Effect of orally administered tramadol alone or with an intravenously administered opioid on minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in cats

OBJECTIVE-To compare the effect of oral administration of tramadol alone and with IV administration of butorphanol or hydromorphone on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in cats. DESIGN-Crossover study. ANIMALS-8 Healthy 3-year-old cats. PROCEDURES-Cats were anesthetized with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. A standard tail clamp method was used to determine the MAC of sevoflurane following administration of tramadol (8.6 to 11.6 mg/kg [3.6 to 5.3 mg/lb], PO, 5 minutes before induction of anesthesia), butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg [0.18 mg/lb], IV, 30 minutes after induction), hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg [0.04 mg/lb], IV, 30 minutes after induction), saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.05 mL/kg [0.023 mL/lb], IV, 30 minutes after induction), or tramadol with butorphanol or with hydromorphone (same doses and routes of administration). Naloxone (0.02 mg/kg [0.009 mg/lb], IV) was used to reverse the effects of treatments, and MACs were redetermined. RESULTS-Mean +/- SEM MACs for sevoflurane after administration of tramadol (1.48 +/- 0.20%), butorphanol (1.20 +/- 0.16%), hydromorphone (1.76 +/- 0.15%), tramadol and butorphanol (1.48 +/- 0.20%), and tramadol and hydromorphone (1.85 +/- 0.20%) were significantly less than those after administration of saline solution (2.45 +/- 0.22%). Naloxone reversed the reductions in MACs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Administration of tramadol, butorphanol, or hydromorphone reduced the MAC of sevoflurane in cats, compared with that in cats treated with saline solution. The reductions detected were likely mediated by effects of the drugs on opioid receptors. An additional reduction in MAC was not detected when tramadol was administered with butorphanol or hydromorphone.     

新扬州鸡公鸡体型结构和精液品质的测定分析

测定了32只40周龄新扬州鸡公鸡体型结构和精液品质,结果表明公鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胸围和胸骨长等5个性状间呈显著正相关（P＜0．05）,精液量与有效精子数之间呈显著正相关（P＜0．01）。公鸡体型结构和精液品质间的通径分析表明,胸围和胫长是决定精液浓度的重要因子,其中胸围对精液的直接效应为0．46,胫长对精液浓度的效应为－0．54。     

Effects of breed and ejaculate volume on sperm morphology and semen parameters of boars

The aim of the study was to determine the relation between the semen quality, frequency of sperm defects, sperm dimensions and shape, and the ejaculate volume of Large White and Landrace boars. A total of 648 ejaculates collected from 31 Large White and 30 Landrace boars were divided into three groups according to the criterion of the ejaculate volume. In this study Landrace boars produced ejaculates with higher volume, sperm concentration, and total numbers of spermatozoa than Large White boars. Landrace boars also showed a lower frequency of sperm with morphological abnormalities (P < 0.05). Landrace boars sperm had larger heads, which were by 0.15 μm longer, and by a larger perimeter and area (P < 0.05). Landrace boar spermatozoa also had a longer flagellum and were generally larger and by 2.07 μm longer than Large White boar sperm (P < 0.05). Significant differences were also found in the shape of sperm of the two breeds (P < 0.05). Landrace boars sperm had more elongated heads, and the ratio of head size to flagellum length was lower than in Large White boars sperm (P < 0.05). Sperm from ejaculates with low volume had a shorter flagellum and a greater head length/flagellum length ratio than sperm from medium- and high-volume ejaculates (P < 0.05).     

蜂花粉对公鸡体重和精液品质的影响

试验选用44只48周龄的新扬州公鸡，随机分成4组，每组11只，对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5、1.0、1.5%的蜂花粉。探讨蜂花粉对种公鸡体重和精液品质的影响，试验结果表明：日粮中添加1.0、1.5%的蜂花粉后，显著提高公鸡的精液量、精子活力和精子密度，显著降低精子畸形率，而对精液的PH值影响不明显；同时可以缓解高温应激造成的鸡体重下降的现象。     

Effect of orally administered hydrocortisone on intraocular pressure in nonglaucomatous dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of oral hydrocortisone on intraocular pressure (IOP) in ocular normotensive dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED: Seventeen ocular normotensive dogs. Procedures Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 9) and control (n = 8) groups. Dogs in the treatment group received hydrocortisone, 3.3 mg/kg PO every 8 h, and dogs in the control group received gelatin capsule placebo PO every 8 h for 5 weeks. Applanation tonometry was performed on both eyes of all dogs prior to treatment and then once weekly for 5 weeks during hydrocortisone treatment. RESULTS: No significant effect of treatment was noted for right (P = 0.1013) or left (P = 0.1157) eyes during the treatment period, nor was there significant interaction of treatment by week for the right (P = 0.9456) or left (P = 0.3577) eyes. A significant rise in IOP over the treatment period was noted in both right (P < 0.0001) and left (P = 0.0006) eyes of both groups, but was unrelated to treatment. CONCLUSION: Orally administered hydrocortisone does not significantly increase IOP in nonglaucomatous dogs when administered over a 5-week period.     

Fertility results after insemination of a moderate count of cock sperm, diluted in Blumberger cock sperm diluent and homologous seminal plasma

Incomplete studies into artificial insemination of White Leghorn hens appear to suggest that the generally common number of cock spermatozoa per insemination can be considerably reduced without adverse consequences for reproduction results. Fertilisation rates between 89.4 and 94.9% were recorded from inseminations of as little as 20 x 10(6) spermatozoa, based on tenfold dilution of ejaculate collections in Blumberg Cock Sperma Diluent (BCSD) or homologous seminal plasma or differentiated combinations of both. Addition of increasing amounts of seminal plasma, however, caused decline in hatching rates as a result of rising embryonic mortality. Best suitability was recorded from a diluent combination of 75% of BCSD with 25% of seminal plasma, with the hatching rate being 85.0%.     

Effect of ingesta on systemic availability of penicillins administered orally in dogs

Six penicillin preparations were administered to six dogs of various types, both when the dogs were fasted and when fed a standard meal immediately before dosing. The preparations used were: amoxycillin tablets and drops, ampicillin tablets, penicillin V tablets, phenethicillin tablets and cloxacillin capsules. A Latin square design was employed with ampicillin and the two amoxycillin preparations, while three separate cross-over studies were done with penicillin V, phenethicillin and cloxacillin. Dose rates used were 50 mg/kg for cloxacillin, and 10 mg/kg for the others. A microbiological method was used to assay penicillin in blood samples taken at intervals after dosing. Values for peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax), the time at which it occurred (Tmax), and area under the curve (AUC) were obtained for each curve of drug concentration plotted against time. In fasted dogs, ampicillin showed poorer systemic availability than did amoxycillin, with Cmax and AUC values of less than half those of amoxycillin. The solid and liquid preparations of amoxycillin had similar bioavailability. Ingesta adversely affected the systemic availability of antibiotic from all preparations tested. With ampicillin and both amoxycillin preparations, there were reduced Cmax and AUC and prolonged Tmax, indicating slowed and diminished absorption. Feeding did not alter Tmax with the other drugs, but reduced the Cmax of penicillin V, phenethicillin and cloxacillin and the AUC of cloxacillin. It is suggested that, if minimal impairment of bioavailability by ingesta is desired, then the penicillins commonly administered by mouth (amoxycillin, ampicillin, penicillin V, phenethicillin, cloxacillin) should be given to dogs that are fasting.     

Effect of cimetidine on pharmacokinetics of orally administered cyclosporine in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (CyA) in healthy dogs after oral administration alone or in combination with orally administered cimetidine. ANIMALS: 10 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive CyA alone or CyA in combination with cimetidine. After a washout period of 2 weeks, dogs then received the alternate treatment. The CyA plus cimetidine treatment required administration of cimetidine (15 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 8 h) for 8 days and administration of CyA (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) on days 6 through 8. The CyA treatment alone required administration of CyA (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 3 days. On the third day of CyA administration during each treatment, blood samples were collected immediately before (time 0) and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 21, and 24 hours after initiating CyA administration. RESULTS: Time until maximum CyA concentration was significantly longer for CyA in combination with cimetidine. Assessment of estimated pharmacokinetic variables revealed a significantly faster rate of change in the distribution phase for CyA in combination with cimetidine. Maximum CyA concentration differed significantly among dogs but did not differ significantly between treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analysis of our data suggests that cimetidine may affect absorption of orally administered CyA, but overall, it does not affect the pharmacokinetics of CyA. There is considerable variability in the maximum concentration of CyA among dogs, and monitoring of blood concentrations of CyA during treatment is advised.     

Adverse effect of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle

Two cows, 1 with diarrhea and 1 with signs of forestomach outflow obstruction, were treated in part with repeated doses of a commercially available antacid/cathartic preparation containing magnesium hydroxide. Both cows subsequently were determined to have hypermagnesemia, along with severe metabolic alkalosis. In addition, each cow was comatose at the time of death. A clinical study was initiated to investigate the causal relationship between the ingestion of magnesium hydroxide and the generation of hypermagnesemia and metabolic alkalosis in adult cows. Twelve healthy mature cross bred beef cows were allotted at random to a fed or fasted (simulated anorexia) group, with 2 untreated and 4 treated cows in each group. A single dose of magnesium hydroxide (1.5 g/kg of body weight, suspended in 3.8 L of warm water) was administered per os to each treated cow, whereas each control cow was given only water. Individual determinations of selected venous blood gas values (plasma bicarbonate ion [HCO3-] concentration, and base excess [BE]), serum magnesium (Mg) concentration, and urine magnesium fractional clearance ratio (Mg-FCR) were made immediately before drug administration, and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 hours after treatment. Compared with control values at the conclusion of the study, mean serum Mg concentration, urine Mg-FCR, plasma HCO3- concentration, and BE were significantly higher (P = 0.0001, P = 0.0015, P = 0.028, and P = 0.021, respectively) in treated cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)