Effect of enriched live feeds on survival and growth rates in larval Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli Hilgendorf

High mortality frequently occurs in larval mass production of Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli Hilgendorf. Nutritional deficiencies in live feeds, rotifers and Artemia nauplii, fed to larvae could be a reason. A series of experiments was carried out to evaluate the effect of nutritional enrichment of live feeds by ω‐yeast, Spirulina powder and Super Selco^TM on survival and growth rates in rockfish larvae. Preference of rockfish larvae for the live feeds was determined by analysis of stomach contents. In addition, the effect of green water produced by the use of Chlorella ellipsoidea and Spirulina powder on the growth performance of larvae was evaluated. Larvae fed rotifers nutritionally enriched with Super Selco showed significantly higher survival rates than those fed rotifers enriched with ω‐yeast. Larvae fed rotifers that were nutritionally enriched with both Super Selco and Spirulina together exhibited improved growth and survival rates. Larvae fed Artemia nauplii nutritionally enriched with Spirulina powder showed significantly higher survival than larvae fed Artemia nauplii without enrichment. When larvae were fed rotifers, Artemia nauplii or the mixture of rotifers and Artemia nauplii, the second and last group showed significantly higher survival than the first group. Fatty acid composition in live feeds was improved by enrichment of ω‐yeast and larvae fed this feed showed higher survival and growth rates compared with larvae fed non‐enriched feeds. No positive effect of green water in the tank produced with C. ellipsoidea or Spirulina powder was observed on survival and growth rates for larvae fed nutritionally enriched rotifers with Super Selco and Spirulina powder. However, when the larvae were fed Artemia nauplii that were nutritionally enriched with ω‐yeast and Spirulina powder, green water obtained by adding Spirulina powder to the tanks resulted in significantly higher growth rates of larvae than was obtained by adding C. ellipsoidea.     

Use of formulated diets as replacements for Artemia in the rearing of juvenile American lobsters (Homarus americanus)

American lobsters, Homarus americanus, have been successfully reared in hatchery operations for over a century, yet formulated diets have never been commercially produced. In recent years, commercial Artemia replacement (CAR) diets have been developed and marketed for use in aquaculture production of marine shrimp. Three separate experiments assessed the utility of rearing American lobsters on these shrimp CAR diets. First, survival and growth of stage IV American lobsters fed one of three CAR diets (Artemac 5, CAR1; Economac 4, CAR2; and Progression 3, CAR3) were compared to those of animals fed frozen adult n-3 fatty acid enriched Artemia. Survival to 3 months was highest for animals fed CAR3 (85%), while animals fed Artemia had the greatest weight gain (> 6 % day^− 1). A cost / benefit ratio analysis showed that CAR2 was the most cost efficient for juvenile production because of its low overall purchase cost. Second, stage IV lobsters were fed either CAR2 or frozen adult n-3 fatty acid enriched Artemia exclusively, or in combination (2 : 5, and 5 : 2). Again, CAR2 was a cost effective feed to use, even as a partial replacement for Artemia. Survival was higher in diets that included CAR2, and feeding it two days per week compensated for low quality Artemia. Finally, 1.5 year old lobsters fed a gelatin-bound mix of 80% CAR2 and 20% frozen Artemia for five months survived and grew equally well compared to lobsters fed gelatin-bound frozen adult Artemia, and better than a custom formulated maintenance diet. The benefits of incorporating formulated feeds into American lobster rearing programs to increase the effectiveness of enhancement programs is discussed.     

Zingiber officinalis an herbal appetizer in the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) larviculture

Penaeus monodon postlarvae were fed with different percentages (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of the herbal appetizer Zingiber officinalis enriched Artemia. After 30 days of culture (i.e. PL‐1–30), a very positive result was found in Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia‐fed postlarvae. The unenriched Artemia‐fed postlarvae consumed 91.0 mg/animal/30 days of feed, whereas the Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia increased their consumption to 127.9 mg/animal/30 days. A similar pattern was noticed in feed absorbed (110.2 mg), dry weight growth (26.7 mg) and feed catabolized (83.2 mg) in Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia because of enzymatic activities. The conversion efficiency of unenriched postlarva was 17.19%, whereas in 100%Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia, the maximum conversion efficiency was 20.85%. The net production efficiency increased significantly (P < 0.05) to 22% from that of the unenriched Artemia‐fed postlarvae. The administration of Z. officinalis in all levels produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher weight gain and specific growth rate. The utilization efficiency of feed increased proportionately to the percentages of Z. officinalis. Digestive enzyme activity (amylase, protease and lipase) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the 50%, 75% and 100% enrichment. Among the different percentages of enrichment, the 100%Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia‐fed postlarvae performed better in the overall status.     

The enrichment of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia franciscana with taurine liposomes and their subsequent effects on the larval development of California yellowtail (Seriola lalandi)

Taurine is an essential or conditionally essential nutrient for many species of marine fish, especially during early development. There is growing evidence that marine fish larvae benefit from taurine‐enriched rotifers; however, it is unknown if larvae benefit from taurine‐enriched Artemia. We investigated the effects of taurine‐enriched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia franciscana on the growth and whole‐body taurine concentrations of California yellowtail (Seriola lalandi; CYT) larvae. The approach used in this study was to encapsulate taurine within microparticles (liposomes), which were then fed to rotifers and Artemia. We found that feeding taurine liposomes to rotifers and Artemia resulted in taurine concentrations in these prey species that were similar to or above those previously reported in copepods. At the end of the rotifer phase, CYT larvae fed taurine‐enriched rotifers showed increased growth (final dry weights; DW) and had higher whole body taurine concentrations when compared to larvae fed unenriched rotifers. At the end of the Artemia phase, CYT whole body taurine concentrations varied among dietary treatments. Larval lengths and DWs were not significantly different among treatments at the end of the Artemia phase, suggesting that the taurine concentrations of unenriched Artemia were sufficient to support the growth of CYT larvae.     

Effects of enriched Artemia by fish and soybean oils supplemented with vitamin E on growth performance,lipid peroxidation,lipase activity and fatty acid composition of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of enriched Artemia by fish and soybean oils supplemented with vitamin E on growth performance, lipid peroxidation, lipase activity and fatty acid composition of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae. For this purpose, five experimental diets including non‐enriched Artemia (control diet), Artemia enriched with soybean oil supplemented with 15% and 30% vitamin E (S15 and S30 diets) and fish oil supplemented with 15% and 30% vitamin E (F15 and F30 diets) were used. The larvae were fed to apparent satiation four times per day for 22 days. The results indicated that fish fed enriched Artemia had no significant differences compared with those fed non‐enriched Artemia in terms of growth and survival, but increase in vitamin E levels from 15 to 30% improved growth performance of larvae. Vitamin E content in fish fed S15 and S30 diets was significantly higher. Fish fed non‐enriched Artemia had significantly higher thiobarbituric acid and lower lipase activity. The highest HUFA and n‐3/n‐6 ratio were observed in fish fed F15 and F30 diets. Our results demonstrated that fish oil can completely replace with soybean oil in larval diets. Therefore, using S30 diet is recommended for feeding of Persian sturgeon larvae.     

Frozen mysids as an alternative to live Artemia in culturing seahorses Hippocampus abdominalis

This investigation examined the effects on growth and survival of seahorses Hippocampus abdominalis Leeson 1827 fed a 25% body weight (wet weight) daily ration of live Artemia sp. enriched with Algamac‐3050, frozen mysids Amblyops kempi or a combination of live enriched Artemia and frozen mysids. After 3 months there was no difference in seahorse length, wet weight, condition factor (CF), or food conversion ratios (FCR) between the treatments. Mean daily specific growth rate (SGR) was higher for the Artemia‐only treatment than for the mysid‐only treatment (P<0.05). FCRs ranged from 6.14 g to 8.72 g dry weight of food required to give a 1‐g dry weight increase in seahorses. There was no difference in survival between treatments. Fatty acid analysis revealed that mysids had a higher percentage composition of EPA, 20 : 5n‐3, and DHA, 22 : 6n‐3, but a lower composition of AA, 20 : 4n‐6, than enriched Artemia. Percentage n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in mysid levels were approximately twice that of Artemia. Proximate analysis revealed mysids to be higher than the enriched Artemia in protein and fats, and lower in water content. This experiment demonstrates that, although no growth advantage was derived from the use of frozen mysids, they can be used successfully as an alternative food to live enriched Artemia for H. abdominalis. The use of frozen mysids is highly recommended in commercial seahorse culture if the seahorses are to be sold into the live aquarium trade, as this may increase their chances of survival after sale.     

