免疫应激对肉仔鸡苏氨酸/赖氨酸需求比例的影响

选用300只16日龄的AA肉公鸡,研究了免疫应激对内源氨基酸损失和日粮氨基酸消化率的影响。选用750只1日龄AA肉公鸡,采用2×5因子设计,研究了免疫应激和日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对1～21日龄期间生长性能、内分泌激素水平和血清尿酸浓度的影响。结果表明,免疫应激直接增加肉仔鸡内源氨基酸损失,同时又通过降低干物质采食量显著减少内源损失,但没有影响日粮氨基酸消化率。免疫应激也降低了肉仔鸡生长性能,日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对肉仔鸡增重的影响与免疫状态有关。对照组获得最大增重和最低耗料/增重比需要的日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例均为64/100,应激组相应的需求比例分别为70/100和71/100。     

免疫应激对肉仔鸡苏氨酸、赖氨酸需求比例的影响

选用300只16日龄的AA肉公鸡,研究了免疫应激对内源氨基酸损失和日粮氨基酸消化率的影响.选用750只1日龄AA肉公鸡,采用2×5因子设计,研究了免疫应激和日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对1～21日龄期间生长性能、内分泌激素水平和血清尿酸浓度的影响.结果表明,免疫应激直接增加肉仔鸡内源氨基酸损失,同时又通过降低干物质采食量显著减少内源损失,但没有影响日粮氨基酸消化率.免疫应激也降低了肉仔鸡生长性能,日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对肉仔鸡增重的影响与免疫状态有关.对照组获得最大增重和最低耗料/增重比需要的日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例均为64/100,应激组相应的需求比例分别为70/100和71/100.     

免疫应激对肉仔鸡苏氨酸/赖氨酸需求比例的影响

选用300只16日龄的AA肉公鸡,研究了免疫应激对内源氨基酸损失和日粮氨基酸消化率的影响。选用750只1日龄AA肉公鸡,采用2×5因子设计,研究了免疫应激和日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对1～21日龄期间生长性能、内分泌激素水平和血清尿酸浓度的影响。结果表明,免疫应激直接增加肉仔鸡内源氨基酸损失,同时又通过降低干物质采食量显著减少内源损失,但没有影响日粮氨基酸消化率。免疫应激也降低了肉仔鸡生长性能,日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对肉仔鸡增重的影响与免疫状态有关。对照组获得最大增重和最低耗料/增重比需要的日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例均为64/100,应激组相应的需求比例分别为70/100和71/100。     

不同免疫应激对肉仔鸡生长性能、养分消化和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同免疫应激对肉仔鸡生长性能、养分消化、血清生化指标和肉品质的影响.选取540只1日龄Cobb500肉仔鸡,随机分为5组(对照组、常免组、简免组、免疫亢进组和免疫抑制组),每组设9个重复,每个重复12只鸡.常免组和简免组按试验要求进行疫苗免疫,亢进组和抑制组在常免基础上分别注射细菌脂多糖(LPS)和环磷酰胺(CPM).21日龄和42日龄屠宰取样,检测相关指标.结果表明:1)不同免疫应激对肉仔鸡料重比无显著差异(P>0.05);无免组和简免组肉仔鸡采食量和体增重与常免组无显著差异(P>0.05),LPS亢进和CPM抑制均极显著降低肉仔鸡全期体增重(P<0.01),且LPS亢进显著降低肉仔鸡全期采食量(P<0.05);2)不同免疫应激对能量表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);除简免组干物质表观消化率与无免组差异不显著(P>0.05)外,不同免疫应激均极显著或显著降低了肉仔鸡中后期干物质表观消化率(P<0.01)和粗脂肪表观消化率(P<0.05);肉仔鸡中后期免疫抑制组粗蛋白质回肠表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05);3)CPM抑制极显著增大了肌肉滴水损失(P<0.01).结果提示:合理控制饲养环境条件下,无免疫不影响肉仔鸡生长性能,而免疫应激降低肉仔鸡对饲粮干物质、回肠粗蛋白质、粗脂肪的表观消化率,影响采食量和体增重,不利于肉仔鸡生长和生产.     

肉仔鸡内源氨基酸基础损失量估测研究

本研究旨在对肉仔鸡内源氨基酸基础损失量(BAAL)进行估测。选用28日龄爱拔益加商品代肉仔鸡48只,随机分为8组(公、母各4组),每组6只鸡。收集其自由采食无氮日粮后的回肠食糜,测定35日龄肉仔鸡回肠末端内源氨基酸基础损失量。结果表明:BAAL和内源蛋白质的氨基酸组成在公、母鸡间差异不显著(P>0.05),母鸡BAAL值均高于公鸡(P>0.05)。谷氨酸是回肠末端损失最多的氨基酸,天冬氨酸次之,组氨酸损失最少。内源蛋白质的氨基酸组成中,谷氨酸值最高,天冬氨酸次之,组氨酸值最低。     

无氮日粮法和酶解酪蛋白超滤法测定肉仔鸡内源氨基酸损失量的比较研究

选用40日龄平均体重(2500±50)g商品代AA肉公鸡120只,随机分为无氮日粮组和酶解酪蛋白组,分别饲喂无氮日粮和含酶解酪蛋白的日粮,36h后取回肠末端食糜,测定回肠末端内源氨基酸流量。结果表明:酶解酪蛋白超滤法测定的17种氨基酸的回肠末端内源流量,都高于无氮日粮法的测值,其中12种氨基酸(除甘氨酸、半胱氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸和组氨酸)的差异显著(P<0.05);17种氨基酸总的内源流量,超滤法比无氮日粮法高22.7%(P<0.05)。     

皮质酮应激对肉仔鸡生产性能及血液指标的影响

为了确证皮质酮(CORT)应激对肉仔鸡生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响,试验选用108只7日龄肉仔鸡随机分为2组,对照组(CTRL)饲喂基础日粮,试验组(CORT)日粮在基础日粮中添加30 mg/kg皮质酮(饲喂2周),21日龄后两组鸡均采食基础日粮。测定肉仔鸡生产性能及血液中皮质酮、葡萄糖、钙、尿酸和游离脂肪酸含量。结果表明:8~21日龄时,皮质酮组肉仔鸡日采食量、日增重及饲料效率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。8~42日龄时,皮质酮组肉仔鸡日增重显著低于对照组(P0.05);采食量比对照组有降低趋势(P0.05)。皮质酮组肉仔鸡血液中皮质酮、葡萄糖、钙及尿酸含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结果表明,日粮长期添加皮质酮使肉仔鸡产生应激,并改变了肉仔鸡机体物质代谢。     

酸枣仁皂甙对热应激肉用仔鸡生产性能、消化道和免疫器官的影响

为探明酸枣仁皂苷对肉仔鸡的抗热应激作用,将225只1日龄AA肉雏仔鸡公母混合随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每重复15只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1～4组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.5,1.0,1.5和2.0 mg/kg的酸枣仁皂苷。1～3周龄采用常规饲养管理,4周龄时开始进行为期1周的(34±1)℃热应激处理。结果:0.5和1.0 mg/kg添加水平极显著提高3周龄肉仔鸡日增重(P<0.01),4个水平的酸枣仁皂苷对热应激肉仔鸡的平均日增重、采食量和饲料转化率均有改善作用,以0.5和1.0 mg/kg添加水平最佳(P<0.01)。饲粮中添加0.5 mg/kg酸枣仁皂苷显著提高热应激肉仔鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率(P<0.05),极显著降低皮下脂肪厚(P<0.01)。酸枣仁皂苷对热应激肉仔鸡的腿比例、腿肌率、胸肌率、腹脂率、腺胃率、肌胃率、脾脏率、十二指肠率、空肠率、回肠率、盲肠率、法氏囊率和胸腺率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。总之,1～3周龄肉仔鸡饲粮中添加酸枣仁皂苷,可提高采食量和日增重;34℃热应激下添加酸枣仁皂苷,可提高平均日增重、采食量和饲料转化率,改善胴体品质;酸枣仁皂苷较理想的添加水平为0.5～1.0 mg/kg。     

木薯日粮中添加α-淀粉酶对肉仔鸡生产性能和养分消化利用的影响

本实验旨在评估木薯日粮中添加α-淀粉酶对肉仔鸡生产性能和养分消化利用的影响。400羽1日龄健康商品科宝肉仔鸡随机分为5组,每组8个重复,每个重复10羽鸡,分别接受正对照组(PC),负对照组(NC)及NC+1 500 U/kg、NC+2 000 U/kg、NC+2 500 U/kg等5种日粮。结果表明,加酶组(2 500 U/kg)平均日增重和平均日采食量显著高于NC组(P<0.05),且较NC组回肠末端粗蛋白质消化率提高2.3个百分点(P>0.05)。与NC组相比,加酶2 000 U/kg和2 500 U/kg组的总淀粉消化率分别提高1.3和1.5百分点(P>0.05)。本试验结果显示,木薯型日粮中添加α-淀粉酶可促进肉仔鸡1~21日龄平均日采食量和平均日增重。适宜的α-淀粉酶添加水平为2 500 U/kg。     

脂多糖应激对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道微生物菌群和肉品质的影响

旨在研究脂多糖应激对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道微生物菌群和肉品质的影响,确定脂多糖作为免疫应激模型的最适使用剂量提供指导支持,为阐明免疫应激状态下动物生长代谢变化及从营养角度研发抗免疫应激药物奠定基础。将120只肉仔鸡随机分成4个处理组(对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组),分别在16、18、20日龄,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别腹腔注射100、500、1 000μg/kg体重的脂多糖,对照组注射生理盐水,试验期为42d,通过检测平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比、大肠埃希菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、肉色、pH、剪切力、失水率等指标,比较分析脂多糖不同注射剂量对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道微生物菌群和肉品质的影响。结果显示,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,平均日采食量、平均日增重、乳酸菌数、双歧杆菌数、a*值、pH均显著降低(P0.05),大肠埃希菌数、失水率均显著升高(P0.05);Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比,平均日采食量、平均日增重、双歧杆菌数、pH均显著降低(P0.05),大肠埃希菌数、失水率均显著提高(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组相比,平均日增重显著降低(P0.05),失水率显著提高(P0.05)。表明脂多糖应激能引起肉仔鸡肠道微生物菌群平衡发生改变,导致肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质下降,而且应激强度越大,负面效应越强。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -