木粉含量对木塑复合材料可靠性的影响

木塑复合材料的可靠性与木塑比有直接关系。本文通过试验获得了不同木塑比条件下木塑复合材料的力学性能数据,并运用一次二阶距法分析不同木塑比下复合材料的可靠性。     

EPDM-MA对木粉/聚丙烯复合材料性能的影响

采用特定设计的双螺杆和单螺杆串联挤出机组,以挤出的方式制备木粉/聚丙烯复合材料。主要采用静态力学试验、动态力学热分析(DMTA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察等方法,研究了马来酸酐改性的三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM_MA)对木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的静态力学性能、动态力学性能和吸水性能的影响。静态力学性能试验结果表明:添加适量的EPDM_MA有利于提高木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的拉伸和弯曲强度,冲击强度的提高最为显著,但EPDM_MA的添加对复合材料的模量有不利影响。动态力学性能分析结果表明:复合材料的储能模量(E′)和损耗因子(tanδ)的峰值均随EPDM_MA加入量的增加而降低,后者说明EPDM_MA改善了木粉与聚丙烯的界面结合;EPDM_MA的加入,使得复合材料的主转变温度略向高温方向移动,并且在-50℃左右的低温区出现了次级转变峰,表明EPDM_MA对复合材料的热性能产生影响,尤其有利于改善其耐低温冲击性能。SEM研究结果表明:EPDM_MA的添加不仅提高了木粉和聚丙烯的界面结合,并且以直径约为0·1~1μm的球状粒子形态分散于聚丙烯中,能够通过自身的塑性变形而提高复合材料的抗冲击性能。EPDM_MA的添加,有效降低了复合材料的吸水性。     

淀粉/木粉复合材料的制备与性能研究

以淀粉和木粉为原料,甘油为增塑剂,通过挤出成型制备淀粉/木粉可生物降解复合材料,重点研究淀粉/木粉混合比例对复合材料性能的影响。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和热重分析（TGA）对复合材料进行表征,并对复合材料的力学性能和吸水性能进行测试。实验结果表明：木粉的加入破坏热塑性淀粉的连续性,使复合材料的结晶度增大。复合材料的拉伸强度、吸水率和吸水厚度膨胀率随着木粉比例增大逐渐增大,断裂伸长率却逐渐降低。TGA测试结果表明,随着木粉加入比例增大,复合材料的热分解起始温度逐渐降低,但热分解的终止温度逐渐升高,淀粉和木粉两相依赖性逐渐减弱。     

过渡金属氧化物对木粉/PVC复合材料燃烧性能的影响

用锥形量热仪(CONE)和热重分析法(TGA)研究金属氧化物CuO、La2O<,3>和TiO2对木粉/PVC复合材料(WF-PVC)燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,这3种过渡金属氧化物的加入对WF-PVC均有阻燃作用.其中,CuO使热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放量(THR)降低较多,阻燃效果明显;加入金属氧化物使WF-PVC的烟释放速率(SPR)和总烟释放量(TSP)都有所降低,其中,CuO在有焰燃烧阶段烟释放量最低,抑烟效果最好.这3种氧化物都能增加成炭量.结合热重分析的结果,3种金属氧化物对WF-PVC的热降解影响是不同的.PVC和木粉之间存在相互作用,PVC显著促进了木粉的热降解,木粉的加入推迟了PVC的降解,明显提高了PVC体系的成炭量;WF-PVC的热降解行为,具有更多的PVC降解的特征.     

MAPP改性木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的物理力学性能

木塑复合材料的界面相容性是决定其性能的关键因素,通过添加偶联剂的方法能够改善其界面相容性,从而提高其性能。通过测定毛白杨木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的物理力学性能来研究木粉含量和偶联剂添加量对木塑复合材料物理力学性能的影响,为进一步研究木塑复合材料的界面相容性提供理论依据。研究结果表明:随着木粉含量的增加,复合材料的物理力学性能下降,并且在高木粉含量阶段影响显著;高木粉含量复合材料的性能较差,添加MAPP能显著改善其物理力学性能。     

