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1.
There is increasing awareness of the benefits of campus green space in promoting student's health. However, information on how campus green spaces benefit students’ health is insufficient or limited to guide the planning or management process. As a result, the present study collected 897 valid responses to examine the differences in campus green space usage patterns among students with varying individual characteristics and to assess the interrelationships between students’ socio-demographic characteristics, perceived naturalness, patterns of use, and self-rated restoration and health using a structural equation model. The findings indicated that there were gender disparities in the presence of companions and frequency of use of campus green space, as well as discipline differences in companion presence. Additionally, gender, age, and discipline had distinct associations with perceived naturalness, patterns of use and self-rated restoration and health. Perceived naturalness positively contribute to patterns of use and self-rated restoration and health, while the frequency of use positively contributed to self-rated restoration and health. Moreover, students’ perceived health can be improved in part through the mediating effect of the self-rated restoration. The study findings demonstrated how campus green spaces benefit students’ health and provided valuable information for campus green space managers and designers. Therefore, we propose that presenting diverse natural elements, manipulating them in natural forms, providing feelings of wildness or friendliness, and eatablishing vast, high-quality, and diverse green spaces to promote students’ health.  相似文献   

2.
The present study focuses on small urban public parks, specifically on how they should be designed to promote a potential for psychological restoration and on what activities people could imagine doing in such parks. Students from Oslo University College were presented with visual stimuli depicting 74 small urban parks. They were asked to assess how likely it was that they could rest and recover in the parks presented in the photos. In addition, the participants were asked to write down what park components contributed to high versus low ratings on restoration likelihood, and what types of activities they could imagine doing in the parks presented in the photos. The components and activities the participants mentioned were grouped into categories describing similar properties. The categories mentioned most frequently and giving high ratings on restoration likelihood represented natural categories such as: ‘a lot of grass’, ‘a lot of flowers/plants’ and ‘water features’. In contrast, the categories contributing to low ratings on restoration likelihood represented lack of vegetation or disturbance from the surroundings such as: ‘a lot of hard surfaces’, ‘a lot of traffic’ and ‘poorly shielded from the surroundings’. The activities mentioned as being typically performed in the types of parks presented in the photos were ‘relax and philosophize’, ‘read’ and ‘eat/drink’. Conclusions drawn from the study: Small urban parks should be designed with natural components, shielded from disturbing surroundings and furnished with some seating to promote opportunities for restorative experiences and to function as social meeting places.  相似文献   

3.
Kirtland’s warblers (Dendroica kirtlandii) persist in a naturally patchy environment of young, regenerating jack pine forests (i.e., 5–23 years old) created after wildfires and human logging activities. We examined how changing landscape structure from 26 years of forest management and wildfire disturbances influenced population size and spatial dispersion of male Kirtland’s warblers within their restricted breeding range in northern Lower Michigan, USA. The male Kirtland’s warbler population was six times larger in 2004 (1,322) compared to 1979 (205); the change was nonlinear with 1987 and 1994 identified as significant points of change. In 1987, the population trend began increasing after a slowly declining trend prior to 1987, and the rate of increase appeared to slow after 1994. Total amount of suitable habitat and the relative area of wildfire-regenerated habitat were the most important factors explaining population trend. Suitable habitat increased 149% primarily due to increasing plantations from forest management. The relative amount and location of wildfire-regenerated habitat modified the distribution of males among various habitat types, and the spatial variation in their abundance across the primary breeding range. These findings indicate that the Kirtland’s warbler male population shifted its use of habitat types temporally and spatially as the population increased and as the relative availability of habitats changed through time. We demonstrate that researchers and managers need to consider not only habitat quality, but the temporal and the spatial context of habitat availability and population levels when making habitat restoration decisions.  相似文献   

4.
Cultural services provided by green space networks and in particular leisure and recreational opportunities are central to the quality of life of those living in urban areas. However, the literature concerned with green space networks has mainly focused on planning aspects rather than on recreational use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recreational use of, and concerns about, a naturalistic green space network. The case study location was the naturalistic woodland framework in Birchwood, Warrington, UK, known as Birchwood Forest Park. Non-participant observation and content analysis of local archives were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Birchwood Forest Park was used more for leisure activities (52.8%, N=1825; i.e. recreation, sports or play) than for utilitarian purposes (47.2%, N=1825; i.e. as walking or cycling thoroughfare). However, utilitarian walking (30%, N=1825) was the most frequent type of activity observed. The maintenance of the naturalistic woodland framework was the most frequent concern mentioned in the local archives (33.3%, N=234). This case study suggests that the recreational patterns in, as well as peoples' concerns about, naturalistic urban landscapes may be a factor of high-quality maintenance and associated local aesthetic and cultural perceptions. In developing, planning or managing comprehensive urban green space networks it is important to ensure that natural looking scenes are well maintained and that the local community is culturally connected to such scenes.  相似文献   

5.
Urban areas have unique environments such as high air temperature, soil compaction and disturbance, and air and water pollution often impose plant stresses. Natural disasters can impose even greater stresses on plants in such areas. In 2011 Bangkok, Thailand experienced its worst flooding in over two decades, inundated up to a meter for a month. Here we report on tree tolerance to submerged, anoxic soils based on mortality. We identified over 6500 trees by taxa: 395 species in 219 genera within 60 families, which were categorized into three groups: susceptible (>50% mortality), tolerant (<50% mortality), and highly tolerant (no mortality). Among all the species, 18% were categorized as flood susceptible, 75% as tolerant, and 7% as highly tolerant. The floods resulted in decreased overall species richness by 18%, particularly in the Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae families, for which the mortality was 100% and 66%, respectively. Flood susceptible species were mostly from high rainfall habitats such as the hill evergreen forest. As expected, highly flood tolerant species were from the mangrove forests, beach/strand forests, and swamp plant communities, where the root zones are persistently saturated with lower quality water. Unexpectedly, many species native to higher temperature, drier, often deciduous lowland habitats were found to be flood tolerant, and were from the cultivated fruit and ornamental species. The results also indicated that smaller and younger trees suffered more mortality than larger and more mature trees. Therefore, during the tree selection process for planting in urban environments that may be at risk of frequent flooding, species from a wide spectrum of ecological habitats should be considered; particularly those characterized by one or more environmental stresses, such as drought, salt, heat, or saturated soils.  相似文献   

6.
Evidence suggest that greenspace use can be associated with children’s physical, mental, social health and well-being. Accordingly, contemporary children’s declining greenspace use prompts a need to understand the factors that affect frequency of use. Aiming to determine to what extent demographic, environmental and social factors predict greenspace use for 6−15-year-old children in Denmark a national survey was distributed. Responses from 3171 parents showed that 49.5 % of the children used greenspace almost every day during the summer season. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that the number of types of greenspace within walking or cycling distance from home was a strong predictor for daily use. Parental concern and encouragement also predicted use, but less so. Child age and geography were the only demographic predictors for using greenspace almost every day. Findings from the present study suggests that providing opportunity for choosing between various types of greenspace within walking or cycling distance might be an effective way to stimulate children’s use of greenspace.  相似文献   

7.
Presence of the poisonous and allergenic plant species was observed in 8 primary schools and 6 preschools in Novi Sad, Serbia. The aim of this research was to determine the extent to which pre-school and school-age children are exposed to harmful plant species and also to gain insight does the present landscaping take into account the appropriateness in the use of certain ornamental species in arranging preschool's and school's greenery. In the analyzed locations 22 poisonous plant species were noticed, mainly belonging to genera Thuja, Symphoricarpos, Cotoneaster, Juniperus, Berberis and Taxus, represented with 367 specimens. Along with poisonous, 21 allergenic plant species mainly belonging to genera Acer, Tilia, Betula, Populus, Platanus, Celtis, Aesculus, Thuja, Ulmus, Robinia and Quercus, represented with 675 specimens, were determined. The calculated allergenic index grouped most of the investigated species into strongly allergenic (calculated A.I. = 7) due to their prolonged phenantesic period, high abundance and possible cross-reactivity with other species noticed in the greenery. Establishment and enhancement of the collaboration between schools and experts from relevant institutions would result in the removal of the very most allergenic and poisonous landscape plants and ultimately toxic-free and allergy-friendly school yards. Gradual removal might temper the public reluctance to this measurement, but finally only joint efforts and complete abandonment of pointed species can convert unhealthy school yards into ones that are safe and allergy-friendly.  相似文献   

8.
DeWitt  T. J.  Fuentes  J. I.  Ioerger  T. R.  Bishop  M. P. 《Landscape Ecology》2021,36(10):2897-2918
Landscape Ecology - Interpreting spatial autocorrelation is complicated by differences in data type, spatial conformation, and contiguity definitions. Though lacking consistent meaning,...  相似文献   

9.
There is increasing interest in the use of healing gardens in healthcare settings to provide therapeutic benefits. However it is not yet well understood how people who spend time in these gardens use these spaces, and whether the intended benefits are experienced. This paper evaluates visitor feedback about healing gardens at the Lady Cilento Children’s Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, to gain insight into end-user experiences compared with existing literature about experiences of healing gardens and natural contexts. We have coded and analysed unsolicited comments left in visitors’ books over a period of four weeks immediately after the hospital was opened. Several themes have been identified relating to reasons for which people access the healing gardens; benefits they perceive from spending time in these spaces; and features and aspects of the gardens that are most appreciated. We conclude that the gardens at the Lady Cilento Children’s Hospital provide emotional respite to visitors, through appreciation of the views, being able to have time out, being in nature, restorative experiences, and access to outdoor air. The visitor feedback suggests that the original intention of the garden design has been largely successful, and provides insight into particular aspects of the garden design that are critical to enhancing visitor benefits.  相似文献   

10.
Summary

Nitrogenous fertilization effects on the protein concentration of flavedo of ‘Navelina’ oranges during ripening was studied in an experimental greenhouse, using cuttings grown in pots with inert sand and nutrient solution. Two types of nutrient solution were used: a nitrate solution (all nitrogen in nitrate form) and an ammoniacal-nitrate solution (40% nitrogen in ammonium form and 60% in nitrate form). The protein concentration of fresh flavedo of fruits irrigated with ammoniacal-nitrate solution was higher than that of fruits irrigated with nitrate solution. When the protein concentration of flavedo is high, the rind of fruits reach a yellow or orange-yellow colour earlier during development. In both types of nutrient solution, the quantity of nitrogen applied did not influence the total protein concentration of fresh flavedo nor the timing of fruit rind colour change from green to orange-yellow. After fruit set, the sooner the ammoniacal- nitrate nutrient solution was supplied, the sooner fruits reached an orange-yellow colour, and the higher was the total protein concentration of fresh flavedo, although there were no significant differences between the protein concentrations of flavedo of fruits from cuttings whose irrigation started with the ammoniacal-nitrate solution at different time. Results of this and a previous study suggest a relationship between the rind colour change and the protein concentration in the flavedo of fruit.  相似文献   

11.
Summary

Maturity and taste characteristics measured were better in large, heavy ‘Mineola’ fruit harvested from the upper, external southern side of the tree, than in small, light fruit harvested from the lower, internal and northern side of the tree. Harvest and storage of ‘Mineola’ fruit increased its juice content, while fruit remaining on the tree showed an increase in total soluble solids (TSS) and a decrease in acid levels, resulting together in an increase in TSS:acid ratio and improved taste.  相似文献   

12.
Summary

The content of ammonium, nitrate and potassium was varied in the macronutrient solutions intended for formation of adventitious shoots from petiole expiants of Senecio × hybridus. The other components of the macronutrients were according to Murashige and Skoog (1962). The largest number of expiants which formed shoots was obtained when the nitrogen concentration in the Murashige-Skoog solution was lowered from 60 to 30 mM and the potassium concentration from 20 to 15 mM. Addition of 1.0 μM TIBA to the medium as well as the standard addition of 4.44 μM BAP and 28.5 μM IAA favoured shoot formation. Even growth in darkness for two weeks immediately after expiant excision increased shoot number. The nitrogen content in the tissue decreased as the nitrogen concentration in the medium decreased, although an increased concentration in the medium from 60 to 75 mM did not increase the nitrogen content in the tissue. When the potassium concentration was changed from 20 to 15 mM, in a medium with 30 mM nitrogen, the nitrogen concentration in the tissue increased. On the other hand, when using a medium with 60 mM nitrogen, the potassium concentration (30 and 20 mM) did not affect the nitrogen content of the tissue.  相似文献   

13.
In the context of recent studies that have begun to establish a more quantifiable understanding of the use of urban greenways, this paper presents a preliminary investigation into the patterns in which a greenway is used and the mechanism behind the pattern of use of the greenway. Factors of the location, economic situation, environment and social background have been measured and analyzed in the use intensity model to interpret their impact on the use intensity of different sections of a greenway. The results suggest that use of the Waterfront Greenway in Guangzhou is highly impacted by population density, employment density, nearby service provision and the connectivity of the greenway to other parts of the city. In this case, the use intensity model with indicators such as location, economic, environmental and social factors has been shown to be applicable to the evaluation of the use of the greenways. Results from the case study suggest that providing greenways close to the residential zones, employment centers and key public services such as hospitals and schools will increase greenway use. The surrounding network system of a greenway must be carefully considered and designed to improve the linking of the greenway to other parts of the city, to increase the number of potential visitors to the greenway.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Summary

The effects of progressive water stress and subsequent re-hydration on fruit growth and mineral nutrient content were investigated in banana plants (Musa acuminata AAA, ‘Grand Nain’) under field conditions. Water stress was imposed by suspending irrigation from flower emergence for 63 d, then continuous re-watering was restored. These adverse conditions reduced fruit growth, fruit size, yield, and delayed fruit maturation. Fruit fresh and dry weights decreased with photosynthetic rate and soil moisture content during the stress period. In relation to nutrient accumulation, the main effect of drought was to reduce potassium levels, which is the major mineral nutrient in banana. In contrast, all the other minerals analysed either increased (i.e., calcium, sodium, iron and zinc), or remained stable (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and copper) under the drought treatment, which generated a positive effect on the organoleptic properties of the fruit. After re-hydration, the mineral nutrient content of banana fruit was similar between stressed and non-stressed plants. The data illustrate the ability of banana to maintain relatively normal mineral contents and functional fruit tissues, which continued to expand after re-hydration, despite the long period of water stress. However, banana fruit lost commercial value, with a reduction in size and biomass after the water stress period.  相似文献   

16.
Summary

Single foliar sprays of paclobutrazol (PP333) at 300, 1000 or 3000 mg H applied at three different stages from full bloom to petal-fall in a year of average initial sets . and fruit size were equally effective in thinning ‘Conference’ pear, increasing the proportion of large fruits at harvest, but decreasing their absolute numbers. Sprays applied nine days after petal-fall reduced initial sets less effectively and, applied 21 days after petal-fall, were ineffective. Thinning was completed within 25 days after petal-fall. Shoot extension was initially retarded at all three concentrations, but later increased, so that the total growth made during the season was not reduced. Single foliar sprays at 300 or 1000 mg l?1 applied at 70% full bloom in a year of heavy set and small fruit size increased the numbers of large fruits in the >55 mm size category by 66% and decreased those of fruits <55 mm by a similar amount. The increase in the yield of fruits >55 mm and decrease of unsaleable <45 mm fruits was equivalent to about 3 and 2 t ha?1 respectively from a total average yield of about 17.5 t ha?1. In the same experiment, similar sprays counteracted the stimulation in the production of small fruits by sprays of gibberellic acid (GA) applied on the same day, but did not increase the harvest of large fruits. Sprays of paclobutrazol at 30 or 100 mg l?1 applied two weeks after petal-fall and then on three successive occasions at two-week intervals inhibited total extension growth per shoot during the season without affecting initial or final sets, fruit size or flower bud production. Single sprays applied at 100 mg l?1 in July reduced total extension per shoot almost as effectively as the repeated sprays. For more effective control of ‘Conference’ shoot growth, paclobutrazol may have to be sprayed later in the season than commercially recommended. Applied as a blossom thinner, paclobutrazol may increase the yield of large fruits only in years of heavy set and small fruit size, requiring that applications be delayed until set can be judged.  相似文献   

17.
Summary

The effects of environmental conditions, planting date and crown size on the timing, intensity and duration of cropping in the strawberry Fragaria × ananassa cv. Elsanta were investigated. Temperature was positively correlated with the rate of progress to fruiting whereas crown size had no effect. The first fruit reached harvest maturity after an estimated 891 day-degrees had elapsed above a base temperature of 2.9°C for waiting bed plants and 831 day-degrees above a base temperature of 2.4°C for cold stored plants. Temperature was negatively correlated with total yield, berry number and average berry weight for both waiting bed and cold stored plants of different crown sizes. Yield, berry number and average berry weight were positively correlated with crown size. The effect of temperature on the yield components appeared to be due to its effect on vegetative growth of the plants: canopy development was more limited at warmer temperatures. These results can be used to generate models to predict the effect of growth environment on cropping in strawberry.  相似文献   

18.
Plant growth regulators play a vital role in fruit growth and development. However, effects of compounds belonging to the group of brassinosteroids have not been fully investigated in sweet cherries. One relatively new and one commonly applied growth regulator, 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide and GA3, respectively, were tested on ‘Summit’ and ‘Regina’ sweet cherries to determine the effects on fruit quality and physiological disorders. The substances were applied with a handgun sprayer at full bloom and at the beginning of fruit development (shuck split) for a 2-year period. GA3 was applied at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 mgL?1 and 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mgL?1. A combined application of 100 mgL?1 GA3 + 0.1 mgL?1 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide was also applied. Effects of GA3 and 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide on fruit weight and size were evident for the concentrations applied and between the seasons for both of the cultivars. Combination of the both growth regulators and 100 mgL?1 GA3 alone produced longer fruits compared to the control trees in ‘Regina’. The 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide applications increased the firmness of the flesh slightly, but not to a great degree, compared to the GA3 applications alone. The brightness of the red color was better with GA3 applications in ‘Summit’ and ‘Regina’. Brassinosteroid caused the fruits to have comparably dull red color. Total soluble solid contents of the cultivars were influenced by the substances and the year of the application. Stem resistance to separation from the fruit was under the influence of both treatments and seasons. In general, 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide provided better stem resistance than the GA3 applications. There were no effects of the substances on the development of physiological disorders.  相似文献   

19.
Summary

Net photosynthesis, dark respiration and chlorophyll content were studied in plants of Codiaeum when transferred” from a glasshouse to photon flux densities 6, 18, or 66 μE m?2s?1 in growth rooms. The diurnal patterns of daily net photosynthesis and dark respiration were recorded during the first 12 days and 3, 7, 11 and 19 weeks after the transfer. Only plants transferred to 66 μE m?2s?1 reached a positive total net photosynthesis per day within the first 12 days. This was achieved only between the 12th day and 3 weeks when transferred to 6 μE m?2s?1. The rate of net photosynthesis increased until the 11th week and then declined, while dark respiration decreased until the 11th week and then increased. The diurnal patterns of net photosynthesis and dark respiration changed significantly with time of acclimatization. The rate of change in daily net photosynthesis and dark respiration was highest in the plants transferred to the lowest photon flux density. Changes in chlorophyll content of the leaves were similar to those in net photosynthesis.  相似文献   

20.
Urban gardening is not a new phenomenon but it has received considerably more practical and academic interest in recent years. Studies on economic aspects such as crop yields, inputs and outputs of production, productivity, gross margins and the contribution to home economics are rare, especially in Europe. While urban gardening plays an important role in the Global South, its role in Western Europe for food productivity and home economics is currently under-researched. The aim of this study is to analyse European urban gardeners’ economic performance and self-sufficiency on a household level, as well as to reach a better understanding of their contribution to food self-provision and food security in the metropolitan areas. In a study carried out in 2014 with on-site personal and with online questionnaires participated 180 urban gardeners from three case study cities (Ljubljana, Milan, and London). Results from the economic analysis showed that although for most urban gardeners, profit is not their main motivation, the economic calculation shows that productivity in small urban plots can be comparable to market garden production. Urban gardeners are saving money, especially when, compared to retail prices for regular produce or organic produce, their input is included in the gross margin calculation. We conclude that, in the case-study cities, the self-provisional potential of urban gardeners’ households to adequately cover the annual vegetable need of five-a-day servings can be met under three conditions: (1) sufficient garden size; (2) increased area productivity, and (3) sufficient labour-hour inputs.  相似文献   

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