绵羊痒螨巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子重组蛋白对兔外周血单个核细胞Th1/Th2型和Th17/Treg型特征因子表达的影响

为了初步探讨绵羊痒螨巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子（PoMIF）对健康新西兰兔外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg细胞平衡的变化。采用RT-PCR从绵羊痒螨总RNA中扩增得到MIF全长基因，经原核表达、纯化重组PoMIF（rPoMIF）蛋白，并分析其氧化还原酶和互变异构酶活性。筛选与健康新西兰兔PBMC孵育的最佳rPoMIF浓度，且用最佳浓度rPoMIF（0.2 μg·mL^-1）与PBMC共同孵育0、1、6、12、24、36 h后收集细胞，用荧光定量PCR检测其Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg细胞相对应的特征性转录因子T-bet/GATA-3/RORc/Foxp3和特征性细胞因子IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-17A/IL-10 mRNA表达变化。结果表明：PoMIF全长363 bp，rPoMIF大小为32 ku（含pET32a标签蛋白19 ku），且具有互变异构酶活性；rPoMIF刺激后PBMC中Th1细胞的T-bet和IFN-γ先下降后上升，Th2细胞的GATA-3和IL-4均呈下降趋势，且T-bet/GATA-3和IFN-γ/IL-4比值在12、24和36 h均升高；Th17细胞的RORc和IL-17A在各时间点下降，而Treg细胞的Foxp3和IL-10在各时间点升高，且RORc/Foxp3和IL-17A/IL-10比值在各时间点均变低。rPoMIF可造成家兔外周血单个核细胞的Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg平衡分别向Th1和Treg偏移。     

Embryo implantation is blocked by intraperitoneal injection with anti-LIF antibody in mice

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is essential for embryo implantation in mice and plays an important role in other mammals including humans. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections with anti-LIF antibody (7.5 μg/g body weight, 3 times) between D3 (D1 = day of vaginal plug detection) and D4 effectively blocked embryo implantation; complete inhibition was achieved in C57BL/6J mice, and implantation was dramatically reduced in ICR mice (reduced to 27%). Normal rabbit IgG used as the control did not disturb embryo implantation. Anti-LIF antibody was localized not only in the stroma, but also in the luminal epithelium and the glandular lumen after i.p. injections. Growth-arrested blastocysts were recovered from the uterus without any implantation sites in both strains. Blastocysts made contact with the LE on the antimesometrial side; however, uterine stromal cells did not undergo secondary decidual reaction, and the uterine lumen was open, even at D7. Several regions of decidualization in ICR mice treated with anti-LIF antibody were smaller than those of the control, and development of blastocysts was delayed. The expression of LIF-regulated genes, such as immune-responsive gene-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, was significantly decreased in C57BL/6J mice treated with anti-LIF antibody compared with the control, but not in ICR mice. The present study demonstrated that simple ip injections of an antibody are sufficient to block one of the important factors involved in embryo implantation in mice, and this method should also be easily applicable to the investigation of other factors involved in implantation.     

猪胚胎附植部分因子研究进展

产仔数性状是养猪业中一个重要的经济性状,而胚胎附植对猪产仔数的高低有重要的影响。胚胎附植的调控涉及到多个生物学过程,在其中发挥作用的物质（附植因子）很多。作者针对孕酮、孕酮受体、雌二醇、雌激素受体α（ESR1）和促红细胞生成素产生肝细胞受体配体（Eph-ephrin）系统这几种附植因子的相关研究进行了归纳总结,重点阐述了这些因子在母胎对话过程中的时空表达、功能、突变、调控等方面的研究进展。其中,孕酮及其受体在猪胚胎附植活动中全程发挥着重要作用,黄体分泌的孕酮与母猪子宫内膜腔上皮、腺上皮、基质和肌细胞中的孕酮受体结合发挥作用,使这些组织细胞分泌多种附植因子,这些附植因子进一步参与胚胎附植过程。雌二醇是雌激素中含量最多、活性最强的一种激素,主要由卵巢颗粒细胞分泌,雌激素受体α是子宫内雌二醇的主要受体,二者结合可使母猪发情;此外,附植中处于游离状态的胚泡也分泌雌二醇,其是一个让母猪子宫内膜得以识别的信号,允许胚泡附植。Eph-ephrin系统作用广泛,其在人、小鼠和猪的胚胎附植过程中发挥着重要作用。系统中的EphA1、ephrin A1、EphA4等基因在猪的胚胎附植期表达量显著高于空怀猪,它们在子宫内膜附植点的表达量显著高于附植点间的部位,且ephrin A1的抑制表达会降低子宫内膜上皮细胞的迁移和黏附能力。这些附植因子都在猪胚胎附植活动中发挥着重要作用,对它们的深入研究将有利于明确猪胚胎附植调控机理,进一步揭示猪高繁机理。     

脂多糖对胚胎附植期Toll样受体4及相关免疫因子的影响

试验旨在探讨脂多糖（LPS）对绵羊胚胎附植期Toll样受体4（TLR4）及相关免疫因子表达的影响。以构建好的pcDNA3.1-TLR4过表达载体转染绵羊子宫内膜基质细胞,运用Western blotting技术鉴定细胞转染效果,然后用1 μg/L LPS刺激转染后的子宫内膜基质细胞,建立内膜基质细胞炎症模型。将经LPS处理的细胞分别培养12、24、48、72 h,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术和Western blotting法检测内膜基质细胞中TLR4 mRNA及蛋白表达量,以及免疫因子IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达水平,并以未经LPS处理的细胞作为对照。结果显示,与对照组相比,LPS促进了免疫因子IL-1β、IL-6的释放量,但随LPS作用时间的延长,细胞中IL-6的表达量逐渐下降,而IL-1β的表达量逐渐升高,使得Th1/Th2偏向不利于妊娠的Th1方向表达;TLR4 mRNA相对表达量在12、24、72 h均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,48 h时极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,且LPS处理后的细胞TLR4蛋白表达量也始终高于对照组。综上所述,pcDNA3.1-TLR4过表达载体成功转入绵羊子宫内膜基质细胞;LPS有效激活了子宫内膜细胞中TLR4信号通路,并促进了下游因子的表达;子宫蜕膜组织中TLR4受体蛋白对胚胎附植早期妊娠微环境的平衡维持也起到了重要作用。     

C5a/C5aR信号在微小隐孢子虫感染中的免疫调节作用研究

旨在探究C5a/C5aR信号在微小隐孢子虫感染过程中对宿主CD4⁺ T细胞免疫反应的调控作用。本研究以微小隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidium parvum）为研究对象,以BALB/c乳鼠和C5aR抑制BALB/c乳鼠为感染模型,应用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组织化学技术检测了C.parvum感染前后乳鼠回肠组织中C5aR的表达变化,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测了隐孢子虫HSP70基因和CD4⁺ T细胞亚群（Th1、Th2、Th17细胞和Treg细胞）主效应细胞因子（IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-17和TGF-β）的转录变化,并通过病理组织切片观察乳鼠回肠黏膜的损伤情况。结果显示：与对照组乳鼠相比,C.parvum感染可以引起乳鼠回肠组织中C5aR的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著上调（P<0.05）,以及IFN-γ表达水平显著上调（P<0.05）;与C.parvum感染组乳鼠相比,C5aR抑制剂处理可引起C.parvum感染乳鼠回肠组织中Th1细胞、Th2细胞和Treg细胞的主效应细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4和TGF-β显著下调表达（P<0.05）,以及Th17细胞主效应细胞因子IL-17显著上调表达（P<0.05）。病理学观察发现,抑制C5aR能显著改善C.parvum感染引起的乳鼠回肠组织的绒毛直径和黏膜厚度变化（P<0.05）,但不能改善绒毛长度、绒毛长度与隐窝深度比值。隐孢子虫HSP70基因的mRNA水平检测发现,抑制C5aR能显著影响C.parvum在回肠组织中的增殖（P<0.05）。C5a/C5aR信号可能通过动态调节CD4⁺ T细胞亚群主效应细胞因子的表达来参与宿主与隐孢子虫相互作用的过程,为深入理解隐孢子虫与宿主的互作机制提供了参考。     