β-环糊精/木粉接枝共聚物对Pb2+的吸附动力学和热力学研究

以柠檬酸为交联剂,利用酯化交联工艺将功能主体分子β-环糊精接枝到杨木木粉表面制备β-环糊精/木粉(β-CD/WF)接枝共聚物,并用红外光谱仪、热重分析仪和酚酞探针分子技术进行表征.以Pb2+为吸附质,β-环糊精/木粉接枝共聚物为吸附剂,系统探讨接触时间、pH值、Pb2+初始浓度对吸附效果的影响.采用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、颗粒内扩散模型、Langmuir吸附等温方程、Freundlich吸附等温线方程对试验数据进行拟合.结果表明:β-环糊精不仅被接枝于木粉表面而且可以体现出包合活性;在298 K时,β-环糊精/木粉接枝共聚物对Pb2+吸附平衡的接触时间为30 min,适宜pH值范围为4～8,平衡吸附量随Pb2+的初始质量浓度增加而增加;Pb2+的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,即以化学吸附为主,颗粒内扩散不是唯一的吸附速率控制步骤;吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,说明Pb2+的吸附属于单分子层吸附;吸附的吉布斯自由能变为负值,熵变和焓变分别为54.45 J/(mol·K)和13.75 k J/mol,即该吸附是能自发进行的吸热过程.     

木粉/PVC复合材料挤出流动性的影响因素

研究木粉的粒径、添加剂的种类及配比等因素,对木塑复合材料挤出流动性的影响.结果表明:木粉粒径越小,复合物料在挤出过程中的流动性能越差,所制备的木塑复合材料色差越大,且产品材色越深.综合考虑加工特性和制品材色,宜选用木粉粒径45～60目;并添加稀土热稳定剂及铝酸酯偶联剂,可以提高物料的挤出流动性.     

木粉加入量对木／塑复合材料性能影响的研究

研究了聚丙烯与木粉以不同比率复合而成的材料的物理力学性能和复合形态特征。结果表明：不同混合比率的聚丙烯与木粉进行复合后所得的复合材料，除冲击强度有所降低外，其它力学性能均比纯聚丙烯的有较大幅度的提高。木粉表面的酯化处理可以改善木塑界面之间的相容性和复合材料的均匀性。在木塑复合过程中木塑之间发生镶嵌现象使木塑之间产生物理结合。     

木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂对Pb2+的吸附

以自制木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂为研究对象,探讨不同吸附条件下其对金属Pb2+的吸附性能。在含Pb2+的溶液中,吸附树脂R的使用条件为:30℃,pH=6,树脂用量0.2g·L-1,初始浓度0.75mmol·L-1,吸附时间8h(静态)或6h(动态);此时树脂R对Pb2+的吸附量达2.52mmol·g-1,去除率为97.1%。溶液中加入NaCl、NaNO3、尿素后吸附量快速下降,且加入NaCl下降最快,加入尿素下降最慢。该吸附树脂R反复使用性能较好。从吸附树脂R等温吸附、吸附动力学及热力学、表面形态结构变化等方面对吸附机制进行了探讨。吸附Pb2+前树脂R表面起伏,凹凸不平,纹络结构分布不均匀;吸附Pb2+后,表面纹络结构被破坏;随吸附时间增加,"白色"斑点明显增加,且逐渐分布均匀。吸附树脂R吸附Pb2+的过程符合准一级动力学模型;Pb2+吸附过程的ΔG为负值,ΔS、ΔH均为正值,即吸附过程为自发过程,升温有利于吸附的进行。     

磷酸脒基脲与聚磷酸铵协同阻燃的木粉/HDPE复合材料

采用锥形量热仪(CONE)、极限氧指数(LOI)、热重分析(TGA)和力学试验等研究手段,分析聚磷酸铵(APP)、磷酸脒基脲(GUP)及二者复配(GUP/APP)对木粉/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材料燃烧性能、热降解行为以及力学性能的影响.CONE研究结果表明:APP可显著降低WF/HDPE复合材料的热释放,但同时也使得复合材料的烟释放增加;将GUP与APP按适当比例复配不仅可以有效抑制复合材料的热释放,而且可以降低烟释放速率,表现出较好的协同阻燃和抑烟作用.TGA结果表明:GUP与APP复配使得WF/HDPE复合材料的初始热分解温度降低,残炭产率提高.此外,GUP和APP复配阻燃WF/HDPE复合材料具有较高的氧指数和较小的力学性能损失.     

木纤维PP/PE共混物复合材料的流变和力学性能(英文)

For evaluation of the rheological and mechanical properties of highly filled wood plastic composites （WPCs）, polypropylene/polyethylene （PP/PE） blends were grafted with maleic anhydride （MAH） to enhance the interfacial adhesion between wood fiber and matrix. WPCs were prepared from wood fiber up to 60 wt.% and modified PP/PE was blended by extrusion. The rheological properties were studied by using dynamic measurement. According to the strain sweep test, the linear viscoelastic region of composites in the melt was determined. The result showed that the storage modulus was independent of the strain at low strain region （〈0.1%）. The frequency sweep resuits indicated that all composites exhibited shear thinning behavior, and both the storage modulus and complex viscosity of MAH modified composites were decreased comparing to those unmodified. Flexural properties and impact strength of the prepared WPCs were measured according to the relevant standard specifications. The flexural and impact strength of the manufactured composites significantly increased and reached a maximum when MAH dosage was 1.0 wt%, whereas the flexural modulus after an initial decreased, also increased with MAH dosage. The increase in mechanical properties indicated that the presence of anhydride groups enhanced the interracial adhesion between wood fiber and PP/PE blends.     

Effects of nanoclay on physical and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites

Effects of nanoclay (NC) on physical and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composite (WPC) were studied here. Virgin, recycled, and mixed (50/50% of virgin/recycled) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were used as the matrix in the WPC. Specimens with three NC contents of 1.5%, 3%, and 5% were manufactured; they were then compared with control specimens. Totally, 12 treatments were manufactured. The physical and mechanical properties were measured in accordance with the ASTM standards. The highest properties were found in specimens made from virgin PVC. Addition of recycled PVC resulted in significant decrease in all properties. NC improved all physical and mechanical properties studied in the present research project; the highest properties were observed in specimens with 5% of NC content. The improvement in properties was as a result of formation of bonds between the hydroxyl groups of NC with the wood flour components. It was concluded that NC would significantly improve the properties in all the three PVC types of virgin, recycled, and mixed. From an industrial point of view, it was concluded that mixing virgin and recycled PVC can be recommended not only to decrease production costs, but also to partially solve the problem of PVC residue which are not bio-degradable.     

Effects of surface modification methods on mechanical and interfacial properties of high-density polyethylene-bonded wood veneer composites

To improve interfacial adhesion between wood veneer and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film, wood veneer was thermally modified in an oven or chemically modified by vinyltrimethoxysilane. The wood veneers were used to prepare plastic-bonded wood composites (PBWC) in a flat-press process using HDPE films as adhesives. The results showed that both modifications reduced veneer hydrophilicity and led to enhancement in shear strength, wood failure, and water resistance of the resulting PBWC. The thermal treatment significantly decreased the storage modulus close to 130 °C (the melting temperature of plastic). Thermal-treated wood veneer maintains mechanical interlocking for bonding and veneer strength which then declined under thermal treatment due to hemicellulose degradation and cellulose de-polymerization. In the silane-treated PBWC, enhanced interlocking and a stronger bonding structure resulted from the reaction between the silane-treated veneer and HDPE. This strong bonding structure allowed thermal stability improvement demonstrated by high modulus and low tanδ values. However, the strength of silane-treated PBWC was still much lower than thermosetting resin-bonded composites at higher temperatures due to the melting behavior of thermoplastic polymer, precluding its use in certain applications.     

Effect of chemical modification on the properties of wood/polypropylene composites

对以铝酸酯为偶联剂对木粉进行表面改性处理后制备的木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的力学性能和形态学特征进行了研究。结果表明:铝酸酯偶联剂可以增加木塑复合材料的抗冲击强度,但会对复合材料的抗拉强度和抗弯强度造成负面的影响。对木塑复合材料的动态力学性能和微分扫描热量分析研究表明,以铝酸酯作为偶联剂,对木塑复合材料的储存模量和损失模量有少许增加,同时可降低材料的熔点和熔解热。利用扫描电镜观察木塑复合材料的木材与塑料界面发现,经铝酸酯处理过的木材与聚丙烯复合界面之间具有更好的相容性。这些研究结果表明,在木塑复合材料制造过程中利用廉价的铝酸酯作为木材化学改性剂,对改善复合材料的性质同样起作良好的作用。图6 表2 参16。     

Fundamental studies on wood/cellulose-plastic composites: effects of composition and cellulose dimension on the properties of cellulose/PP composite

Although wood/cellulose-plastic composites (WPC) of low wood/cellulose content have been more accepted worldwide and are promoted as low-maintenance, high-durability building products, composites containing high wood/cellulose content are not yet developed on an industrial scale. In this study, flow properties, mechanical properties, and water absorption properties of the compounds of cellulose microfiber/polypropylene (PP) and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) were investigated to understand effects of the high cellulose content and the dimensions of the cellulose microfiber. The molding processes studied included compression, injection, and extrusion. It was found that fluidity is not only dependent on resin content but also on the dimension of the filler; fluidity of the compound declined with increased fiber length with the same resin content. Dispersion of the composite was monitored by charge-coupled device (CCD) microscope. Increasing the plastic content in the cellulose-plastic formulation improved the strength of mold in addition to the bond development between resin and filler, and the tangle of fibers. The processing mode affected the physicomechanical properties of the cellulosic plastic. Compression-molded samples exhibited the lowest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) and the highest water absorption, while samples that were injection-molded exhibited the highest MOR (70 MPa) and MOE (7 GPa) and low water absorption (2%).     

硅烷偶联剂对木粉/HDPE复合材料力学与吸水性能的影响

采用乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷(A-171)、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷(A-151)、γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(DB-550)、γ-缩水甘油醚氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(DB-560)、γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(DB-570)和γ-巯丙基三乙氧基硅烷(DB-580)6种含有不同取代基的硅烷偶联剂对木粉(WF)进行表面处理,然后与高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)混合挤出制备处理木粉/HDPE复合材料。对复合材料的拉伸、弯曲和无缺口冲击强度及吸水率进行测试,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其断面微观形态,并对硅烷处理前后的木粉进行红外光谱(FTIR)分析,从而筛选出较适宜的硅烷偶联剂。结果表明:经这6种偶联剂对木粉处理后,复合材料的力学性能、耐水性和界面相容性都有所改善,其中A-171的处理效果最好,处理后复合材料的弯曲、拉伸和无缺口冲击强度分别提高了31.59%,31.26%和49.29%,冷水和沸水吸水率分别降低了59.71%和48.29%。通过对复合材料SEM观察和FTIR分析可知:A-171成功与木粉发生缩聚反应,最有效地改善了复合材料的界面相容性。这应归因于乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷兼有适宜地与木粉发生缩聚接枝反应及可能与HDPE...     

Characterization of major,unused, and unvalued Indonesian wood species I. Dependencies of mechanical properties in transverse direction on the changes of moisture content and/or temperature

Mechanical property changes due to the moisture content (MC) and/or temperature changes were examined for 15 Indonesian wood species. A static bending test was carried out at 20°C, 65% relative humidity (air-dry), and water-saturated at 20°C (wet-20) and 80°C (wet-80). For individual test conditions, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) increased linearly with specific gravity regardless of wood species; however, maximum deflection did not correlate with specific gravity for any MC or temperature conditions. The relative values of MOE and MOR measured in wet-20 to air-dry conditions were variously affected from slightly to strongly depending on the wood species. However, the relative values always decreased markedly when saturated in water at 80°C, regardless of wood species. The relative MOE, MOR, and maximum deflection values due to the change in MC or MC and temperature combined were independent of specific gravity but may be dependent on wood type: softwood or hardwood.