日粮中不同钼铜水平对肉牛血液生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨日粮中不同钼铜水平对肉牛血液生化指标的影响。选用性别一致、年龄、体重相近(340±10)kg的3头健康未去势公牛作为试验动物。试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,分2期进行,第一期日粮钼的水平为0.27 mg/kg DM,第二期钼的水平为5.27 mg/kg DM。每期日粮铜的添加量分别为:10 mg/kg(低铜组),25 mg/kg(中铜组),50 mg/kg(高铜组)3个水平。颈静脉采血测定血铜、血清铜蓝蛋白(ceruloplasmin,Cp)和血浆中过氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性。试验结果表明:在同一钼水平下,随铜水平的增加,牛体内血铜含量、血浆中SOD活性和血清Cp的活性逐渐增加。其中钼水平为0.27 mg/kg时,这种变化不显著(P>0.05)。钼水平为5.27 mg/kg时,添加10 mg/kg铜,血铜含量和血浆中SOD活性显著小于其他2个铜水平(P<0.05),Cp活性小于其他2个铜水平,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。在同一铜水平下,低钼组2种酶的活性普遍高于高钼组。日粮钼水平为0.27 mg/kg时,添加10 mg/kg铜可满足机体需要;日粮钼水平为5.27 mg/kg时,添加25 mg/kg铜较适宜:牛在缺铜时,与血浆SOD的活性比较,血清Cp更宜作为评价铜营养缺乏的指标;铜满足机体需要后,血铜、血清Cp和血浆SOD均对铜和钼的变化不敏感。血铜和血清铜蓝蛋白与日粮铜水平呈强相关。     

不同铜钼水平对小尾寒羊血清铜蓝蛋白和血浆过氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

本试验选用9只体况良好、体重相近、1岁内小尾寒羊半同胞羯羊作为试验动物,研究了日粮中添加不同铜、钼水平对小尾寒羊血清CPL和血浆SOD活性的影响。试验分两期进行,每期随机分为3组,每组3只。第一期试验不添加钼(基础日粮钼水平:0.31mg/kg),第二期在基础日粮的基础上添加2.5mg/kg钼。每期铜的添加量分别为5、10、15mg/kg。结果表明:在低钼日粮条件下,提高铜水平不影响血清CPL的活性(P>0.05);日粮中添加2.5mg/kg钼时,铜水平的提高可显著增加血清CPL的活性(P<0.05)。当铜水平一定时,提高日粮钼水平可降低血清CPL和血浆SOD的活性(P<0.05);而当钼水平一定时,提高铜水平并不能增加血浆SOD的活性(P>0.05)。日粮钼水平为0.31mg/kg时,添加5mg/kg铜可满足机体需要;日粮钼水平为2.81mg/kg时,添加15mg/kg铜较适宜。羊在缺铜时,与血浆SOD的活性比较,血清CPL更宜作为评价铜营养缺乏的指标;铜满足机体需要后,血清CPL和血浆SOD均对铜和钼的变化不敏感。     

日粮铜水平对绒山羊血铜状况的影响

将12只1.5周岁的装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的非产绒期内蒙古白绒山羊半同胞羯羊,按体重随机分为4组,分别饲喂含铜7.38,17.38,27.38和37.38mg/kg的试验日粮,研究日粮铜水平对绒山羊血浆铜浓度、血清铜蓝蛋白酶(Cp)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果显示:①日粮添加铜显著(P<0.05)提高了血浆铜浓度,但添加10,20与30mg/kg彼此之间差异不显著(P>0.05);②随日粮铜水平的提高,血浆铜浓度、血清Cp和SOD活性上升,它们与日粮铜浓度的相关关系分别为:y=0.0074x+0.7394(R2=0.6932,P=0.1674),y=0.6174x+30.183(R2=0.8781,P=0.0629),y=1.0366x+152.25(R2=0.9203,P=0.0407);③非产绒期绒山羊日粮铜的适宜水平为17.38mg/kg。     

不同铜源和水平对生长猪组织铜含量和含铜酶的影响

选用54头体重约17 kg杜长大生长猪进行试验,研究日粮中添加不同铜源、不同水平铜对猪血液生化指标及组织铜沉积的影响。试验猪随机分为9个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复2头。各处理日粮分别为基础日粮添加以氨基酸铜（Cu-AA）、硫酸铜(CuSO4)和碱式氯化铜(TBCC)为铜源的铜10、150和250 mg/kg的日粮。研究结果表明：添加不同铜源、不同剂量铜,猪日增重和料重比均无显著差异(P＞0.05);肝、肾铜含量随铜添加水平的升高而显著升高(P＜0.01),在心肌铜含量方面,添加250 mg/kg铜水平显著高于添加10和150 mg/kg铜水平(P＜0.01); 高剂量铜可显著提高血清铜兰蛋白活性(P＜0.01),添加150 mg/kg铜可显著提高血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性(P＜0.05);硫酸铜源可显著降低肌肉铜含量(P＜0.01),氨基酸铜源可显著提高血清铜兰蛋白活性(P＜0.01)。     

纳米氧化铜对雏鸡全血和肝脏铜含量及肝脏铜蓝蛋白mRNA表达的影响

选取1日龄SPF白莱航蛋用公雏63只,随机分为7组,1组受试鸡饲喂基础日粮;2～4组受试鸡分别饲喂以硫酸铜、氧化铜和纳米氧化铜的形式添加铜8mg/kg的饲料;5～7组受试鸡分别饲喂以硫酸铜、氧化铜和纳米氧化铜的形式添加铜175mg/kg的饲料。结果显示,日粮中添加铜8mg/kg或175mg/kg时,纳米氧化铜组受试鸡全血、肝脏铜含量显著高于氧化铜组、硫酸铜组和对照组(P<0.05);纳米氧化铜组受试鸡肝脏血浆铜蓝蛋白(CP)mRNA表达量显著高于硫酸铜组和氧化铜组(P<0.05)。试验至30d,日粮添加铜8mg/kg或175mg/kg时,纳米氧化铜组受试鸡血浆CP活性显著高于硫酸铜组和氧化铜组(P<0.05)。表明纳米氧化铜通过提高脏器组织铜沉积、上调铜酶或铜蛋白的基因表达来提高铜酶活性,从而发挥其生物学作用。     

生茸期梅花鹿蛋氨酸螯合铜需要量的研究

为探讨生茸期梅花鹿日粮中铜的最适宜添加范围,将20只2岁雄性梅花鹿随机分成A、B、C、D共4组,每组5只。A组饲喂不添加铜的全价颗粒料,B、C、D组在全价颗粒料的基础上分别添加15、40、80 mg/kg蛋氨酸螯合铜。结果:梅花鹿生茸期日粮加铜,改善了营养物质消化率,除干物质外,对其他营养物质消化率影响均达到显著或极显著水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),变化趋势40 mg/kg时发生改变;梅花鹿生茸期日粮中添加铜对血液生化指标有影响,其中对血清铜蓝蛋白活性影响最为显著(P<0.05),当日粮铜添加量为40 mg/kg时,其活性达到最大值;梅花鹿日粮加铜,对血清及毛中铜含量影响显著(P<0.05);梅花鹿鹿茸产量随日粮加铜量的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在日粮铜添加量为40 mg/kg时,茸产量达到最大值;梅花鹿鹿茸氨基酸含量随日粮加铜量的增加而增加,鹿茸含铜量随铜水平的增加呈现先上升后下降状态。综合各项指标,梅花鹿生茸期日粮铜的适宜添加量为40 mg/kg。     

日粮铜水平对兔组织器官中铜沉积量及铜代谢的影响

在安哥拉兔日粮中添加０、１０、２０、１００、２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜，研究日粮铜水平对兔组织中铜沉积量及铜代谢的影响。结果表明：在兔的７种器官中，铜沉积量从高至低依次为：肝、毛、心、肾、脑、胰、骨，此顺序不受日粮铜水平的影响；日糖中添加０￣２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜的３组间肝铜沉积量差异不显著，铜添加量达１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，肝铜量急剧增加；喂高铜日良的兔铜摄入量、排泄量及沉积量大幅度提高，高铜（Ｅ）组的数值大约是低铜（Ｂ）组的１１倍。     

日粮中添加高水平铜对雏鸭血液指标的影响

试验对日粮中添加高水平铜对雏鸭血液指标的影响进行了研究。360只1日龄天府肉鸭随机分为6组，分别喂以对照日粮（Cu 8mg／kg）和高铜日粮（Cu100mg／kg，高铜Ⅰ组；Cu200mg／kg，高铜Ⅱ组；Cu400mg／kg，高铜Ⅲ组，Cu600 mg／kg，高铜Ⅳ组；Cu800mg／kg，高铜V组）6周。与对照组比较，高铜Ⅳ组和V组的红细胞数量、血红蛋白含量、血清铜蓝蛋白活性和血清铜锌SOD活性降低（P〈0．0）1），高铜Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和V组血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性显著升高（P〈0．01），胆固醇、甘油三酯和总胆红素含量显著增加（P〈0．01）。结果表明．日粮铜水平为400mg／kg及以上时可引起上述血液指标的改变。     

酵母铜对仔猪生长性能及抗氧化作用的影响

将平均体重(18.23±3.03)kg的24头健康的松辽黑仔公猪随机分为4组,每组6头,试验1组饲喂硫酸铜250mg/kg,试验2、3、4组分别饲喂酵母铜10、50、100mg/kg,研究酵母铜和硫酸铜对7～10周龄仔猪的生长性能及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加50mg/kg酵母铜,在提高仔猪的生长性能及抗氧化酶活性方面与添加250mg/kg硫酸铜具有相同的作用效果。随着酵母铜浓度的增加,血清中CuZn-SOD、铜兰蛋白的活性相应提高。随着日龄的增加,CuZn-SOD、铜兰蛋白的活性逐渐增强。     

饲粮中铜添加量对断奶至2月龄长毛兔生产性能和血清指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮中铜添加量对断奶至2月龄长毛兔生产性能、血清生化指标及血清中酶活性的影响。选用蒙阴细毛型长毛兔180只,随机分为6组,每组30只,试验兔单笼饲养。6组试验兔分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0、10、20、40、80和160 mg/kg铜(添加形式为五水硫酸铜)的试验饲粮,试验饲粮中铜含量的实测值分别为3.25、13.13、23.40、43.56、83.58及163.87 mg/kg。预试期为7 d,正试期为23 d。结果表明:饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔平均日增重(ADG)、料重比(F/G)的影响极显著(P0.01),当铜添加量为80 mg/kg时,ADG最高,F/G最低。饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔胎毛产量、毛直径及皮张面积的影响不显著(P0.05)。饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、尿素氮(UN)含量及白球比(A/G)均有显著影响(P0.05)。血清中UN含量随饲粮中铜添加量的升高呈现先下降后升高的趋势,当铜的添加量为80 mg/kg时,血清中UN的含量最低。饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔血清中铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu-Zn SOD)活性的影响不显著(P0.05),但对血清中铜蓝蛋白(CP)活性的影响显著(P0.05)。随着饲粮中铜添加量的升高,血清中铜蓝蛋白活性先升高后降低,在铜添加量为80 mg/kg时有最高值。饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔肝脏指数有显著影响(P0.05),而对其他内脏器官指数无显著影响(P0.05)。当铜添加量为20 mg/kg时,肝脏指数最高。综合本试验测定指标,推荐断奶至2月龄长毛兔饲粮适宜的铜添加量为20~80 mg/kg。     

羟基蛋氨酸铜中铜含量的测定

分别用PAN、二甲酚橙、紫脲酸铵作为指示剂,研究了EDTA配位滴定法测定羟基蛋氨酸铜螯合物中铜含量的方法,标准偏差均小于0.2%,相对标准偏差小于0.6%。结果表明,EDTA配位滴定法测定羟基蛋氨酸铜中铜含量,操作过程简单、方便,分析结果重现性好、准确度高,且三种指示剂均可用于铜的测定,其中紫脲酸铵最好,终点变色敏锐。本法可用于不同工艺所合成的羟基蛋氨酸铜中铜含量的测定。     

Predicting copper status in beef cattle using serum copper concentrations

Copper deficiency is common in pasture-fed cattle in New Zealand⁽¹⁾. In general, the diagnosis of copper deficiency in a herd of cattle is based on a combination of history, examination of animals, examination of the environment, chemical analysis of blood, liver or pasture, and treatment response trials. The laboratory diagnosis of copper deficiency is currently based on liver and either plasma or serum concentrations of copper. Ellison⁽²⁾ reviewed the copper reference range for cattle used by the animal health laboratories in New Zealand and concluded that there is strong agreement in the literature that serum copper concentrations greater than 7.9 𝛍mol/l and liver copper concentrations greater than 95 𝛍mol/kg are adequate for young cattle. Furthermore, it has been reported that if copper concentrations in the liver are greater than 150–200 𝛍mol/kg wet weight, there is a negligible increase in serum copper as liver concentrations increase further⁽²⁾, with individual animal variation accounting for the range of values in serum copper at this point (7.9–18 𝛍mol/l).     

Iatrogenic copper deficiency associated with long-term copper chelation for treatment of copper storage disease in a Bedlington Terrier

A 9-year-old Bedlington Terrier was evaluated because of weight loss, inappetence, and hematemesis. Copper storage disease had been diagnosed previously on the basis of high hepatic copper concentration. Treatment had included dietary copper restriction and administration of trientine for chelation of copper. A CBC revealed microcytic hypochromic anemia. High serum activities of liver enzymes, high bile acid concentrations, and low BUN and albumin concentrations were detected. Vomiting resolved temporarily with treatment, but the clinicopathologic abnormalities persisted. Results of transcolonic portal scintigraphy suggested an abnormal shunt fraction. Results of liver biopsy and copper quantification revealed glycogen accumulation and extremely low hepatic copper concentration. Serum and hair copper concentrations were also low. Chelation and dietary copper restriction were tapered and discontinued. Clinical signs and all clinicopathologic abnormalities improved during a period of several months.     

Copper status of ewes fed increasing amounts of copper from copper sulfate or copper proteinate

The Cu status of mature, crossbred ewes fed two sources (CuSO4 vs. Cu proteinate) and three levels (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg) of dietary Cu was determined in a 73-d feeding trial. Ewes (n = 30) were fed a basal diet containing rice meal feed, cottonseed hulls, cottonseed meal, meat and bone meal, cracked corn, and vitamin-mineral supplements at 2.5% of BW to meet NRC requirements for protein, energy, macrominerals, and microminerals, excluding Cu. The basal diet contained 5 mg/kg Cu, 113 mg/kg Fe, .1 mg/kg Mo, and .17% S. Copper sulfate or Cu proteinate was added to the basal diet to supply 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg of dietary copper in a 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Ewes were housed in 3.7- x 9.1-m pens in an open-sided barn. Blood samples were collected on d 28 and 73. Ewes were slaughtered on d 74, and liver and other tissues were collected to determine Cu concentrations. An interaction (P = .08) occurred between source and level for liver Cu. The interaction existed due to an increase in liver Cu concentrations when ewes were fed increasing dietary Cu from CuSO4 but not when fed Cu proteinate diets. There was no source x level interaction (P>.10) for the blood constituents measured. On d 73, plasma ceruloplasmin activity was greater (P<.05) in ewes fed Cu proteinate than in those fed CuSO4 (33.1 vs. 26.8 microM x min(-1) x L(-1)). Increasing the concentration of dietary Cu did not affect (P>.10) plasma ceruloplasmin. Packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count, whole blood hemoglobin (wHb), plasma hemoglobin, and plasma Cu were similar between sources of Cu. Ewes fed 20 mg/kg Cu had lower (P<.05) PCV, RBC, and wHb than those fed 10 or 30 mg/kg Cu diets. Feeding up to 30 mg/kg Cu from these sources did not cause an observable Cu toxicity during the 73-d period.     

Effects of copper oxide bolus administration or high-level copper supplementation on forage utilization and copper status in beef cattle

Two experiments were conducted to study effects of high-level Cu supplementation on measures of Cu status and forage utilization in beef cattle. In Exp. 1, eight steers randomly received an intraruminal bolus containing 12.5 g of CuO needles (n = 4) or no bolus (n = 4). Steers were individually offered free-choice ground limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) hay. On d 12 (Period 1) and d 33 (Period 2) steers were placed in metabolism crates, and total forage refused and feces produced were collected for 7 d. Daily samples of forage offered and refused and of feces excreted for each steer within period were analyzed for DM, ash, NDF, ADF, and CP. Liver biopsies were collected on d 0, 12, and 33. Copper oxide bolus administration resulted in greater (P < 0.03) liver Cu (DM basis) accumulation in Period 1 (556 vs. 296 mg/kg) and Period 2 (640 vs. 327 ppm). Apparent digestibilities of NDF and CP were greater (P < 0.04) for steers receiving no bolus in Period 2 (62.2 vs. 57.1% and 50.2 vs. 43.4% for NDF and CP digestibility, respectively). In Exp. 2, 24 crossbred heifers were assigned to individual pens and received a molasses-cottonseed meal supplement fortified with 0, 15, 60, or 120 ppm of supplemental Cu (Cu sulfate; six pens per treatment). All heifers were offered free-choice access to ground stargrass (Cynodon spp.) hay. Heifer BW and liver biopsies were collected on d 0, 42, and 84. Forage refusal was determined daily, and diet DM digestibility was estimated over a 21-d period beginning on d 42. Heifers consuming 120 ppm of supplemental Cu gained less (P < 0.05; 0.04 kg/d) than heifers consuming 15 (0.19 kg/d) and 60 ppm of Cu (0.22 kg/d), but their ADG did not differ from that by heifers consuming no supplemental Cu (0.14 kg/d; pooled SEM = 0.07). Heifers supplemented with 15 ppm of Cu had greater (P < 0.05) liver Cu concentrations on d 84 than those on the 0-ppm treatment and the high-Cu treatments (60 and 120 ppm). Forage intake was less (P = 0.07) by heifers receiving no supplemental Cu than by heifers on all other treatments (6.6 vs. 5.8 +/- 0.37 kg/d). Apparent forage digestibility was not affected by Cu treatment. These data suggest that high rates of Cu supplementation (Cu sulfate; > 60 ppm of total Cu) resulted in less liver Cu accumulation by beef heifers compared with heifers consuming diets supplemented with moderate dietary Cu concentrations (i.e., 15 ppm). As well, the administration of CuO boluses might depress the digestibility of forage nutrient fractions in steers.     

Use of orally administered oxidised copper wire particles for copper therapy in cattle

Oxidised copper wire particles (OCWP) were given per os to cattle as an alternative to subcutaneous copper glycinate injections. OCWP were recovered from the stomachs of cattle slaughtered 3 months after treatment. OCWP (50g) treatment resulted in sustained higher plasma copper concentrations than subcutaneous injections of copper glycinate. OCWP given at high doses (300g) raised liver copper concentrations to 16 mmol/kg without clinical effects. It is concluded that OCWP could be a practical alternative to current injection methods of copper therapy.     

蛋氨酸铜对绵羊增重及体内代谢的影响

26只晋中绵羊随机分为试验组(添加蛋氨酸铜)和对照组(添加硫酸铜),供试日粮及营养水平完全相同,试验时间60d。结果表明,试验组比对照组绵羊平均日增重提高34.22%(P<0.05);平均日粮干物质采食量、肝脏铜和血浆铜含量明显提高(P<0.05)。     

铜在生产中的应用

本文对铜的营养生理功能、代谢及其在猪生产中的应用等作一综述。