L-苯丙氨酸对小鼠妊娠早期胚胎发育及子宫局部肥大细胞的影响

为了研究交感神经对小鼠胚胎着床和发育的作用机制,本文筛选出合适的L-苯丙氨酸浓度(320 mg/kg体重),处理孕鼠,观察胚胎着床和发育,通过甲苯胺蓝染色检测子宫局部肥大细胞的变化.研究结果显示,320 mg/kg体重L-苯丙氨酸能显著降低胚胎着床数目,分别下降了45％ (E7)和58％(E9),并且显著延缓胚胎的发育；与对照组相比,着床后子宫局部肥大细胞数目显著降低,分别在E5～E9降低了36.62％、64.59％和23.30％,差异显著.由本研究结果可以推断一定浓度的L-苯丙氨酸可以激活交感神经,影响妊娠早期子宫局部肥大细胞数量,从而改变子宫局部微环境,影响胚胎着床和发育.     

Susceptibility and protection of naive and vaccinated racing pigeons (Columbia livia) against exotic Newcastle disease virus from the California 2002-2003 outbreak

The susceptibility, immune response, and protection to challenge after vaccination in racing pigeons (Columbia livia) was assessed with the 2002-2003 exotic Newcastle disease (END) virus responsible for the most recent major outbreak in Southern California. Immunologically na?ve pigeons appeared resistant to disease, regardless of dose, after a natural route of exposure. Twenty percent morbidity was observed in each group of birds receiving between 10(2.1) and 10(8.1) 50% embryo infectious dose (EID50) per bird, with one bird succumbing to challenge in the 10(8.1) EID50/bird group at day 12 postinoculation. Although resistant to disease, birds in all groups continued to shed virus from either oral or cloacal route at the end of the 14-day sampling period, and seroconversion was only observed in birds receiving > or =10(6.1) EID50. Single or double vaccination of juvenile and adult birds with pigeon paramyxovirus virus type 1 (PPMV-1) vaccine followed by END challenge with 10(6.1) EID50/bird decreased the duration, incidence, and viral load. A positive correlation was observed between the presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers at challenge and decreased viral shedding. Overt clinical signs of disease were not observed in any PPMV-1-vaccinated birds after challenge.     

Two concepts on the immunological aspect of blastocyst implantation

The process of blastocyst implantation is a series of interactions between the blastocyst and maternal tissues. The purpose of this process is (1) to provide nourishment to the embryo for developmental growth in appropriate physiological and endocrinological environment until a placenta is established, and (2) to protect the (semi-)allogeneic embryo from any attacks from the maternal immune system. To facilitate successful implantation, therefore, these two aspects of the embryonic demand must be satisfied in the embryo-maternal interface throughout the entire process of implantation. The first concept I present in this paper is that blastocyst implantation essential factors (BIEFs) have dual functions: one, for structural and functional modification of the endometrium to accommodate the developing embryo and provide nourishment and suitable environment for its development, and the other, for modulation, directly or indirectly, of the maternal immune system to prevent attacks by the maternal immune system. The second concept is that BIEFs convert the endometrium (or uterus) from an immunologically non-privileged site to a privileged site. This endometrial (uterine) conversion is the immunological aspect of the blastocyst implantation process. When the endometrium has become receptive for blastocyst implantation, it signifies that the immunological conversion of the endometrium by BIEFs has been sufficiently attained to let the embryo start contacting maternal tissues. During the early stages of placentation, as the trophoblast cells differentiate and make their way to the maternal blood vessels to establish the placenta, BIEFs continuously provide nourishment and immunological protection to the developing embryo. The immunological protection of the embryo/fetus from potential attacks by the maternal immune system appears to reach a peak at the time of establishment of the placenta. Thus, clarification of the roles of BIEFs in both the physiological/endocrinological aspect as well as the immunological aspect is essential for understanding the biological process of implantation.     

Monoclonal antibodies to feline lymphocyte membranes recognize the leukocyte-common antigen (CD45R).

By immunization of BALB/c mice with a feline T lymphoblastoid cell line, MYA-1 cells, two types of lymphocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were obtained. The 220/205/190 kd protein defined by 2F11 mAb is highly expressed on the surface of MYA-1 cells and another feline T lymphoma cell line, FL74 cells. The protein is also expressed on normal feline thymocytes, splenocytes and feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Another mAb, 17B10, caused similar results as those of 2F11 except for its low reactivity with FL74 cells. The second type of mAb, 15B3, defined the 220 kd protein. The reactivities of this mAb with MYA-1 cells, FL74 cells, PBMCs and feline splenocytes were lower than the former two mAbs, and did not react to feline thymocytes. On the other hand, 17B10 and 15B3 defined partial populations of MYA-1 and FL74 cells recognized by 2F11. The cells defined by the 2F11 and 17B10 are all leukocytes in spleen and lymph node. In contrast, 15B3 defined most of the cells in B cell area and partially in T cell area. These results suggested that 2F11 and 17B10 recognized the specific antigen of 220/205/190 kd of the leukocyte-common antigen (L-CA) family, CD45R, with different epitopes, and that 15B3 defined the distinct antigen of 220 kd on CD45R.     

硫酸头孢喹肟子宫注入剂对泌乳期奶牛的安全性研究

为研究硫酸头孢喹肟子宫注入剂对泌乳期奶牛的安全性,试验选用24头泌乳期的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组(每组6头),其中3个受试药物组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组)分别给奶牛子宫内注入不同剂量的硫酸头孢喹肟子宫注入剂,1个空白对照组(Ⅳ组),给奶牛子宫内注入一定剂量的灭菌生理盐水。给药2次,间隔72h。在给药第0天、末次给药日及停药第7天,观察记录试验奶牛的各项指标,包括体温(直肠温度)、脉搏、呼吸频率、血液生理和生化指标、精神状态等临床表现及日产奶量和乳汁体细胞数(SCC)等,并对其进行考查。结果表明,泌乳期奶牛按推荐方法使用受试药物硫酸头孢喹肟子宫注入剂较安全,临床可用于治疗泌乳期奶牛的子宫内膜炎。     

Safety Study on Cefquinome Sulfate Intrauterine Infusion for Lactating Cows

The aim of this experiment was to study the safety of cefquinome sulfate intrauterine infusion for lactating cows.24 healthy lactating Chinese Holstein cows were randomly divided into four groups(6 cows in each group).Cows in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were respectively injected different doses of cefquinome sulfate intrauterine infusion in uterus, and cows in the blank control group(group Ⅳ) were injected the dose of sterilized saline water.The cows were injected with the tested drug in uterus for twice and the interval was 72 h.The indicators including body temperature(rectal temperature), pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood physiological and biochemical indexes, mental state, daily milk yield and somatic cell count(SCC) in milk were respectively observed and measured on the day of first administration, the day of final administration and the 7th day after final administration.The results showed that injecting lactating cows cefquinome sulfate intrauterine infusion to lactating cows as recommended dosage was safe.The drug could be used to treat endometritis of lactating cows in clinical practice.     

