were similar to those of the best comparable laboratory and field tests of human and equine performance. Both protocols would be suitable for investigating factors affecting performance of Standardbred racehorses.     

母鸡输卵管畸形发生原因的分析

某种鸡场一群艾维茵父母代种鸡中出现“假性母鸡”,剖检发现输卵管畸形。这批种鸡在17日龄时发生过某传染病。进行发病情况调查、对病死雏鸡的剖检和开产期病死母鸡的剖检、病料鸡胚感染和传代试验及新城疫病毒干扰试验。结果,鸡胚感染中第3代出现侏儒胚,干扰组的新城疫血凝价均低于20,对照组新城疫血凝价高于40。综合分析,可以判定该雏鸡在3周龄发生的疾病是鸡传染性支气管炎,以及可以确定该鸡群中不少鸡只出现输卵管畸形是由鸡传染性支气管炎病毒早期感染而引起的。     

SEROLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF AUSTRALIAN STRAINS OF ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE ISOLATED FROM PIGS, SHEEP, TURKEYS AND MAN

154 strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from pigs, sheep, turkeys and man were serotyped by using the double diffusion gel precipitation test. Ten of the 18 serotypes were detected in 151 of the strains. Three strains failed to react with any of the type specific antisera. It was found that serotype 1a shared an antigen(s) with serotype 1b, and that serotype 6 shared an antigen(s) with serotype 14. Serotype 2a and 2b were difficult to distinguish. Since serotypes 1 and 2 were isolated from cases of septicaemia in pigs, and since serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 7 were isolated from cases of arthritis, it was suggested that factors other than serotype were important in causing the various forms of swine erysipelas. The fact that the distribution of serotypes 1a, 1b and 2b between septicaemic and arthritic pigs was similar supported the conclusion that arthritis was consequent to bacteraemia. Serotypes 1a, 1b, 2b, 5, 12 and 15 were isolated from cases of arthritis in sheep, and serotypes 1a and 5 from cases of erysipelas in turkeys. Serotype 2b was isolated from a human specimen.     

Relationship of equine housing to large airway inflammation

The pasture, as compared to stall confinement, has been considered a more desirable environment for maintaining the health of the respiratory system in the horse. This conclusion is based on reports which showed that ventilation in most barns was generally poor, and that horses bedded on straw and fed hay were exposed to many forms of respirable debris. In this study, six normal horses were evaluated for evidence of airway mucosal inflammation after being housed on pasture or stabled in a barn for one month. The response of the horses' airways was measured by assigning scores for the degree of tracheal mucosal secretions that were observed by endoscopic visualization. Cytological examination of transtracheal wash secretions was also performed, as well as histologic evaluation of tracheobronchial tissues obtained by a transendoscopic epithelial biopsy technique. Samples were collected at three time points; the initial collection occurred after the horses were housed on pasture for one month. The horses were subsequently moved to a barn for an equal length of time and samples were obtained at the end of this period. The horses were then returned to their original pasture and final sampling was performed after they were housed in this environment for two months. There were no significant changes in any of the parameters evaluated, regardless of the environment in which the horses were maintained. These findings indicate that housing horses in a barn for four weeks does not cause tracheobronchial mucosal inflammation in a manner that could be detected using the methods employed in this study.     

Asymptomatic shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts by red deer hinds and calves

Levels of Cryptosporidium infection in a group of red deer were monitored over a period of 1 year. Faecal samples were examined on an approximate monthly basis from adult hinds and calves for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The water-ether sedimentation method followed by sucrose flotation and a monoclonal antibody identification procedure were used. It was found that apparently healthy adult deer were shedding low numbers of oocysts in their faeces throughout the year and that there appeared to be a periparturient increase in the numbers of oocysts shed. Samples taken from 6-month-old deer calves, both in-house and on pasture, had low numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts, indicating that the calves were also asymptomatically shedding oocysts.     

Do dogs use a mirror to find hidden food?

Dog (Canis familiaris) cognition research that examines whether dogs are able to use a mirror as a problem-solving tool is rare. The aim of this study was to explore whether dogs could find food that was visible only via a mirror at the beginning of the experiment. In a laboratory setting, we exposed 44 dogs to a large mirror, attached at a 90° angle to an opaque barrier for 10 minutes. Dogs were allowed complete freedom of movement. For the first minute of the exposure phase, the owner and experimenter stood against a wall, ignoring the dog; afterward, both walked around the room for 9 minutes. The dogs could observe their movements in the mirror. Then, dogs were taught to associate a bowl with food, after which the bowl was surreptitiously placed behind the barrier, and the dogs were positioned so that they could see the reflection of the food in the mirror. Dogs were pseudorandomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 22) as described or a control group (n = 22), which was identical except that the mirror was covered during the testing phase. In the testing phase, dogs that could see the mirror were more likely to find the treat than dogs that could not (P = 0.032). Although fewer dogs in the control condition found the food, those that did were just as likely as those in the mirror condition to locate it within 3 minutes. This suggests that, although dogs' food-searching behavior can be triggered by the mirror's visual cues to locate food, some dogs used other cues that we were unable to control.     

The molecular epidemiology of four outbreaks of porcine pasteurellosis

Biochemical profiles, restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and ribotyping were used to investigate a total of 38 Pasteurella multocida isolates from four separate outbreaks of pasteurellosis in Australian piggeries. Six isolates were obtained from Outbreak 1, 16 from Outbreak 2 and eight each from outbreaks 3 and 4. Outbreaks 1 and 2 were cases of pneumonic pasteurellosis while outbreaks 3 and 4 involved systemic pasteurellosis. Biochemical characterisation established that a number of different types of P. multocida were present in outbreaks 1 and 3 while outbreaks 2 and 4 were associated with a single type of P. multocida. Outbreaks 1 and 3 yielded isolates of P. multocida that belonged to the subspecies multocida and gallicida, with the subspecies multocida isolates being identified as biovar 3 (6 in total) or 12 (1 in total) and the subspecies gallicida isolates (7 in total) being identified as biovar 8. All 24 isolates from outbreaks 2 and 4 belonged to the subspecies multocida and were all biovar 3. REA and ribotyping showed that, in outbreaks 1 and 3, there were three different types of P. multocida in each outbreak with no common strains between the outbreaks. The molecular methods showed that only a single strain of P. multocida was associated with outbreaks 2 and 4, although the outbreaks were associated with strains that differed in REA profiles but shared a ribotype profile. This study has shown that both, systemic and pneumonic pasteurellosis can be associated with either a single strain or multiple strains of P. multocida. The results also indicate that the molecular typing methods of REA and ribotyping are superior to biochemical characterisation for epidemiological investigation of porcine pasteurellosis.     

Mycobacterium avium infection in a farmed deer herd

Tuberculous lesions were identified over a 2-year period in 36 clinically normal red deer from a single herd. The lesions were only present in the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and lymph nodes draining the intestinal tract, indicating infection by the oral route. Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 27 of 29 lesions examined by bacterial culture. Grossly and histologically, the lesions were indistinguishable from those caused by Mycobacterium bovis. DNA restriction endonuclease analysis revealed that all the 26 M. avium isolates available for examination had identical cleavage patterns. These patterns were identical to a New Zealand M. avium serotype 2 isolate from a pig and were very similar to a reference strain of M. avium serotype 2. The DNA examinations indicated that the deer were infected from a common source that was not identified.     

Spinal fracture and luxation in dogs and cats: a retrospective evaluation of 95 cases.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to review cases of spinal fractures or luxations (SFL) treated with various modalities in order to describe fracture location, neurological status, treatment, outcome and complications in a patient population at a single centre. The medical records of dogs and cats that had been diagnosed with a SFL between C1 and L7 between January 1995 and June 2005 were reviewed in order to collect pertinent data. Ninety-five cases were included in this study. The severity of spinal cord injury was graded on a scale from 0 to 5. Vehicular trauma was the most common cause of SFL. Spinal fractures were localized between C1-C5 in 10 cases, C6-T2 in one case, T3-L3 in 54 cases, L4-L7 in 36 cases. Thirty patients that were euthanatized without treatment had a median neurological score of 5. Twenty-eight patients, all of which had motor function, were treated conservatively and there was not any change in their median neurological grade at the time of discharge. Thirty-seven patients had surgery, 27 of which were non ambulatory. Thirty-five of 37 were stabilized using pins and/or screws and PMMA or various other techniques. The median neurological grade of surgically treated patients improved by one point between the time of initial diagnosis and discharge. Implant removal was performed in five cases. The patients that were treated with pins and/or screws and PMMA were significantly more improved than conservatively managed patients at the time of discharge, although the surgically treated patients were hospitalized significantly longer than the conservatively managed patients. Our results suggest that dogs that retain pain sensation prior to surgery have a good prognosis for functional recovery. In this study, the dogs that were treated conservatively retained purposeful movement and had a good prognosis for recovery.     

Tagging and elimination of plasmids in Salmonella of avian origin

This study compared the effectiveness of a number of procedures designed to label and eliminate plasmids that may play a role in virulence in Salmonella. Twenty strains of Salmonella of 9 serovars were subjected to 3 methods for labelling plasmids with transposons. Strains containing labelled and unlabelled plasmids were exposed to physical and chemical curing agents. Plasmids in 9 of 20 strains of Salmonella were tagged by conjugation with a donor Escherichia coli containing a temperature-sensitive RP4 plasmid that carried the Tn1 transposon. Plasmids in 2 of 5 strains of Salmonella were labelled by conjugation with a donor E. coli that contained a F' tslac::Tn5 plasmid. Transduction of Salmonella with a P22 bacteriophage that carried a temperature-sensitive Tn10 transposon resulted in chromosomal insertion of Tn10 in 2 of 10 strains. Use of chemical curing agents resulted in curing of plasmids in only 6 of 17 strains. Two strains were cured by ethidium bromide, two by a combination of ethidium bromide and novobiocin, two by a combination of imipramine and methylene blue, and none by acridine orange, novobiocin, sodium dodecyl sulfate or rifampicin. In contrast, plasmids in 14 of 17 Salmonella strains were eliminated by incubation at 45.5 degrees C.     

Acute oxalate poisoning attributable to ingestion of curly dock (Rumex crispus) in sheep

Ten of 100 mature ewes were afflicted with acute oxalate toxicosis within 40 hours after being temporarily penned in a lot that contained considerable growing Rumex crispus (curly dock). Clinical signs of toxicosis included excess salivation, tremors, ataxia, and recumbency. Affected ewes were markedly hypocalcemic and azotemic. Oxalate crystals were not observed in urine. Gross postmortem lesions were minimal and nondiagnostic in 2 ewes that died peracutely, but perirenal edema and renal tubular degeneration were clearly observable in ewes euthanatized on the third day of toxicosis. Diagnosis of oxalate toxicosis was confirmed by histopathologic findings. Samples of Rumex spp contained 6.6 to 11.1% oxalic acid on a dry-weight basis, a concentration comparable with that in other oxalate-containing plants that have caused acute oxalate toxicosis.