The Effects of Different Feed Enrichments on Survivorship and Growth of Early Juvenile Longsnout Seahorse,Hippocampus reidi

Culturing the longsnout seahorse, Hippocampus reidi, remains challenging because unlike most cultured seahorse species, Artemia is not an optimal first feed. Ideally, more nutritious live feeds such as wild plankton or copepods should be used, but are not always readily available. Therefore, facilities commonly utilize enriched rotifers. Numerous feed enrichment products exist, including Dan's Feed Artemia Enrichment^®, (Dan's Feed) which is a blend of commercially available enrichment products. The aim of this study was to assess the survivorship, growth, and condition factor (CF) of 0–28 DPR (days post release) H. reidi fed with rotifers and Artemia enriched with Dan's Feed. This enrichment was evaluated against (1) rotifers and Artemia enriched with live alga (Isochrysis galbana), and (2) wild plankton and Artemia enriched with Dan's Feed. At 28 DPR, in terms of survivorship and growth, seahorses fed with rotifers and Artemia enriched with Dan's Feed had a lower CF and outperformed those fed rotifers and Artemia enriched with I. galbana. Seahorses fed with rotifers and Artemia enriched with Dan's Feed performed on par with those fed with wild plankton and Artemia with no significant difference in CF. These findings demonstrated that the culture of H. reidi may be feasible with rotifers and Artemia enriched with Dan's Feed .     

Effect of the diet on lipid composition and liver histology of short snout seahorse Hippocampus hippocampus

Little is known about the nutritional requirements of ornamental fish and the effects which they may have on fish histology. Because of this, 45 young, captive‐bred seahorses (1.37 g ± 0.51) were randomly divided and put into fifteen, 35‐L, glass aquariums. Three experimental diets were tested in triplicate: live enriched Artemia (LEA); frozen enriched Artemia (FEA); and commercial Mysis (M). seahorses were fed twice daily, 6 days a week for 102 days throughout the experiment. The body weight and length of the seahorses were measured every 20 days, and at the end of the experiment, fish liver samples were taken for histological studies. Biochemical analyses of the diets and the seahorses fed on the experimental diets were recorded, and the differences in the total lipid content in each of the three diets were also observed, each reflecting their respective liver lipid content. seahorses fed with LEA treatment showed lipid vacuoles in the hepatocytes with nuclei displaced to the periphery. Similar results were also observed in FEA fed seahorses, but to a lesser extent. In contrast, the M fed seahorses were characterized by having livers with lower size hepatocytes and centrally located nuclei.     

Effect of different forms of Artemia biomass as a food source on survival,molting and growth rate of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different forms of Artemia biomass as a food source on survival, molting and growth rate of mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Instar 1 crablets with a mean weight of 0.0082 ± 0.0007 g were reared both individually and communally and fed with different diets consisting of fresh shrimp meat (control feed), live Artemia biomass, frozen Artemia biomass and a dried Artemia‐based formulated feed for 40 days. The highest survival was obtained for crablets receiving live Artemia (92.5% and 75.8%) followed by the groups fed with frozen biomass (90.0% and 47.5%), the control feed (72.5% and 24.2%) and the dried Artemia‐based diet (60.0% and 21.7%) for individual and communal cultures, respectively. The intermolt period, the total number of moltings and the growth rate, which were determined on individually reared crabs, showed the same pattern as for survival. The results suggest that crab performance decreased in the following order: live Artemia>frozen Artemia > fresh shrimp meat > dried Artemia‐based formulated feed. Live Artemia biomass proved an ideal feed for nursery of Scylla paramamosain crabs. Frozen Artemia biomass may be an alternative in times of shortage. Our findings illustrate the high potential for local utilization of Artemia biomass in Vietnam for reliable production of mud crab juveniles.     

