近10年鹿放牧生态研究进展

从鹿的放牧笔为特点,季节动态、生物因素、非生物因素以及劳动生产因素对鹿放笑话地为的影响,鹿放牧对草地植被的影响等方面,总结近１０年来国内外在鹿放牧生态领域的研究进展,并对今后值得研究的方面提出建议。     

放牧家畜研究进展

家畜放牧是近年来国内外草地生态系统研究的热点之一,笔者较详细地评述了放牧家畜对草地生态系统的影响规律及其应用进展。     

放牧对草原土壤呼吸的影响

草地生态系统土壤呼吸受土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤有机物与C/N等非生物因素,叶面积指数、植物光合作用、植被凋落物、根系生物量与土壤微生物等生物因素和人类活动的综合影响.其中放牧是人类活动中对土壤呼吸影响的主要方式之一.放牧通过对草地土壤的物理结构与化学成分的影响.进而影响土壤呼吸.本研究具体阐述这些因素变化对土壤呼吸产生...     

放牧对草地植物及土壤的影响

本文综述了放牧强度对草地生态系统中植物群落、植物多样性,植物生物量及土壤理化性质的影响,提出适度放牧是提高草地生产率,保持群落稳定性,使草地可持续利用的最经济有效的途径。     

近1O年鹿放牧生态研究进展

从鹿的放牧行为特点、季节动态、生物因素(草地植物和其他家畜)、非生物因素以及劳动生产因素(主要是放牧制度)对鹿放牧行为的影响,鹿放牧对草地植被的影响等方面,总结近10年来国内外在鹿放牧生态领域的研究进展.并对今后值得研究的方面提出建议.     

草地放牧管理的设施——电围栏

随着科技的发展 ,电围栏作为一种围栏放牧管理的设施 ,因其建设成本低、易安装、维持久、管理效果好等特点 ,已被许多国家采用。近年来 ,我国自行研制的电围栏 ,经多处草地试用 ,效果良好 ,从而改变了电围栏进口的局面。要合理利用草地资源 ,发展草地畜牧业 ,电围栏是围栏放牧所必需的设备之一 ,具有十分广阔的市场前景。现就电围栏的特点与安装简述于后。1　电围栏的特点电围栏是通过给家畜一个短暂、锐利、安全的脉冲电击 (这种电击会令家畜久不能忘 )来控制家畜。在安装、辅设良好的电围栏 ,它的激能可达到 10ｋｍ的复线围栏 ,这个能力足…     

放牧对草地土壤理化特性影响的研究进展

综述了放牧对草地土壤物理特性(容重、渗透率)和化学特性(有机质、全氮、全磷等)的影响。由于草地土壤生态系统本身的复杂性和弹性,放牧对草地土壤特性的影响并没有一致的结论。一般而言,随着放牧强度的增加,牲畜的践踏作用变强,土壤容重逐渐增加,土壤的渗透性降低,导致土壤的含水量下降,随着土壤深度增加其影响减弱。但在有机质含量很低的沙质土壤中,超载过牧造成有机质含量降低,土壤的团粒结构减少,稳定性团聚体减少,土壤结构遭到破坏,使得土壤容重降低。放牧对土壤有机质的影响受多种因素的影响,如温度、降水、植被、土壤和管理措施(持续放牧、轮牧、围栏等),所以有机质的动态转化过程十分复杂,已有的文献放牧管理对土壤有机质的影响有3类结论:无影响、增加和降低。放牧家畜通过采食、践踏、排泄等行为直接或间接地影响土壤中氮的含量,随放牧强度增加,土壤全氮含量呈现出降低、不变和增加等。土壤磷对放牧的响应也有不同的研究报道,有的认为随放牧强度的增加,土壤全磷下降,而速效磷增加,也有研究认为长期放牧对草地的全磷和速效磷变化不大。不合理的放牧是造成土壤退化的最普遍原因,故认识不合理放牧导致草原土壤退化的过程和机制,对遏止草原退化、实现草地畜牧业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

人工草地放牧系统优化模式研究

以在云贵高原上建植的人工草地为对象,研究了单播人工牧草的生长动态,采用生物控制论方法组建了人工草地放牧管理的最优控制模型,并根据试验人工草地的观测结果,地实例进行计算与分析,确定出试验区单播人工草地的最优牧草采食量,提出了相应的放牧管理控制对策,为人工草地放牧管理提供了优化模式和定量依据。     

放牧绵羊牧食行为与生产性能的研究

该试验在内蒙古锡林郭勒草原沙质草地放牧条件下,分别对4月龄和6月龄杂种羊、引种羊和蒙古羊的牧食行为、生产性能以及羊肉品质进行了比较研究,并探讨了年龄对绵羊生产性能与肉品质的影响。     

Effects of Twice-Over Rotational Grazing on Songbird Nesting Success in Years With and Without Flooding

Rotational grazing is sometimes promoted for grassland bird conservation, but the benefits to wildlife have not been comprehensively documented. We examined effects of twice-over rotational grazing on nesting success of grassland songbirds in southwestern Manitoba, Canada in comparison to season-long grazing. We monitored nesting attempts and collected structural vegetation data in 2011 (during a 1/300 flood event), and 2012 (average water levels), for five species of obligate grassland bird species (n = 110) and one shrub-nesting species (n = 41). Nesting analyses were conducted using logistic exposure models. Nesting success was 2.4 to 4 times lower in twice-over grazed pastures compared with season-long grazed pastures, perhaps because of the increased cattle density during the short grazing periods of the twice-over system. Nests protected by shrubs from grazing activities of cattle did not show this pattern. The grazing system did not have an effect on vegetation structure. This suggests that twice-over rotational grazing does not benefit grassland songbirds in northern mixed-grass prairies, and that caution must be taken before implementing this grazing system in areas intended to promote biodiversity conservation.     

放牧绵羊牧食习性的比较研究

本试验在短花针茅荒漠草原采用跟群放牧全日制观察法,研究了不同放牧强度和放牧制度下绵羊的牧食习性,结果表明,随着放牧强度的增大,绵羊的采集时间增加,反刍卧息时间减少,放牧强度相同时,划区轮牧绵羊的采食时间较季节连牧短,反刍卧息时间和游走时间增加,随着放牧强度的增加,绵羊采食量下降,放牧强度相同时,划区轮牧绵羊的采食量较季节连牧高。     

内蒙古典型草原大型土壤动物群落动态及其在放牧下的变化

本文研究在定量化实验牧压下内蒙古典型草原区大型土壤动物群落动脉及其对牧压变化的反应。结果表明,在４－８只羊／ｈｍ＾２放牧强度下土壤动物多样性,均匀性相对较其他放牧区高。在过牧区,土壤动物生物量,密度虽无明显降低,但优势类群单一化,群落稳定性差。土壤动物密度,生物量,群落多样性,均匀性,种类丰富度与放牧强度的提高呈负相关,但随着放牧强度的提高,上述变化不呈线性下降。     

科尔沁牛春季的牧食行为

2002年春季在内蒙古科左后旗的天然草场上,采用跟群放牧全日观察法,定量研究了自然放牧状态下成年科尔沁牛牧食行为。结果表明,科尔沁牛的平均采食时间为511.36±222.07min,反刍时间为66.38±14.60min,卧息时间为46.50±42.97min,站立时间为10.75±7.98min,游走时间为58.10±20.13min。平均采食速度为62.00±13.04口/分,平均采食量为10.38千克/头·天。对苔草草甸进行的受控放牧试验表明,主要牧草的选择性采食顺序为香茅>蒲公英>马蔺>芦苇>苔草。     

牦牛夏秋季和冬季各草场牧食行为的研究

2004年8、9和11月份在青海省三角城种羊场夏、秋、冬三季牧场研究了牦牛的昼牧食行为。结果表明:牦牛在夏季草场的昼采食时间最长,平均为(337.45±39.96)min,在秋季和冬季草场的平均昼采食时间分别为(301.82±27.91)min和(304.57±12.24)min。另外,在夏季草场没有观测到牦牛的昼卧息和反刍行为。其主要原因是在夏季草场牛羊放牧压力过大,草地不能为牦牛提供足够的饲草,故牦牛延长采食时间以获取最大量的饲草,因此用于其他行为的时间相对减少。牦牛在秋冬季草场的昼反刍时间分别为(86.22±14.24)min和(53.84±13.93)min,秋季草场高于冬季草场。牦牛在秋季草场的昼站立和游走时间也高于夏季草场和冬季草场。其主要原因是由于秋季草场草产量丰富,质量较好。由于冬季草场气候寒冷,牧草枯黄,质量降低,牦牛的昼卧息时间最长。     

放牧绵羊采食行为研究概述

绵羊的采食行为在生态学研究、自然资源保护与利用以及在畜牧业生产中具有重要意义。文章在阅读大量国内外文献的基础上，通过采食行为、采食行为参数、选择性采食等方面对有关绵羊采食行为的研究概况，进行了系统的分析和论述。     

Grazing of raphanus sativus. L (Japanese Radish) 1

Abstract

The performance of young woolled sheep was markedly better when grazing Japanese radish early in winter, when more leaf was available .Continuous grazing resulted in better performance than rotational or zero grazing.     

Role of Grazing Intensity on Shaping Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Communities in Patagonian Semiarid Steppes

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are vital for maintaining ecosystem structure and functioning and can be affected by complex interactions between plants and herbivores. Information found in the literature about how ungulate grazing affects AMF is in general contradictory but might be caused by differences in grazing intensities (GIs) among studies. Hence we studied how different GIs affect the composition, diversity, and abundance of AMF communities in a semiarid steppe of Patagonia. We predicted that 1) total AMF spore abundance (TSA) and diversity would decrease only under intense-grazing levels and 2) AMF species spore abundance would depend on their life-history strategies and on the GI. To test our predictions, we compared AMF communities among nongrazed (NG), moderately grazed (MG, 0.1–0.3 sheep ha¹), and intensely grazed sites (IG, > 0.3 sheep ha¹). GI was the most important factor driving changes in TSA and diversity, regardless of host plant identity. TSA, diversity, and evenness significantly decreased in IG sites but were not affected by MG. AMF species spore abundance varied depending on their life-history strategies and GI. Families with high growth rates like Glomeraceae and probably Pacisporaceae showed the highest spore abundance in all sites but decreased under IG. Species with higher carbon demands like Gigasporaceae showed low spore abundance and frequency in NG and MG sites and were absent in IG sites. In contrast, species with low growth rates, but efficient carbon usage, like Acaulosporaceae, showed low spore abundance in all sites but increased in IG sites compared with NG or MG sites. We conclude that intensification of grazing reduces AMF diversity and abundance, with the likely loss of AMF benefits for plants, such as improved nutrient and water uptake and soil aggregation. Therefore, sustainable grazing systems should be designed to improve or restore AMF communities, particularly in degraded rangelands, like the Patagonian steppes.     

荒漠草原不同放牧方式绵羊牧食策略研究

划区轮牧使绵羊采食范围缩小,采食站重叠;使草地得到均匀利用,较自由放牧的采食时间缩短,卧息、反刍和站立的时间延长;无论采食量还是所获得的消化能量和蛋白质均高于自由放牧.