FSHβ、 ESR 和 PRLR 基因多态性与淮猪新品系产仔数相关性分析

基于FSHβ、ESR和PRLR基因功能位点的报道,将3个基因作为母猪产仔数性状的候选基因进行多态性检测与关联分析,旨在为猪繁殖性状分子遗传标记提供参考。本研究采用PCR-RFLP技术检测了淮猪新品系母猪FSHβ、ESR和PRLR基因的多态性及其对初产仔数的影响,并分析了多基因合并基因型对初产仔数的聚合效应。结果表明,FSHβ基因在该猪群中分布处于哈德-温伯格不平衡状态,ESR和PRLR基因分布处于哈德-温伯格平衡状态;FSHβ、ESR和PRLR基因的A等位基因对繁殖性状均具有正的加性效应;FSHβ、ESR基因的AA基因型为该猪群的优良基因型,两基因的AA型个体比BB型个体分别提高产仔数1.54（P＞0.05）和2.13头（P＜0.01）,分别提高产活仔数1.55（P＞0.05）和1.82头（P＜0.01）;PRLR基因AB型个体产仔数比AA型和BB型个体分别提高0.77（P＜0.05）和1.59头（P＜0.05）,产活仔数分别提高0.65（P＜0.05）和1.8头（P＜0.01）;合并基因型与产仔数的关系表明,以FSHβ、ESR和PRLR基因AAAABB型的总产仔数最高（14.5头）。在种猪选育时提高FSHβ、ESR的A等位基因频率以提高产仔数,PRLR基因是否能应用于淮猪新品系选育中,仍需进一步研究。     

苏太猪ESR基因多态性及其与繁殖性能的关联分析

本研究采用PCR-RFLP方法对苏太猪的ESR基因PvuⅡ位点多态性进行检测,并分析其与繁殖性能间的关系。结果表明,ESR基因的3种基因型AA、AB、BB在苏太猪中的频率分别为0.089、0.570、0.341;其中在初产母猪中,AA基因型个体的产活仔数（NBA）和初生窝重（BLW）显著高于AB、BB 基因型的个体（P<0.05）;在经产母猪中,AA基因型个体的总产仔数（TNB）及断奶成活数（NW）显著高于AB和BB基因型的个体（P<0.05）,AA和AB 基因型与BB 基因型之间的断奶窝重（WWL）差异显著（P<0.05）;总体上苏太猪ESR基因PvuⅡ 3种基因型个体的繁殖性状存在AA>AB>BB的趋势。     

猪产仔数分子标记效应的比较分析和基因互作的研究

比较分析了4个产仔数分子标记(ESR、ESRB、PRLR、FSHRB)及其基因效应，初步探讨了基因间相互作用。初步筛选出有利于产仔数提高的分子标记为ESR基因位点的基因型BB、FSHRB位点的基因型BB、PRLR基因位点的基因型AA、ESRB的基因型AA。不利于产仔数提高的分子标记为ESR基因位点的基因型AA、PRLR基因位点的基因型BB、FSHRB位点的基因型AA、位点ESRB的基因型BB。基因间互作不显著。     

猪PRLR和RBP4基因与产仔数的关联分析

统计了沈阳地区引进猪种长白、大白和杜洛克的产仔数记录,并采用PCR-RFLP方法检测三品种猪PRLR和RBP4基因的多态性,分析2个基因对各品种产仔数的影响。结果表明,在3个猪群内PRLR和RBP4基因都存在AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,各基因均处于遗传平衡状态,3个种群处于中度多态,具有较丰富的遗传多态性;单基因分析表明,PRLR与RBP4各基因型对3个品种的总产仔数影响均不显著(P>0.05),PRLR的优良基因型是BB型,而RBP4的优良基因型是AB型;合并基因型分析表明BBAB为有利基因型,AABB为不利基因型,长白、大白各基因型产仔数差异显著(P<0.05),而杜洛克差异不显著(P>0.05),合并基因型的遗传效应显著高于单基因型效应。     

苏太猪ESR基因多态性及其与繁殖性能的关联分析

本研究采用PCR-RFLP方法对苏太猪的ESR基因PvuⅡ位点多态性进行检测,并分析其与繁殖性能间的关系。结果表明,ESR基因的3种基因型AA、AB、BB在苏太猪中的频率分别为0.089、0.570、0.341;其中在初产母猪中,AA基因型个体的产活仔数(NBA)和初生窝重(BLW)显著高于AB、BB基因型的个体(P0.05);在经产母猪中,AA基因型个体的总产仔数(TNB)及断奶成活数(NW)显著高于AB和BB基因型的个体(P0.05),AA和AB基因型与BB基因型之间的断奶窝重(WWL)差异显著(P0.05);总体上苏太猪ESR基因PvuⅡ3种基因型个体的繁殖性状存在AAABBB的趋势。     