Alternative Protein Sources in Artificial Diets for New Zealand's Black‐Footed Abalone,Haliotis iris,Martyn 1784, Juveniles

Growth and health parameters were tested in juvenile New Zealand black‐footed abalone, Haliotis iris, fed nine diets containing different protein sources (white and red fishmeal, blood meal, meat and bone meal, casein, soybean concentrate, wheat gluten, maize gluten, and Spirulina powder) over a 5‐mo period. The growth parameters measured included shell length, total animal weight, and soft body and gonad weights. The health indicators included survival, goblet cell counts, and epithelium thickness of the tentacle region. Proximate analyses and amino acid and fatty acid profiles were also determined on the diets, soft body tissues and shell materials to evaluate the nutrient contents (diet and animal) and requirements (animal). Measurements of soft body, gonad, and shell growth parameters indicated that white and red fishmeals generally result in better growth. Animals fed blood meal had the lowest survival rates and crude protein contents. Spirulina produced animals with the heaviest shells and soybean treatments produced animals with the highest gonad to soft body ratios. Significantly lower acid/basic amino acid ratios were found in fishmeal diets, indicating that animals fed fishmeal may incorporate more aragonite than calcite in their shells.     

Prey–predator dynamics in seahorses (Hippocampus guttulatus): deciphering fatty acid clues

Understanding the flow of fatty acids between trophic levels can provide important clues on prey–predator dynamics and nutritional requirements of the species. This study investigates the fatty acid flow between enrichment emulsions, Artemia nauplii and Hippocampus guttulatus juveniles, and evaluates the nutritional value of enriched and unenriched Artemia for newborn seahorses. The fatty acid profile of Artemia and seahorses generally reflected the dietary composition, but fatty acids were not linearly transferred between trophic levels. The incorporation of dietary fatty acids showed to be a more complex process involving dietary composition, predator metabolism and nutritional requirements. Artemia composition resulted from a dynamic balance between what was assimilated and metabolized by the nauplii during enrichment. Prey fatty acids were incorporated in seahorses, but HUFA, particularly DHA, were selectively retained to fulfil their high requirements. H. guttulatus newborns were not successfully reared on Artemia nauplii, not even on enriched Artemia, with low survival rates (15.0–26.7%) being observed in all feeding treatments. The high MUFA content and low DHA level of Artemia did not fulfil the high SFA and PUFA requirements of newborn juveniles, particularly their great DHA demands. Higher survivorship was obtained with enriched Artemia, but no differences were detected in juvenile growth.     

Use of Fresh Palm Fruit Extract as a Feed Ingredient in the Diet of Larval African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus

Abstract

Three experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, the acceptance time of pelleted diets sprayed with fresh palm fruit extract (FPFE), commercial palm oil (COM), or a control diet to African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, fingerlings was investigated. In Experiment 2, the effects of five diets on growth and survival of African catfish larvae were determined: (1) bambara nut waste-based (BW) diet; (2) bambara nut waste-based diet with 5% of diet formula of FPFE (BWP); (3) bambara nut waste-based diet with 5% of diet formula of FPFE plus 1.5% of diet formula of Spirulinapowder (BWPS); (4) fish waste-based diet (FWP); and (5) brine shrimp, Artemiasp., nauplii (control). In the BWP, BWPS, and FWP diets, fresh palm fruit extract was sprayed on the diets as a feed attractant. The Spirulinapowder was included in BWPS as an additional attractant. In Experiment 3, the effects of seven diets on growth and survival of the African catfish larvae were investigated: (1) BW; (2) BWP; (3) FWP; (4) a bambara waste-based diet with 5% COM (BWC); (5) a fish waste-based diet with 5% of formula as COM (FWC); (6) a fish waste-based diet with neither FPFE nor COM, and (7) brine shrimp nauplii (control). African catfish finger-lings accepted the pellets containing FPFE in significantly less time (P < 0.01) than they did the other pelleted diets. Inclusion of FPFE as 5% of diet formula significantly (P<0.05) improved the growth and survival of African catfish larvae fed formulated diets. Inclusion of Spirulinaat 1.5% of diet formula had no effect. Brine shrimp was nutritionally superior to the formulated diets for the African catfish larvae during the first 28 days of feeding. The results indicate that FPFE can be added to a diet for African catfish at 5% of diet formula. However, brine shrimp nauplii fed to larvae had the highest percentage survival and highest growth rates of any of the treatments.     

