甘肃武威国外甜菜引种试验

对引自德国的10个糖用甜菜品种进行比较试验,结果表明综合性状具有较强优势的品种有3个,ST21015块根产量99079kg/hm2,较对照品种甘糖7号增产16%,平均含糖率18.7%,较对照提高1.7度,产糖量18612 kg/hm2,较对照增加26%;KWS2463块根产量95375 kg/hm2,较对照增产12%,平均含糖率18.0%,较对照提高1.0度,产糖量17154 kg/hm2,较对照增加16%;KWS1197块根产量83337 kg/hm2,较对照减产2%,平均含糖率19.5%,较对照提高2.5度,产糖量16205kg/hm2,较对照增加10%。     

不同滴灌量对赤红壤旱坡甘蔗的效应研究

试验结果表明,滴灌能明显促进甘蔗生长发育,改善经济性状,提高单产、糖分含量及经济效益。甘蔗生长全期滴灌12次,每次滴灌2h,甘蔗产量达124139.7kg/hm2,比每次滴灌1h甘蔗增产20194.5 kg/hm2,增长19.4%,糖分含量提高0.14%,产糖量19986.5 kg/hm2,比每次滴灌1h增糖3396.8 kg/hm2,增长20.5%,净增经济效益6637.7元/hm2,增长23.2%;比不滴灌增产31437.6kg/hm2,增长32.9%,糖分含量提高0.21%,增糖5256.1 kg/hm2,增长35.7%,净增经济效益8713.1元/hm2,增长32.9%;每次滴灌1h比不滴灌增产11243.1 kg/hm2,增长12.1%,糖分含量提高0.07%,增糖1859.3 kg/hm2,增长12.6%,净增经济效益2075.4元/hm2,增长7.8%;滴灌甘蔗宿根性好,宿根年限可由传统3年延长至5年,从而降低生产成本,增产增效显著。     

钾肥在马铃薯上的肥效试验研究

半干旱地区在常规施肥基础上增施钾肥具有显著的增产增效作用 ,以施 6 0～ 90kg/hm2的K2 O效果较好 ,较无肥对照增产 75 4 9 5～ 94 0 0 5kg/hm2 ,净增产值 30 4 5 0 5～ 386 2 5 5元 /hm2 ,较单施氮、磷肥对照增产 2 799 0～ 4 6 5 0 0kg/hm2 ,净增产值 1183 5～ 2 0 0 1 0元 /hm2 ,使马铃薯商品薯率提高 0 1%～ 5 3%。     

稻-蟹-泥鳅田生态系统效益分析

采用田间试验方法,研究了稻-蟹-泥鳅田生态系统的效益。结果表明:稻-蟹-泥鳅田饵料转化率在16.57%～18.34%,比稻-蟹田提高2.96%～4.73%;产无公害水稻9 111 kg/hm2、无公害河蟹474 kg/hm2,分别与稻-蟹田9 200 kg/hm2、489.6 kg/hm2相近;增收无公害泥鳅145.8 kg/hm2,经济效益比稻-蟹田14 458元/hm2增加1 015.6元/hm2。其中养泥鳅利润为1 191.11元/hm2。     

甜菜大垄双行覆膜品种对比试验

进行了8个甜菜品种的大垄双行覆膜比较试验,筛选适于密植的高产、含糖率高、综合性状好的品种。结果表明,块根产量较高的为KWS2409(76770 kg/hm2)、ADV0401(76575 kg/hm2)、XJZ9903(75600 kg/hm2);含糖率较高的为KWS2409(19.34%)、ADV0401(19.28%)、XJZ98-1(20.14%);产糖量较高的为KWS2409(14847.32 kg/hm2)、ADV0401(14763.66 kg/hm2)、XJT9903(14197.68 kg/hm2)。适于大垄双行覆膜的品种有KWS2409、ADV0401、XJZ9903。     

亚麻新品种双亚12号选育报告

双亚12号是杂交(双亚5号×Viking)育成的纤维亚麻新品种.该品种具有优质、高纤、抗逆性强等优点.区域试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为4947.5kg/hm2、811.0kg/hm2,1208.8kg/hm2和604.3kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产9.8%、14.5%、11.5%和9.3%.生产试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为5567.8kg/hm2、874.2kg/hm2、1321.5kg/hm2和541.0kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产8.7%、16.4%、10.3%和8.8%.长麻率19.6%、全麻率29.8%,纤维强度257.3N.     

糖能兼用型甜菜新品种“吉能源甜菜1号”的选育

吉能源甜菜1号是以单胚品系DTN 162-3-11为母本,二倍体多胚品系HRR7为父本,按3∶1比例自然杂交而成。该品种在2008—2010年吉林省甜菜品种区域试验中,平均根产量为45627.6kg/hm2,比对照品种HYB74增产7.5%;含糖率为17.2%,比对照高1.6度,差异显著;产糖量为7836.5kg/hm2,比对照提高16.9%;乙醇产量4411.5kg/hm2,比对照提高18.2%。吉能源甜菜1号稳定性好,抗逆性强,适于东北西部及蒙东地区种植。     

亚麻新品种双亚15号的选育

双亚15号是[87-424(双亚五号)×比引7号]杂交育成的纤维亚麻新品种.该品种具有优质、高纤抗逆性强等优点.区域试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为5189.4kg/hm2、821.4kg/hm2、1233.0kg/hm2和652.7kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产11.8%、18.6%、15.0%和13.0%.生产试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为5593.5kg/hm2、901.1kg/hm2、1376.5kg/hm2和634.9kg/hm2,分别比对照品种黑亚11号增产11.3%、18.3%、12.8%和9.5%.该品种长麻率19.2%、全麻率29.2%,纤维强度262N.     

甜菜品种H809引种鉴定试验

H809是黑龙江省九三科研所引自荷兰安地公司的二倍体单粒型杂交种。2008年进行鉴定试验,平均块根产量52364.8kg/hm2,比对照甜研309增产28.9%;平均含糖率为17.7%,比对照低0.7度;平均产糖量9268.6 kg/hm2,比对照品种增糖24.0%。2009-2011年,参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均根产量分别为55987.9 kg/hm2和57260.2 kg/hm2,比对照品种增产13.1%和11.1%;平均含糖率分别为15.9%和17.3%,比对照品种分别高0.1和0.4度;平均产糖量分别为8959.7 kg/hm2和9865.9 kg/hm2,比对照提高13.9%和13.7%。该品种丰产性好、产糖量高、抗褐斑病、根腐病,糖汁纯度高。适宜种植区域:哈尔滨、绥化、佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、黑河等地。     

纤维亚麻新品种云亚2号选育报告

纤维亚麻新品种云亚2号是从引入材料2000-1的自然变异后代中经系统选育而成.该品种两年多点试验结果:平均原茎产量11305.5kg/hm2;全麻率30.12%,较对照提高1.97个百分点,长麻率20.04%,较对照提高3.47个百分点;平均纤维产量2607.9kg/hm2,较对照增产6.91%,纤维断裂强力值为298N.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.