鸡毒支原体F弱毒疫苗株细胞免疫特性研究

为了解鸡毒支原体（Mycoplasma gallisepticum,MG）F弱毒疫苗株的细胞免疫特性,分别以活菌浓度为109（A组）、106（B组）ccu/mL的MG F株及生理盐水（C组）点眼接种SPF鸡,采用流式细胞技术及T淋巴细胞增殖试验对免疫前后淋巴细胞亚类Th/T、Tc/T、Th/Tc及刺激指数（SI）的动态变化规律进行研究。结果显示免疫后A、B组的Th/T、Tc/T、SI明显升高,其中Th/T于d5、d7,Tc/T、SI于d7、d14,A组显著高于B组（P〈0.05）。研究结果表明,免疫MG F株可较好的提高鸡的细胞免疫,且MG F株活菌浓度与接种鸡外周血Th/T、Tc/T、SI呈正相关。     

Antigen-specific regulatory T cells in bovine paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an intracellular pathogen that survives in the host's intestinal macrophages and causes chronic enteritis in ruminants. The subclinical stage of MAP infection is accompanied by loss of pro-inflammatory T(H)1 response, and a predominant, but ineffective, antibody-mediated T(H)2 response. How MAP interacts with the bovine immune system and suppresses T(H)1 responses is unclear. Studies carried out in our lab and others indicate that when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from subclinical MAP-infected cattle are stimulated with MAP-antigen, IL-10 is up-regulated and leads to suppression of IFN-gamma expression in MAP-antigen-reactive effector T cells. IL-10 up-regulation and reduction in IFN-gamma would favor MAP survival and proliferation in macrophages. Depletion studies in PBMCs from MAP-infected cattle also revealed that the MAP responsive T-cell population that produces IL-10 is CD4(+) and CD25(+). Therefore, we hypothesize that cattle infected with MAP develop regulatory T (Treg) cells capable of producing IL-10 that in turn limits peripheral and tissue-specific T(H)1 immune responses. The aim of this review is to summarize current thinking regarding Treg cells and provide preliminary evidence that infection of cattle with MAP may lead to development of Treg cells.     

鸽新城疫病毒弱毒株的分离与鉴定

对某鸽场送检的6只通过病理剖检疑似新城疫(ND)的病鸽进行实验室诊断,包括细菌分离、新城疫病毒荧光RT-PCR检测、SPF鸡胚分离与鉴定,并测定其鸡胚分离物F3代EID50和ICPI.结果为内脏病料新城疫病毒荧光RT-PCR检测为阳性;SPF鸡胚分离到一株有血凝活性的病毒,经HA和HI鉴定为NDV,其F3代血凝价为1∶26,EID50为107.63,ICPI为1.19.根据病鸽的临床症状、鸡胚分离物EID50和IC-PI,确定该鸽新城疫病毒分离株为弱毒株.     

Different cytokine patterns induced by Helicobacter pylori and Lactobacillus acidophilus extracts in PBMCs of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a degenerative inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. AAA is characterized by abdominal aortic dilatation more than 3 cm and is often asymptomatic, but the rupture of aneurysm can lead to death. Age, smoking and male sex are major predisposing factors of AAA.This study compares the effect of Helicobacter (H.) pylori and Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus on the cytokine profile of PBMCs of 5 men with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and 5 men with normal/insignificant angiography, CT-Scan and ultrasonography results in the single-culture and in the co-culture with HUVECs. IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17 F, IL-21, IL-22, IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured in culture supernatants using a commercial fluorescent-labeled-bead assay.In general, CagA+ H. pylori-extract induced higher production of IFN-γ, IL-13 and IL-21 by PBMCs. Treatment of patients’ PBMCs with CagA⁺ H. pylori-extract induced Th2 cytokines while treatment of controls’ PBMCs with CagA⁺ H. pylori-extract increased Th1 cytokines. In the co-culture, however, patients’ PBMCs produced Th1 cytokines irrespective of extract treatment, while controls’ PBMCs produced Th2 cytokines and decreased IL-10. CagA+ H. pylori- as well as L. acidophilus-extract induced higher levels of IL-9 by controls’ PBMCs in co-culture with HUVECs than patients (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01).The cytokine pattern of PBMCs induced by CagA+ H. pylori- and L. acidophilus-extracts in the co-culture with HUVECs shows differences in AAA patients and in comparison to controls. Decreased secretion of IL-9, IL-21 and IL-22 by PBMCs of patients treated with CagA+ H. pylori extract in co-culture, as opposed to non-AAA controls may indicate the active role ECs play in AAA. Simultaneous production of IL-10 and Th1 cytokines in patients and pronounced Th2 cytokines in controls in response to both bacteria may point to the inherent differences between patients and controls, which need further investigation.     

Upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes and interleukin-10 in peripheral blood immune cells during early pregnancy in dairy cows

In cows, interferon-tau (IFNT) regulates maternal recognition around days 15-19 after artificial insemination (AI). The present study hypothesized that if key target genes of IFNT are clearly upregulated in earlier stages of pregnancy, these genes could be use as indices of future pregnancy in cows. Therefore, we determined the expression of these genes in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) during the maternal recognition period (MRP). Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were subjected to AI on day 0 and categorized into the following groups: pregnancy (Preg, n = 9), embryonic death (ED, n = 5) and non-pregnancy (NP, n = 6). Progesterone levels in the Preg group were higher than those in the NP group on days 12-21. ISG15 and OAS-1 (IFN-stimulated genes: ISGs) mRNA in PBMCs on day 8 was higher in the Preg group than in the NP group, and these mRNAs in PMNs was higher in the Preg group on day 5 than in the NP and ED groups. Interleukin-10 (IL-10, Th2 cytokine) mRNA expression increased on day 8 in the PBMCs of pregnant cows. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα, Th1 cytokine) mRNA expression was stable in all groups. In an in vitro cell culture experiment, IFNT stimulated mRNA expression of ISGs in both PBMCs and PMNs. IFNT stimulated IL-10 mRNA expression in PBMCs, whereas IFNT increased TNFα mRNA levels in PBMCs in vitro. The results suggest that ISGs and IL-10 could be responsive to IFNT before the MRP in peripheral blood immune cells and may be useful target genes for reliable indices of pregnancy before the MRP.     

A role for balance of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 production in protective immunity against Neospora caninum infection

A suitable balance in the production of Th1/Th2-type cytokines has a crucial role in the control of microbial infections. We investigated cytokine production patterns and effects during Neospora caninum infection, based on two mouse models and an in vitro system. In the acute infection of N. caninum, BALB/c-background IFN-gamma-deficient mice that were sensitive to the N. caninum infection showed high levels of IL-10 production, whereas significant levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) production were observed in resistant wild type mice. BALB/c mice vaccinated with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing N. caninum surface protein NcSRS2 resisted parasite spread throughout the body, low levels of IFN-gamma production and high levels of IL-4 production were observed compared to unvaccinated animals. The treatment of N. caninum-infected cells with IFN-gamma or IL-10 decreased the host-cell viability in an in vitro system using mouse macrophage J774A.1 cells. On the other hand, IL-4, but not IL-10 administration, increased the viability of N. caninum-infected and IFN-gamma-treated cells. In the light of the balance of Th1/Th2-type cytokine production, an IFN-gamma/IL-4 balance may have a crucial role for the control of cellular responses against the parasite invasion.     

Infection of normal C3H/HeN mice with Taenia saginata asiatica oncospheres

Normal C3H/HeN female mice were used to develop an animal model of Taenia saginata asiatica oncosphere infection. The host cellular immune response in this model was analyzed by a cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cytokine ELISA) and flow cytometry. Tumor-like cysts containing cysticerci were recovered from the inoculation sites of female mice 7 weeks postinfection with the T. saginata asiatica oncospheres. A sharp increase and sustained elevation in the ability of spleen cells to produce interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 revealed that cellular immunity played an important role during the infection. An immediate increase in the levels of IL-6 at 1 week postinfection indicated the induction of a local acute inflammatory response. However, no significant change in the levels of IL-10 indicated that Th2 cells were not involved in this immune response. The patterns of cell distribution revealed by flow cytometry also supported the same finding. These results suggested that Th1 cells played a major role in the immune response in C3H/HeN mice during the early stages of the oncosphere infection and that the Th2 response was not induced during the stage of cysticercus formation.