Effect of cultivated copepods (Acartia tonsa) in first‐feeding of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) larvae

The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional composition and effects of short periods with cultivated copepod nauplii versus rotifers in first‐feeding. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) larvae were given four different dietary regimes in the earliest start‐feeding period. One group was fed the copepod Acartia tonsa nauplii (Cop), a second fed enriched rotifers (RotMG), a third fed unenriched rotifers (RotChl) and a fourth copepods for the seven first days of feeding and enriched rotifers the rest of the period (Cop7). Cod larvae were fed Artemia sp. between 20 and 40 dph (days posthatching), and ballan wrasse between 36 and 40 dph, with weaning to a formulated diet thereafter. In addition to assessing growth and survival, response to handling stress was measured. This study showed that even short periods of feeding with cultivated copepod nauplii (7 days) had positive long‐term effects on the growth and viability of the fish larvae. At the end of both studies (60 days posthatching), fish larvae fed copepods showed higher survival, better growth and viability than larvae fed rotifers. This underlines the importance of early larval nutrition.     

Effects of enriched Artemia nauplii on production, survival and growth of the mysid shrimp Mysidopsis almyra Bowman 1964 (Crustacea: Mysidacea)

The effects of enriched Artemia nauplii on larvae production and survival and growth of the mysid Mysidopsis almyra Bowman 1964 are compared. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in production between mysids fed the Artemia nauplii (133 ± 69 mysids day⁻¹) and mysids fed the enriched nauplii (139 ± 82 mysids day⁻¹). No differences in size of newly hatched mysids or mysid growth to 15 days (P > 0.05) were found between the two diets. Survival was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for mysids fed the enriched nauplii (59.1%) compared with mysids fed Artemia nauplii (41.4%).     

Iodine enrichment of Artemia and enhanced levels of iodine in Atlantic halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed the enriched Artemia

Flatfish metamorphosis is initiated by the actions of thyroid hormones (TH) and iodine is an essential part of these hormones. Hence, an iodine deficiency may lead to insufficient levels of TH and incomplete metamorphosis. In this study, different iodine sources for enrichment of Artemia were evaluated and the levels of iodine obtained in Artemia were within the range of 60–350 μg g^?1 found in copepods. Larval Atlantic halibut was fed Artemia enriched with either normal DC‐DHA Selco or DC‐DHA Selco (commercial enrichments) supplemented with iodine from days 9 to 60 postfirst feeding. There was no significant difference in growth, mortality or metamorphic development between the groups. The analyses showed that we were able to enrich Artemia with iodine. Further, the larvae‐fed iodine‐enriched Artemia had higher whole body iodine concentration compared to larvae‐fed Artemia without iodine enrichment.     

Effects of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content in Artemia on survival and development of laboratory-reared horsehair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii larvae

The effect of varying levels of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content in Artemia sp. on survival, the number of days required to reach each larval stage, and the growth and morphogenesis of larvae of the horsehair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii were examined. Artemia enriched with materials of six types [condensed Nannochloropsis sp., ethyl oleate, two enrichment levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and those of docosahexaenoic acid], and unenriched Artemia were fed to larvae. Newly hatched larvae were reared in groups of 50 individuals in two 2-l beakers until they reached the first crab stage. No significant difference was found in survival rate, growth, or morphogenesis of larvae, but fewer days tended to be required to reach the first crab stage in the group enriched with high EPA compared to the other groups. Results show that, although the amount of n-3 HUFA in unenriched Artemia might meet the demands of horsehair crab larvae for their survival, growth, and morphogenesis, Artemia should be enriched with high EPA to improve the rate of larval development.     