ESR和FSHβ基因对苏太猪断奶存活影响的研究

采用PCR-RFLP，PCR-DSCP技术分析了苏太猪雌激素受体基因（ESR）和促卯泡素β亚基基因（FSHD）的基因型对断奶存活率（LW）的影响。结果表明：ESR基因在初产母猪中，LW在ESR基因BB基因型和AA、AB基因型间存在显著的差异（P〈0．05），且BB基因型〉AB基因型〉AA基因型。FSHβ各基因型，在初产母猪和经产母猪中对LW的影响均不显著（P〉0.05）。合并基因型对初产和经产母猪LW的影响显著（P〈0．05），在初产母猪中，BBBB．AABB．ABBB基因型为优秀的合并基因型，且合并基因型的遗传效应高于各个基因效应的简单加和。     

ESR和FSH β基因对苏太猪断奶存活率影响的研究

采用PCR-RFLP,PCR-DSCP技术分析了苏太猪雌激素受体基因(ESR)和促卵泡素β亚基基因(FSH β)的基因型对断奶存活率(LW)的影响.结果表明:ESR基因在初产母猪中,LW在ESR基因BB基因型和AA、AB基因型间存在显著的差异(P＜0.05),且BB基因型＞加基因型＞AA基因型.FSH β各基因型,在初产母猪和经产母猪中对LW的影响均不显著(P＞0.05).合并基因型对初产和经产母猪LW的影响显著(P＜0.05),在初产母猪中,BBBB、AABB、ABBB基因型为优秀的合并基因型,且合并基因型的遗传效应高于各个基因效应的简单加和.     

猪繁殖性状主效基因及其合并基因型对产活仔数的影响

研究分析了大白、长白和杜洛克3个品种ESR和FSH-β基因的多态性及单基因、多基因合并与产活仔数的关系。结果表明:ESR和FSH-β基因在3个品种中均检测到AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,且A基因为优势基因型。ESR和FSH-β基因在3个品种中,产活仔数具有按照基因型AA、AB、BB递增的趋势,BB型个体产活仔数显著高于AA和AB型(P0.05),BB型为优良基因型。合并基因型在3个品种中,BBBB型产活仔数均显著高于其他合并基因型(P0.05),为最优合并基因型,AAAA为最劣合并基因性;合并基因型效应显著(P0.05),且高于单基因效应。因此,可以将这2个基因通过分子标记辅助选择或分子标记辅助选配的方法应用到猪的生产实践中,以提高猪的产仔数。     

辽宁种猪ESR和FSHβ基因多态性及其与产仔性能的关联分析

为了分析辽宁种猪ESR和FSHβ基因多态性及其与产仔性状的关系,试验提取猪耳组织DNA,用PCR-RFLP技术分析辽宁种猪ESR和FSHβ基因多态性,并分析基因型与产仔数的相关关系。结果发现:种猪ESR和FSHβ基因可见多态性,且与猪的产仔数显著相关。荷包猪ESR基因各基因型对产仔数影响大小依次为BB、AB、AA,与大白、长白、杜洛克猪群ESR各基因型对产仔数的影响相同;荷包猪种群中FSHβ基因各基因型对产仔数影响大小依次为AA、AB、BB,而在大白、长白、杜洛克猪群中,各基因型对产仔数影响大小依次为BB、AB、AA。说明荷包种猪群体ESR和FSHβ基因可见多态性,且与猪的产仔数显著相关,荷包猪与外来种猪基因型对产仔数影响不同。     

松辽黑猪和长白猪催乳素受体基因第10外显子多态性与繁殖性状的关联分析

试验旨在探讨催乳素受体(prolactin receptor,PRLR)基因遗传多态性及其与松辽黑猪、长白猪繁殖性状的关联性。采用PCR-RFLP方法对松辽黑猪和长白猪PRLR基因第10外显子进行了多态性检测,并运用最小二乘法分析各基因型对母猪繁殖性能的遗传效应。结果表明,两个猪种中都存在A、B 2个等位基因和AA、AB、BB 3种基因型,松辽黑猪和长白猪等位基因A的频率分别0.551和0.578,A为优势基因。两个猪种的AA基因型个体的断奶仔猪数、乳头数都显著高于其他两个基因型(P＜0.05),初产松辽黑猪AA基因型个体的TNB、NBA显著高于其他基因型(P＜0.05),对其他繁殖性状影响不显著,但呈现出AA＞AB＞BB的趋势。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -