区分犬瘟热病毒Asia-Ⅰ型野毒株及疫苗株的AS-PCR方法

犬瘟热是一种接触性传染病,可侵害免疫系统、呼吸系统、消化系统,甚至神经系统,导致全身性的病理变化,对宠物犬、毛皮动物等存在巨大威胁。目前常用的胶体金检测法不能有效区分疫苗免疫与动物自然感染。为建立一种高效准确的鉴别犬瘟热病毒野毒株和疫苗株的检测方法,本试验对从武汉地区收集已确诊犬瘟热的6只犬分离得到的野毒株以及3株广泛使用的CDV疫苗株进行全基因组测序,从氨基酸水平和碱基水平比对分析后,确定H基因为AS-PCR引物设计的靶基因。通过对H基因进行分型,发现武汉地区流行的CDV均为Asia-Ⅰ型,而疫苗株Y2为America-I型,疫苗株Y1和Y3均为America-Ⅱ型。对比179株Asia-Ⅰ型（6株野毒株样品+173株GenBank Asia-Ⅰ型）与3株疫苗株的CDV-H基因序列,采用AS-PCR技术（3'端错配）设计出1对能有效区分犬瘟热Asia-Ⅰ型野毒株和疫苗株的特异性引物,上游引物序列为5'-TTAAATGATAATGACATAGTG-3',下游引物序列为5'-CCTGGCAAGGCAAGA-3'。结果显示该引物有较强的特异性,6株样品野毒株均可扩增出长894 bp的片段,疫苗株不能扩增,且野毒株的H基因上存在9个较为规律的碱基（氨基酸）变异位点,而疫苗株在第277位氨基酸上均为天冬酰胺,这些变异可能导致N-糖基化位点的增加,从而对犬瘟热病毒疫苗株的毒力产生影响。本研究建立的AS-PCR方法能有效区分犬瘟热疫苗和Asia-Ⅰ型野毒株。     

The Establishment of AS-PCR Method to Distinguish Canine Distemper Asia-I Type Wild Strains and Vaccine Strains

Canine distemper (CD) is a contagious disease, which can damage the immune system, respiratory system, digestive system, and even nervous system, leading to systemic pathological changes, and has a huge threat to pet dogs, fur animals, etc. At present, the commonly used colloidal gold test cannot effectively distinguish vaccine immunity from animal natural infection. To establish an efficient and accurate detection method for identifying wild strains and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus(CDV), the whole genome of six canine distemper wild strains isolated from dogs and three widely used CDV vaccine strains collected from Wuhan area were sequenced. After comparing and analyzing the amino acid and the base sequences, the H gene was determined as the target gene for AS-PCR primer design. By genotyping the H gene, it was found that the prevalent CDVs in Wuhan were all Asia-Ⅰ, while the vaccine strain Y2 was America-I, and the vaccine strains Y1 and Y3 were both America-Ⅱ. Comparing the CDV-H gene sequences of 179 Asia-Ⅰtypes (6 wild-type strain samples + 173 GenBank Asia-Ⅰtype stains) and 3 vaccine strains, using AS-PCR technology (3'mismatch) to design a pair of primers. It can effectively distinguish CDV Asia-I wild strain and vaccine strain. The upstream primer sequence is 5'-TTAATATAATAATGACAGTG-3', and the downstream primer sequence is 5'-CCTCAAGGGGCACA-3'. The results showed that the primer had a strong specificity and the wild strains could amplify an 894 bp fragment, while the vaccine strains could not. There are 9 more regular bases (amino acids) variation sites in H gene of wild strain, and the 277th amino acids of all vaccine strains are Asparagine. These mutations may lead to an increase in N-glycosylation sites, which will have an impact on the virulence of canine distemper virus vaccine strains. The AS-PCR method established in this study can effectively distinguish the canine distemper vaccine and Asia-Ⅰwild strains.     

检测和鉴别犬瘟热病毒强、弱毒株的复合反转录-套式聚合酶链式反应(RT-nPCR)的建立及初步应用

根据GenBank上登录的犬瘟热病毒（Canine distemper virus，CDV）基因组全序列，选择CDV强、弱毒株间有区别保守区设计了一对通用引物P1和P4，并在该对引物跨越区域的内部设计了CDV强毒株特异性引物P2及弱毒株特异性引物P3，用引物P1／P4进行RT—PCR，然后用引物P2／P3／P4进行复合套式PCR，建立了一种能区分CDV强、弱毒株的复合反转录-套式聚合酶链式反应（RT—nPCR）的鉴别诊断方法。应用该方法从CDV强、弱毒株的基因组中分别扩增出了大小为247bp和177bp的特异性片段，从两种病毒基因组混合物中扩增出了大小为247bp和177bp的两条特异性片段，与犬细小病毒、犬腺病毒、犬冠状病毒、狂犬病病毒、新城疫病毒的细胞培养物以及正常细胞对照组进行复合RT—nPCR扩增时均为阴性。对从黑龙江省和吉林省采集的20份疑似CDV病料进行的检测结果表明，有15份类似CDV强毒，5份类似CDV弱毒。本研究建立的复合RT—nPCR可以有效检测CDV感染，能够将强、弱毒株区分开，可用于临床快速检测、流行病学监测以及追踪疫苗免疫效果等。     