Evaluation of lipid-enriched Artemia on the reproductive performance of the white-striped cleaner shrimp, Lysmata amboinensis

Broodstock maturation diets are an important component of shrimp hatchery management, since the nutritional status of spawners can impact on gonadal maturation, egg fecundity, embryo hatchability and overall larval quality. The ability to manipulate the biochemical composition of Artemia to deliver key nutrients to cultured animals has rendered their inclusion in broodstock feeds increasingly common. Lipid enrichment of Artemia to boost their highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content is a standard procedure. During this study, frozen, lipid-enriched adult Artemia were fed to Lysmata amboinensis broodstock to investigate the suitability of Artemia as maturation diet for the species and elucidate the role of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in the reproductive performance of the shrimp. Four lipid enrichment levels, un-enriched (“unenr”), 1/3 enriched (“1/3 enr”), 2/3 enriched (“2/3 enr”) and enriched (“enr”) Artemia, were fed to L. amboinensis over three reproductive cycles. Spawning and egg mass retention during the incubation period were high for all diets. Larval production varied, however, and was significantly greater (P < 0.001) for L. amboinensis broodstock fed the “enr” Artemia compared with the other treatments, with a mean 529 (±76.76) larvae, as opposed to 49 (±11.16) recorded for the “unenr”. The increased larval production was attributed to better embryo hatchability and related to an increased docosahexaenoic (DHA) dietary content of 11% (in total FAs) and a DHA/eicosapentaenoic (EPA) ratio of 3.6. The roles of other EFAs are also discussed.     

Use of commercial Artemia replacement diets in culturing larval American lobsters (Homarus americanus)

This work reports on the successful incorporation of commercial formulated Artemia replacement diets as 50% of a larval American lobster diet. Combination diets of either live Artemia nauplii or frozen adult n-3 fatty acid enriched Artemia with a rotation of three commercial formulated diets resulted in equivalent survival to stage IV (19–25%), postlarval size and subsequent early juvenile performance compared to an Artemia nauplii plus frozen Artemia combination diet. A 100% formulated diet resulted in reduced larval survival (6%) and postlarval size, while a larval diet of 100% frozen adult Artemia resulted in reduced postlarval quality and early juvenile performance. The much lower price of the formulated diets compared to the prices of Artemia nauplii and frozen Artemia makes its inclusion in the lobster larval diet the most cost-effective diet choice.     

Tissue content, fecundity and quality of eggs and phyllosoma larvae after supplementing the diet of spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii broodstock with ascorbic acid-enriched Artemia biomass

Ascorbic acid (AA)‐enriched Artemia in alginate pellets and unenriched pellets were fed to Jasus edwardsii broodstock to supplement AA intake of the basal diet (mussels, squid and compound prawn pellets) during ovarian development before egg extrusion. Pellet AA content ranged from 150 μg g^?1 (unenriched) to 9153 μg g^?1 (enriched). The basal diet (150 μg AA g^?1) was compared with low (150 μg AA g^?1), medium (450 μg AA g^?1) and high (1350 μg AA g^?1) AA supplementation. Dietary AA content was obtained using combinations of unenriched and AA‐enriched Artemia in combination with the basal diet. Supplementation resulted in ovarian AA saturation at ～240 μg g^?1, a significant increase over 152 μg g^?1 at time 0. Digestive gland concentrations were 76–92 μg AA g^?1 for diets containing ≤450 μg AA g^?1, but reached 270 μg AA g^?1 for the high supplement. The considerable AA store in tail muscle appeared to be translocated to the ovary during maturation. There was no significant AA depletion in eggs during embryogenesis suggesting minimal AA utilization during this phase. Jasus edwardsii spawns once annually, unlike other multiple spawning crustaceans. Therefore, AA supplementation did not alter fecundity or phyllosoma quality, but resulted in a dose‐dependent increase (up to 33%) in AA content of eggs and phyllosoma.     

Encapsulated Spirulina Powder Feed for the Nutritional Enrichment of Adult Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina)

Abstract

Liposomes were prepared in the laboratory with lipids obtained from chicken egg yolk to encapsulate Spirulina powder. Artemia napulii were hatched and fed with lipid-encapsulated Spirulina or Spirulina powder. After 20 days of rearing, the experimental A. salina were harvested and measured for total body length and total content of protein and carbohydrates. Total body length was 45% higher, protein content was 49% higher, and carbohydrate was 35% higher in Artemia fed with liposomes as compared with those fed only Spirulina powder.