三种杀螨剂对山楂叶螨的毒力评价

为筛选出高效防治山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher的杀螨剂,利用玻片浸渍法和叶片残毒法测定了3种杀螨剂对其3种螨态的室内毒力,并对不同浓度杀螨剂的田间防效进行了测定。结果表明:240 g/L螺螨酯、110 g/L乙螨唑和43%联苯肼酯中仅联苯肼酯对山楂叶螨雌成螨有毒力,其LC50为37.65 mg/L;3种杀螨剂均能毒杀卵及幼螨,毒力大小依次为乙螨唑联苯肼酯螺螨酯;同一杀螨剂对幼螨的毒力均高于对卵的毒力。240 g/L螺螨酯和110 g/L乙螨唑对山楂叶螨的总体防效较好,除螺螨酯4 000倍液处理的防效在药后30 d达到最大97.11%外,其余各处理均在药后15 d达到最大,防效为88.76%~96.14%;但二者速效性较差,药后1~7 d防效均低于对照;而螺螨酯4 000、5 000倍液处理及乙螨唑5 000倍液处理的持效性较好,药后30 d防效仍有97.11%、90.90%和93.06%,均显著高于对照。43%联苯肼酯对山楂叶螨的总体防效在3种杀螨剂中最高,其1 800、2 500倍液处理分别在药后7 d和3 d时防效达到最大99.79%和98.64%;1~7 d防效为97.45%~99.79%,显著高于其余杀螨剂和对照;30 d时防效分别达98.14%和96.19%,速效性和持效性均较好。表明螺螨酯和乙螨唑对山楂叶螨的持效性较好,联苯肼酯则有良好的速效性和持效性,可以按照其不同特点推广应用。     

A novel approach to spider mite control based on expression of sarcotoxin IA peptidevia a virus-vector system in plants

Control of the spider miteTetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval is problematic, and there is a pressing need for efficient, non-hazardous and inexpensive strategies for limiting the damage it causes. The gene for the anti-bacterial peptide sarcotoxin IA of the flesh flySarcophaga peregrina was cloned into the nonpathogenic potyvirus-based vector system ZYMV-AGII (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus-AGII). Expression of this peptidevia the AGII vector was detected in infected squash leaves and was not deleterious to the host plant. Leaf discs of squash infected with the recombinant virus AGII-sarcotoxin IA were tested for spider mite control under laboratory conditions. Spider mite egg production on plants expressing the sarcotoxin IA gene was decreased by a factor of two or three compared with that on AGII-infected plants or healthy leaf discs, respectively. In contrast to its effect on oviposition, sarcotoxin IA expressing squash did not significantly affect the mortality and the ability to repel spider mites. Crude extract from squash leaves infected with AGII-sarcotoxin IA was also found to cause a significant decrease of mite fecundity compared with extracts from AGII-treated or healthy plants and also caused a rise in mite mortality. Our results demonstrate that sarcotoxin IA affects mite fecundity and, to a lesser degree, mortality, and shows potential for controlling spider mites in the field.     

Antibiosis of maize inbred lines to the carmine spider mite, tetranychus cinnabarinus

The antibiosis of tenZea mays L. inbred lines to the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae), was evaluated. Two maize inbred lines previously reported as resistant to this spider mite and a susceptible inbred line were compared with B96 (formerly called 41:2504B), reported as being resistant to the two-spotted spider mite T. urticae and to the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). Other lines were derived from B96. All lines originated in the U.S.A. and were tested in Israel at two different growth stages. Four days after inoculation of detached leaf squares with adult mites, significant differences in susceptibility were observed among lines. At the 3-leaf stage lines B68, B96, B79, A619, B65, B49 and B64 reduced the average mite daily fecundity by 43%, 64%, 66%, 67%, 77%, 81% and 87%, respectively, as compared with the most susceptible line, B52. At the flowering stage, the average reduction in mite daily fecundity was much lower: inbred lines B64, A619 and B96 reduced the average mite daily fecundity by 48%, 51% and 86%, respectively, whereas the seven other genotypes had an intermediate or a susceptible reaction to the carmine spider mite, with A661 being the most susceptible. Our results show that B96 could be used as a source of resistance in developing improved resistance of inbred lines of maize to carmine spider mites.     

叶螨为害苹果树的产量损失估测

1987—1989年研究苹果全爪螨(Panonychus ulmi)与山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennenses)为害对苹果产量的影响。结果表明:①叶螨为害后,叶片的各项生理指标皆有反应,其中以光合作用强度最敏感;②叶螨为害对果实质量无显著影响,但不同螨量的果实体积之间存在明显差异;③平均累积雌成螨螨日(MDi)与平均减产率(Qi)之间有正相关关系,为害当年表现出果实变小单果重减轻,次年表现出花量减少,果实数下降。1987与1989年以苹果全爪螨为主,减产率分别为3.31%—11.25%与2.89%—10.75%。1988年以山楂叶螨为主,减产率为2.36%—13.48%;④上年受害树次年继续测产,看出叶螨的持续影响更为严重。以苹果全爪螨为主的持续减产率第二年达2.0%—86.2%;第三年的影响又相对减轻。以山楂叶螨为主的减产率第二年为-14.4%—69.4%。     

不同农业措施对玉米截形叶螨及其天敌塔六点蓟马发生的影响

为研究农业防治方法对截形叶螨及其天敌塔六点蓟马发生的影响,作者于2012年在河北涿州开展了系列研究。试验设计了玉米3个不同播期（4月25日,5月7日,5月18日）及同一播期3种不同农事措施（玉米间作南瓜,玉米自然生草及对照）进行了田间系统调查研究。结果表明,播期对截形叶螨及其天敌塔六点蓟马的发生均有显著影响,高峰期叶螨数量从高到低为4月25日（81.48头/株）＞5月7日（20.24头/株）＞5月18日（5.32头/株）,塔六点蓟马数量从高到低为4月25日（4.96头/株）＞5月7日（3.20头/株）＞5月18日（2.36头/株）;不同农事措施对截形叶螨及其天敌塔六点蓟马的发生也有显著影响,高峰期叶螨数量从高到低为间作南瓜（83.20头/株）＞对照（81.48头/株）＞生草（16.6头/株）,塔六点蓟马数量从高到低为间作南瓜（4.96头/株）=对照（4.96头/株）＞生草（1.62头/株）。播期越晚叶螨发生量越小,益害比越大,5月18日（0.342）＞5月7日（0.155）＞4月25日（0.076）,塔六点蓟马对叶螨防控效果越好。玉米自然生草处理中截形叶螨数量显著低于南瓜间作和对照,益害比显著高于对照,但与南瓜间作处理差异不显著。     

Biological control of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) by Phytoseiulus persimilis on strawberries grown in walk-in' plastic tunnels, and a simplified method of spider mite population assessment

During 1980 and 1981, a large-scale trial of the biological control of two-spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae Koch) on protected strawbenies, using the predatory'mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, was done in 52 'walk-in' plastic tunnels on a commercial nursery in southern England. Introductions of predatory mites in March or early April at a rate of one per plant were consistently successful. In 1980, when predators had not been introduced the previous year (so enabling large numbers of spider mites to overwinter) peak mite populations were large, causing slight foliar damage in some tunnels before control was achieved. In 1981, only a small residual population of spider mites had survived from the previous year and peak numbers were small; the crop appeared healthy and there was no visible damage by mites. For jdequate control, reintroduction of predators was found to be necessary when CTops were replanted in the summer following soil cultivation and sterilization with methyl bromide.
A population assessment method for two-spotted spider mite based on counting aggregations of the mites was devised. The mean number of spider mites (all stages) per leaf was found to be approximately the same as the number of leaves with five or more mites present in a 25-leaf sample.     

三种杀螨剂对双尾新小绥螨后代生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确杀螨剂对双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus后代生长发育及繁殖的影响,采用联苯肼酯、三唑锡和哒螨灵对土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani的致死中浓度处理双尾新小绥螨雌成螨,测定其后代各发育阶段的存活率、发育历期、寿命、雌性比例及繁殖力,构建亚致死条件下双尾新小绥螨后代的年龄-龄期两性生命表并模拟其种群增长模型,分析不同杀螨剂亚致死效应对捕食螨后代的影响。结果表明,联苯肼酯处理能显著缩短双尾新小绥螨后代的未成熟期（4.81 d）,显著延长双尾新小绥螨后代雌成螨的寿命（45.43 d）,且对存活率、产卵前期、雌性比例和净增殖率无显著影响。三唑锡处理降低了双尾新小绥螨后代雌性比例（0.37）并显著降低了其后代净增殖率（15.91）,对未成熟期、产卵前期和雌雄成螨寿命均无显著影响。哒螨灵处理对双尾新小绥螨后代的未成熟期、存活率、雌成螨寿命、产卵前期、和雌性比例均未产生显著影响,仅显著延长了雌雄成螨寿命（51.22 d和44.23 d）。经所建Timing种群模型模拟,3种杀螨剂处理后双尾新小绥螨后代种群均可以继续增殖,经过60 d无限制增殖后,联苯肼脂处理的双尾新小绥螨后代种群数量是对照的1.62倍,达4 976头;哒螨灵处理（2 101头）和三唑锡处理（983头）的种群数量较对照分别减少了31.43%和67.92%。表明联苯肼脂对双尾新小绥螨后代影响较小,是较为安全的杀螨剂。     

华北棉区二代棉铃虫和叶螨为害棉花的动态复合防治指标研究

1993年在河南省郑州市进行二代棉铃虫和叶螨对棉花的复合为害和动态防治指标田间开放式小区试验。按“206”回归最优设计布置处理,以肩然感虫结合人工接虫形成棉铃虫量和螨害指数梯度组合,用协方差分析排除黄萎病干扰,以订正后的皮棉损失率为试验结果。主成分分析证明棉铃虫和叶螨的一次及二次型数值,尤其是二者的交互作用与皮棉损失率都呈显著正相关,得出二者复合为害二次曲线方程为: y=-0.13903 0.16901x_1-2.535×10~(-4)x_1~2 1.0502x_2-0.01185x_2~2 3.614×10~(-4)x_1x_2±0.63 由此推导出3％允许皮棉损失率的棉铃虫单独为害防治指标为29.5头3龄幼虫/百株,叶螨单独为害防治指标为3.11％螨害指数,以及一系列动态复合防治指标。     

应用智利小植绥螨防治温室一串红上二斑叶螨的试验

1983年12月到1984年4月间在北京中山公园温室盆栽花卉(一串红)上成功地进行了释放智利小植绥螨(Phytoseiulus persimilis A.H.)防治二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae Koch)的试验。按益、害螨1:10或1:20的比例分别释放两次。每隔7—10天检查一次,释放后3—4周叶螨数显著下降,以后一直维持在大约每叶1头以下。对照区在叶螨高峰期每叶平均126头。施药区虽经6次农药防治,在高峰期平均每叶叶螨112头。释放区花卉色泽和花朵大小也较对照区和施药区的显著为好。     

我国12个地区草莓叶螨种类分子鉴定及遗传多样性

为明确草莓上的叶螨种类及其遗传多样性,以便准确有效地指导草莓叶螨防治。本研究选取我国12个代表性的地区,采集草莓上的叶螨。采样范围覆盖了我国华北、华中、华东和西南的草莓产区。扩增和测定线粒体cox1基因部分序列,将所获得的序列通过BLAST与GenBank数据库中的序列进行比对,确定叶螨种类,并对cox1基因序列的多样性进行分析。测序获得了长度为632bp的cox1基因片段。BLAST比对结果和系统发育分析表明,来自我国12个地区的91个样品均为二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae。遗传多样性分析发现我国草莓上二斑叶螨的cox1基因有2种单倍型,其中11个地区仅存在1种单倍型,北京昌平检测到2种单倍型。两种单倍型之间有1个核苷酸的同义突变。本研究表明,二斑叶螨为这些地区草莓上唯一的叶螨种类,种群内遗传多样性非常低。研究结果对于制定草莓上叶螨的防治策略具有指导意义。     

联肼·乙螨唑对蔬菜优势叶螨产卵发育的影响及其田间防效

为明确新型复配杀螨剂联肼·乙螨唑对目前蔬菜田常发生的2种优势叶螨二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae和截形叶螨T. truncatus的杀螨活性,于室内采用离体叶碟法测定其对这2种叶螨产卵及发育的影响,于室外采用活体植株评价该药剂对2种叶螨的田间防效。结果表明,经复配杀螨剂联肼·乙螨唑及其单剂处理2种叶螨雌成螨24 h后,死亡率为20.50%～54.98%,均显著高于清水对照;联肼·乙螨唑处理较清水对照显著降低了2种叶螨卵发育至若螨期的比率,联肼·乙螨唑处理后二斑叶螨和截形叶螨的若螨率分别为4.91%和1.63%。田间试验中联肼·乙螨唑对2种叶螨具有一定的速效性,药后3 d对二斑叶螨和截形叶螨的防效分别达95.74%和89.83%,药后7 d防效分别为98.03%和99.44%,显示了优良的防控效果及持效性。表明复配杀螨剂联肼·乙螨唑可用于田间蔬菜优势叶螨种群的高效防控。     

棉叶螨的抗药性现状与治理策略

棉叶螨也称为棉红蜘蛛,属蛛形纲叶螨科,其种类繁多,分布范围广,世代周期短,是为害棉花的一类重要害螨。目前,用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂主要是神经毒剂及呼吸抑制剂2大类,且棉叶螨对多数药剂产生了不同程度的抗性,以二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为首的植食性害螨已成为世界上抗药性最严重的节肢动物之一。美国路易斯安那州棉田二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素产生了1 415倍抗性,而国内棉花上棉叶螨主要对有机磷类药剂产生了较强抗性,最高为467倍。棉叶螨产生抗药性的机制主要涉及靶标突变及解毒代谢增强,其中靶标突变主要涉及乙酰胆碱酯酶、电压门控钠离子通道和谷氨酸门控氯离子通道等;细胞色素P450单加氧酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶等一种或多种解毒酶共同参与害螨对化学药剂的解毒代谢。该文主要从棉叶螨的种类及分布、用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂、棉叶螨的抗药性现状、抗药性机制解析和抗药性治理策略5个方面进行阐述,提出因地制宜的抗药性治理策略,旨在为棉叶螨的田间防治提供指导。     

应用伪钝绥螨防治苹果全爪螨初报

伪钝绥螨是叶螨的有效天敌,1986年引入天水,1987、1988年在苹果园进行了释放试验,6月中、下旬按1:50的益害比释放于苹果树上,结果表明经过35～40天,苹果全爪螨从峰期(1987、7、31)7.79头/叶和(19888、2)21.84头/叶开始减退,至50～60天,分别减退为1.76头/叶和1.90头/叶,而对照树分别为19.43头/叶(8、20)和44.15头/叶(8、2)。该螨对苹果全爪螨越冬卵的控制效果明显,释放树平均一年生枝条单枝含卵量为15.95粒,化防树为93.64粒。     

30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对荔枝叶螨不同螨态的生物活性和田间防效

为评价新型杀螨剂30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对荔枝叶螨的活性,对荔枝叶螨的不同螨态进行了室内活性测定及田间药效试验。室内试验结果表明:采用玻片浸渍法和浸叶法测得的30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对成螨的LC_(50)分别为0.977和0.248 mg/L,其毒力分别是对照药剂43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂的0.50和7.33倍;分别采用浸叶法和浸叶碟法测定了30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对幼若螨和卵的活性,LC_(50)分别为0.094和0.380 mg/L,活性分别为对照药剂43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂的4.07和98.40倍。处理24 h后,相同浓度的30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂和43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂对荔枝叶螨的产卵抑制率和产卵抑制指数无明显差异,但处理48 h及72 h后,30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂的产卵抑制率和产卵抑制指数显著高于43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂。田间防效试验结果表明:30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂稀释4 500倍药后1 d防效达73%以上,药后20 d防效仍维持在90%以上,30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂防治荔枝叶螨的速效性和持效性均优于43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂。     

新化合物HNPC-A3066的杀螨活性及田间防治效果研究

HNPC-A3066 {(E,Z) 2- 亚甲基]胺]氧]甲基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯｝是由湖南化工研究院开发的甲氧丙烯酸酯类新型杀螨剂。采用农药生物技术测定了HNPC-A3066对棉红蜘蛛Tetranychus urticae的杀螨活性和作用方式。结果表明,HNPC-A3066对棉红蜘蛛具有良好的触杀、杀卵作用,但内吸活性很低。采用浸渍法和浸玻片法处理后48 h,对雌成螨的LC50值分别为3.33和 4.02 mg/L;浸玻片法处理后24 h,对若螨的LC50值为0.74 mg/L,浸渍法处理后7 d,对卵的LC50值为2.02 mg/L。田间药效试验结果表明,在有效成分浓度为80~160 mg/L时,施药后1、3、7和14 d,HNPC-A3066对棉红蜘蛛、柑桔红蜘蛛Panonychus citri和苹果红蜘蛛Panonychus ulmi的防效分别大于77.88％、75.33％和72.65％,且对作物和天敌安全。     

Species composition and seasonal-occurrence of spider mites and their predators in sprayed and unsprayed apple orchards in Tokat, Turkey

The species composition and seasonal cycle ofTetranychus urticae Koch (two-spotted spider mite) andEotetranychus uncatus Garman (garman spider mite; the two species were evaluated together),Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) (hawthom red spider nite),Panonychus ulni (Koch) (European red mite),Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) (brown mite) (Acari Tetranychidae),Cenopalpus pulcher Can and Fanz. (flat scarlet mite) (Tenuipalpidae) and their natural enemies (Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae family members) were compared in two apple orchards during the years 2000 to 2002 in Tokat, Turkey. One orchard was pesticide-free, and the other was sprayed. Surveys were carried out once a week from April to November and the differences in the dominant species of spider mites and phytoseiid mites between the two orchards were recorded. In the sprayed orchard, the dominant phytophagous mites wereA. vienensis andP. ulmi whereas in the unsprayed orchardE uncatus andC pulcher were abundant. It was found that the predatory mites were able to control spider mites in the unsprayed orchard, but the population level was not adequate to control them in the sprayed orchard, presumably due to the excessive use of pesticides.     

The potential of spiders of different taxa and a predacious mite to feed on the carmine spider mite — a laboratory study

Four spider species and the predacious mitePhytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) were examined in the laboratory for their capacity to feed on the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). The adult females ofChiracanthium mildei L. Koch showed the highest capacity for feeding onT. cinnabarinus (27.5 mites/day) and differed significantly from all other spider species, including the immatureC. mildei which consumed an average of 18.9 mites/day — nearly equal to that of the Oxyopidae species (16.8 mites/day). The salticid (10.1 mites/day) and theridiid (9.5 mites/day) spider species had the lowest capacity, which was nearly equal to that of the predacious miteP. persimilis (11.3 mites/day). Results indicate that spiders play an important role as mite predators.     

茄子叶螨种群消长动态及阿维菌素防治研究

连续2年调查了北京地区春茬塑料棚和露地茄子叶螨的种群消长动态,并评价了施用阿维菌素对棚内叶螨的防治效果。结果表明,北京地区春茬塑料棚内茄子叶螨的种群消长有明显的初现、上升、高峰和下降阶段,而露地叶螨的种群动态则随着气象条件的变化呈现明显波动趋势;露地和塑料棚内茄子叶螨均于5月底初现,6月上旬种群数量开始上升,此时是预防的最佳时机。1.8%阿维菌素乳油稀释2 500倍于种群高峰期前对棚内茄子植株进行均匀喷雾,药后7 d和14 d对叶螨的防效分别达84.11%和97.67%,表明喷施阿维菌素对茄子叶螨具有良好的控制作用,同时对蓟马和粉虱类害虫也有一定的兼治效果。     

三氯杀螨砜对苹果叶螨作用方式及其田间应用技术研究

以三氯杀螨砜药液处理苹果叶螨 ,结果表明 ,该制剂对卵若 (幼 )螨表现出较高的杀灭活性 ,但对成螨的杀灭活性低。进一步研究发现 ,该制剂能有效抑制雌成螨生殖力 ,田间应用虽不能迅速杀死成螨 ,但能逐渐压低螨口密度 ,与甲氰菊酯混用可显著提高速效 ,达到理想效果     

Predator–prey Systems with Mites1)

Population models of fruit tree red spider mite and predatory mite are given, which are used to explain the regulation of spider mites by predatory mites and may be used to manage spider mite systems in apple orchards. The models are based on extensive experimental knowledge of the bionomics of prey and predator. A detailed analysis of the prey–predator relations on the individual level paved the way for the development of prey–predator models on the population level. These models, based on the state variable approach, simulate the population fluctuations: of prey and predator in dependence of the changing abiotic factors during the season using time steps of a quarter of an hour and trace all state variables, as the number of eggs, larvae, adult females and gut content of the adult female predator. Verification of the models at different levels of integration showed good agreement between model output and the results of independent experiments, and this enabled a sensitivity analysis with the model. This sensitivity analysis showed the relative importance of different factors, so that management strategies to achieve tolerable prey–predator levels throughout the year may be developed.