非典型犬瘟热病毒核衣壳蛋白基因序列分析及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

为分析当地非典型犬瘟热病毒(CDV)核衣壳蛋白(N)基因的序列特征及其表达产物的抗原性,根据已发表CDV的N基因序列设计引物,用RT-PCR方法从引起非典型症状的CDV细胞培养物中扩增N基因,进行克隆和序列分析,结果表明:该非典型CDV的N基因与已发表的12个CDV强毒株的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别在96.6%～99.2%和97.9%～99.4%之间,与已发表的4个CDV疫苗弱毒株的同源性分别在93.2%～93.6%和96.4%～97.5%之间;在N基因系统发育进化树上,非典型CDV与12个强毒株处在同一亚群,而且与9个中国分离毒株的亲缘关系近于3个国外毒株。N基因在大肠杆菌中表达的重组N蛋白的分子量为62 ku,主要以包涵体的形式存在;用western blot分析,重组N蛋白可与CDV阳性血清发生特异性反应;以纯化的重组N蛋白为抗原建立的CDV抗体间接ELISA检测方法具有良好的特异性。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Austrian canine distemper virus strains from clinical samples from dogs and wild carnivores

Austrian field cases of canine distemper (14 dogs, one badger [Meles meles] and one stone marten [Martes foina]) from 2002 to 2007 were investigated and the case histories were summarised briefly. Phylogenetic analysis of fusion (F) and haemagglutinin (H) gene sequences revealed different canine distemper virus (CDV) lineages circulating in Austria. The majority of CDV strains detected from 2002 to 2004 were well embedded in the European lineage. One Austrian canine sample detected in 2003, with a high similarity to Hungarian sequences from 2005 to 2006, could be assigned to the Arctic group (phocine distemper virus type 2-like). The two canine sequences from 2007 formed a clearly distinct group flanked by sequences detected previously in China and the USA on an intermediate position between the European wildlife and the Asia-1 cluster. The Austrian wildlife strains (2006 and 2007) could be assigned to the European wildlife group and were most closely related to, yet clearly different from, the 2007 canine samples. To elucidate the epidemiological role of Austrian wildlife in the transmission of the disease to dogs and vice versa, H protein residues related to receptor and host specificity (residues 530 and 549) were analysed. All samples showed the amino acids expected for their host of origin, with the exception of a canine sequence from 2007, which had an intermediate position between wildlife and canine viral strains. In the period investigated, canine strains circulating in Austria could be assigned to four different lineages reflecting both a high diversity and probably different origins of virus introduction to Austria in different years.     

Comparison of the Immunofluorescence Assay with RT-PCR and Nested PCR in the Diagnosis of Canine Distemper

Two pairs of primers were prepared, both localized within the sequences of the nucleoprotein gene (NP) of canine distemper virus (CDV). A number of experiments were done to optimize the conditions of RT-PCR and nested PCR methods. The nucleic acids of the Onderstepoort, Rockborn, Snyder Hill and Lederle strains of CDV could be detected with these primers. However, they did not react with the sequences of the Edmonston strain of the measles virus. The detection limit for RT-PCR was 10 TCID50 and for nested PCR 0.1 TCID50 of CDV. The RT-PCR was able to demonstrate the nucleic acid of CDV in the blood of all seven puppies vaccinated with a modified live virus. Blood samples of 23 dogs clinically suspected of distemper were examined by RT-PCR combined with nested PCR, and the results were compared with the detection of the CDV antigen in the smears from the mucous membranes by the direct immunofluorescence (IF) test. Of the 23 dogs, 12 were positive in nested PCR, six in the IF assay, and only two in single RT-PCR. It is concluded that nested PCR seems to be the most sensitive method for ante-mortem diagnosis of canine distemper, especially in its subacute or chronic forms.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of canine distemper virus strains detected from breeding foxes,raccoon dogs and minks in China

Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects a variety of carnivores, including wild and domestic Canidae. Genetic/antigenic heterogeneity has been observed among the various CDV strains, notably in the haemagglutinin (H) gene, that appears as a good target to gather epidemiological information. Based on sequence analysis of the H gene, wild-type CDV strains cluster into distinct geographic lineages (genotypes), irrespective of the species of isolation. The sequence of the H gene of 28 CDV strains detected from both vaccinated and non-vaccinated breeding foxes, raccoon dogs and minks from different geographical areas of China during the years 2004–2008 was determined. All the CDV strains but two (strains HL and HLJ2) were characterized as Asia-1 genotype and were highly similar to each other (96.2–99.7% at the amino acid [aa] level) and to other Asia-1 strains (96.1–99.5% aa) previously detected in China. The CDV strains HL and HLJ2 were both collected from foxes in Heilongjiang province in 2005. Strain HL resembled CDVs of the Arctic genotype (GR88-like) and displayed high aa identity (98.0%) to the Chinese canine strain Liu. By converse, strain HLJ2 was barely related to CDVs of the Asia-2 genotype (88.7–90.3% aa identity), and could represent a novel CDV genotype, tentatively proposed as Asia-3. These results suggest that at least three different CDV genotypes, distantly related (81.8–91.6% aa identity) to the vaccine strains, Onderstepoort-like (America-1 genotype), are currently circulating in breeding foxes, raccoon dogs and minks in China, and that the genotype Asia-1 is predominant. Whether the diversity between wild-type CDVs and the vaccine strains may affect, to some extent, the efficacy of the vaccines deserves further investigations.     

北京地区犬瘟热病毒分离株H基因的分型

根据发表的犬瘟热病毒(CDV)参考毒株Onderstepoort的序列设计了一对引物,以感染犬瘟热病毒的犬的粪便总RNA为模板,RT-PCR扩增出17株CDV的H全基因1877bp的片段,将这个片段连接到pGEM-Teasy载体上,经酶切鉴定得到阳性克隆,将阳性质粒进行序列测定,并与国内外毒株进行同源性比较和系统发育分析,结果显示17株均为Asia-1型。北京地区流行的毒株主要是America-1型和Asia-1型,其中2007年主要流行America-1(疫苗型),而2008年主要是Asia-1型。     

同时检测犬瘟热病毒和犬细小病毒双重PCR方法的建立

为建立可以同时检测犬瘟热病毒(CDV)和犬细小病毒(CPV)的双重PCR方法,本研究根据GenBank登录的CDV N蛋白序列和CPV NS基因保守序列,设计合成2对特异性引物。通过优化反应条件,对CDV阳性病毒株反转录后的cDNA模板和CPV的DNA模板进行双重PCR扩增,同时得到2条与试验设计相符的669 bp(CDV)和392 bp(CPV)特异性条带,建立了同时检测CDV和CPV的双重PCR方法。实验结果表明:在同一PCR反应体系中可以同时检测这2种病毒,而对犬腺病毒Ⅰ型、犬腺病毒Ⅱ型、狂犬病毒检测均为阴性;CDV和CPV的最低检出限分别为101.8TCID50和101.4TCID50。采用该方法对在黑龙江省不同地区所采集的30份犬病料样品进行检测,CDV阳性率为30%;CPV阳性率为23.33%,表明建立的PCR方法可以用于临床诊断。     

Heterogeneity within the hemagglutinin genes of canine distemper virus (CDV) strains detected in Italy

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious viral pathogen causing lethal disease in dogs and other mammalians. A high degree of genetic variation is found between recent CDV strains and the old CDV isolates used in the vaccines and such genetic variation is regarded as a possible cause of the increasing number of CDV-related diseases in dogs. The H gene shows the greatest extent of genetic variation that allows for distinction of various lineages, according to a geographical pattern of distribution and irrespective of the species of identification. In the present study, hemagglutinin (H) genes obtained from field strains detected from clinical specimens of Italian dogs were analyzed genetically. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a homogeneous group of CDV strains is widespread in Italian dogs, all which are included into the European lineage. Unexpectedly, strains 179/04 and 48/05 clustered along with CDVs of the Arctic lineage, the highest identity being to strain GR88 (98.0 and 98.4%aa, respectively). The full-length sequence of a red fox CDV strain, 207/00 was also determined and analyzed. The H protein of the fox CDV strain was unrelated to strains within the major European lineage. These results suggest that at least three different CDV lineages are present in Italy.     

犬瘟热病毒贵州分离株H基因的克隆及其序列分析

根据GenBank中犬瘟热病毒Onderstepoort株序列设计特异性引物,以犬瘟热病毒贵州分离株(CDV-GZ1)RNA为模板,应用RT-PCR对病毒H蛋白编码基因进行了扩增、克隆及序列分析.测序结果表明,CDV-GZ1 H基因ORF由1 824 bp组成,可编码607个氨基酸;与已发表23株其它CDV H基因核苷...     

RT-PCR方法检测犬瘟热的流行情况

犬瘟热是由犬瘟热病毒引起的犬科烈性传染病,给患病动物带来重大危害。本研究基于犬瘟热病毒的NP蛋白基因设计特异性引物,利用RT-PCR获得287 bp目的片段,经TA克隆并测序。结果表明,该片段与NCBI上公布的犬瘟热病毒NP序列(登录号:EU716322)同源性达到98%。利用该特异性的RT-PCR方法,检测杭州市及周边部分地区犬瘟热的流行情况,结果表明,整个杭州及周边地区犬瘟热病毒总阳性检出率为6.7%,杭州城区阳性个体数最多,阳性率最高达到18.8%,其他地方(临安、台州、舟山)阳性率较低。该研究为犬瘟热的综合防制提供基础数据。     

水貂、狐狸和貉源犬瘟热病毒F蛋白信号肽区基因克隆及遗传变异分析

为了解近年来犬瘟热病毒(canine distemper virus,CDV)在中国毛皮动物主要养殖区的流行情况及遗传变异情况,本试验于2012-2014年从山东、河北、辽宁收集疑似犬瘟热的水貂、狐狸和貉病料,经犬瘟热抗原检测试纸条检测和RT-PCR检测为阳性后,克隆测序了15株CDV F蛋白信号区(Fsp)基因序列.序列分析结果显示,15株CDV野毒株Fsp基因核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列的相似性均为93.6%~100.0%,与疫苗株相似性为80.7%~81.7%.基因系统进化分析结果显示,15株野毒株均属于中国当前流行的Asia-1基因型.氨基酸序列比对分析结果显示,Fsp蛋白在氨基酸3-14、16-37、47-67位等处存在高变异.通过对当前流行CDV野毒株Fsp基因序列分析,结果表明该Fsp基因区具有较高的变异率,可作为CDV基因分型的依据,同时本试验结果为毛皮动物犬瘟热的防控提供了参考依据.     

犬实验感染CDV的病理学研究

对实验感染犬瘟热病毒的病犬进行了系统的病理学观察,并用酶标ＳＰＡ法对病犬脏器组织中ＣＤＶ抗原进行了定位检查。结果表明,淋巴系统各器官组织是ＣＤＶ急性感染早期首先侵犯的靶器官。脏器组织的病理改变与ＣＤＶ抗原检出呈正相关。脏器组织中包涵体的检出与形态结构具有一定的特征性和示病意义,但采用免疫组化方法检查ＣＤＶ抗原,更具优越性。作者认为,ＣＤＶ９３０３９株和ＣＤＶ９３０４１株是致病力很强的泛嗜性ＣＤＶ。     

RT-PCR检测贵州犬瘟热病毒

根据犬瘟热病毒H基因核苷酸序列 ,设计合成一对引物对贵州临床诊断为犬瘟热 (CD)病死犬的心、肝、脾、肾、粪便进行RT PCR检测。结果表明 :从心、脾、肾病料上清液中可扩增出 760bp的特异性带 ,与预期扩增片段长度相同 ;粪便和肝脏上清液RT PCR结果为阴性 ,但粪便上清液接种Vero细胞后连续传代 3代 ,每代细胞培养液RT PCR结果均为阳性 ;在检测的 2 2条病死犬中 ,有 1 9条病死犬检测到犬瘟热病毒H基因的特异性核酸片段 ,阳性率为 86 4% (1 9/ 2 2 )。     

基因序列分析确诊大熊猫的犬瘟热病毒感染

直接从死亡大熊猫肝脏提取细胞总 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ,经反转录后用犬瘟热病毒的 １ 对引物扩增出了约 ３２０ ｂｐ 的片段。此产物经纯化、序列分析表明,其片段 ２ 个引物间长度为 ２８１ ｂｐ,与预计片段大小相同。此毒株在核苷酸和氨基酸水平与北京犬等 ４ 个野毒株、哈尔滨犬野毒株、某疫苗弱毒株、 Ｏｎｄｅｒｓｔｅｐｏｏｒｔ 弱毒株和海豹瘟热病毒 ２ 型毒 株的 同源 性分 别为 ９２２％ 和 ９８９％ 、９２５％ 和 ９８９％ 、９１５％ 和 ９４６％ 、９２９％ 和 ９８９％ 、９８２％ 和 １００％ 。这样就进一步确定了大熊猫的犬瘟热病毒感染。     

Protective levels of canine distemper virus antibody in an urban dog population using plaque reduction neutralization test

Blood samples from 50 dogs were collected at three veterinary clinics in Ibadan and Abuja, Nigeria and the serum from each sample was evaluated serologically for neutralizing antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) by the highly sensitive plaque reduction (PRN) neutralization assay. Thirteen dogs had plaque reduction neutralization titres of 0-100, seven had titres of 100-1,000 while 30 had titres ranging from 1,000-6,000. The PRN titres of vaccinated dogs were found to be significantly higher than unvaccinated dogs. The widespread use of the highly reproducible PRN test for the evaluation of antibody response to CDV may be very important in the generation of international CDV positive serum standards that should help to improve pre-and post-vaccination testing of dogs worldwide.