日粮铜水平对安哥拉兔生产性能的影响

将５０只９０日龄的安哥拉兔随机分成Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ五组,饲喂含铜量为１０．５６、２０．５６、３０．５６、１１０．５６、２１０．５６ｍｇ／ｋｇ的５种日粮。结果表明,兔的日增重与铜添加量呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９５）,喂高铜日粮的Ｄ、Ｅ组兔日增重显著地高于其它三组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,而这两组间差异不显著,Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三组间差异也不显著;饲料报酬,兔毛长度及单位面积产毛量各组间差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）;铜添加     

日粮铜水平对兔组织器官中铜沉积量及铜代谢的影响

在安哥拉兔日粮中添加０、１０、２０、１００、２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜，研究日粮铜水平对兔组织中铜沉积量及铜代谢的影响。结果表明：在兔的７种器官中，铜沉积量从高至低依次为：肝、毛、心、肾、脑、胰、骨，此顺序不受日粮铜水平的影响；日糖中添加０￣２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜的３组间肝铜沉积量差异不显著，铜添加量达１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，肝铜量急剧增加；喂高铜日良的兔铜摄入量、排泄量及沉积量大幅度提高，高铜（Ｅ）组的数值大约是低铜（Ｂ）组的１１倍。     

在日粮中添加无机铜和土霉素对幼兔生长发育的影响

在50～80日龄幼兔日粮中添加CuSO_4和土霉素,试期45天。添加0.025％、0.02％、0.015％CuSO_4和0.015+CuSO_4土霉素的试验组分别比对照组提高日增重5.6％、3.4％、9.5％和11.1％各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但添加0.025％和0.02％CuSO_4组出现腹泻和死亡。添加0.015％CuSO_4和土霉素对幼兔生长有促进作用。     

生长兔日粮营养水平的研究

随着养兔业的发展,迫求要求根据家兔不同生长阶段的生理特点,提出家兔日粮适宜的营养水平,而 NRC 推荐值又高于我国目前以农村户养为主的家兔饲养业现状。为此,开展日粮能量、粗蛋白质和粗纤维水平的研究,探讨切合我国西北农村饲养家兔的日粮中三大营养要素较理想的组合,并进行重复校正是必要的。本研究由三个独立的试验组成,报告如下:     

日粮铜水平对绒山羊血铜状况的影响

将12只1.5周岁的装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的非产绒期内蒙古白绒山羊半同胞羯羊,按体重随机分为4组,分别饲喂含铜7.38,17.38,27.38和37.38mg/kg的试验日粮,研究日粮铜水平对绒山羊血浆铜浓度、血清铜蓝蛋白酶(Cp)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果显示:①日粮添加铜显著(P<0.05)提高了血浆铜浓度,但添加10,20与30mg/kg彼此之间差异不显著(P>0.05);②随日粮铜水平的提高,血浆铜浓度、血清Cp和SOD活性上升,它们与日粮铜浓度的相关关系分别为:y=0.0074x+0.7394(R2=0.6932,P=0.1674),y=0.6174x+30.183(R2=0.8781,P=0.0629),y=1.0366x+152.25(R2=0.9203,P=0.0407);③非产绒期绒山羊日粮铜的适宜水平为17.38mg/kg。     

日粮构成对幼兔增重影响的研究

试验了比较不同日粮对幼兔增重的影响。结果表明，在消化能，蛋白水平相同的日粮中，动植物性蛋白搭配，植物蛋白加蛋氨酸日粮对幼兔增重效果最好。     

日粮蛋氨酸水平对安哥拉兔氮利用、产毛性能及血液指标的影响

利用32只1岁左右体重3．5kg的安哥拉兔研究了日粮不同蛋氨酸水平对氮利用、产毛性能及相关血液指标的影响。试验分成4组，日粮蛋氨酸水平分别为0．31％、0．41％、0．61％和0．81％。结果表明：日粮蛋氨酸水平为0．41％时，蛋白质的消化率最高达71．46％；日粮蛋氨酸水平为0．61％时。估测年产毛量最高为895．75g。血清中尿素氮含量最低。因此对于中低产的安哥拉兔来讲，口粮中适宜的蛋氨酸含量推荐为0．4％～0．6％。     

生长肥育兔营养水平和日粮配合的研究

试验采用Ｌ３２（４＾９）正交设计，用３８４只３５日龄左右刚断奶的新西兰白兔进行为期２８天的生长肥育试验。探讨和研究了九个因素（消化能、粗蛋白质、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、粗纤维、胆碱、食盐、钙、总磷）四个水平对增重的最优水平组合及其影响的主次关系，试验结果表明，影响增重的主次关系依次为：粗蛋白、消化能、粗纤维、赖氨酸、胆碱、食盐、蛋氨酸、磷、钙。最优水平组合为消化能２．７兆卡／千克、粗蛋白１６．５％、赖氨酸     

不同铜源及水平的日粮对产蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

用６８周龄海赛克斯蛋鸡,研究玉米－大豆粕－棉仁粕型日粮中添加５水硫酸铜（ＣｕＳＯ４．５Ｈ２Ｏ）形式的铜６ｍｇ／ｋｇ、３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１２５ｍｇ／ｋ和柠檬酸铜（ＣｕＣｉｔ）形式的铜６ｍｇ／ｋｇ、３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ试验结果表明：与对照组经（含铜６．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ）,日粮中添加６ｍｇ／ｋｇＣｕ（硫酸铜）时耗料最低,蛋壳厚度最大,且随着添加量的增加蛋壳厚度变薄;日粮中添加３０ｍｇ／ｋｇＣｕ（硫酸铜）时产蛋率最高,料蛋比最低,蛋壳强度最大,日粮中添加不同铜源及水平对蛋黄铜含量的影响不大（Ｐ〉０．０５）。与对照组相比,日粮中添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇＣｕ（硫酸铜）时肝脏铜水平明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０５）,但各添加组之间的差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）。随着日粮中铜添加水平的提高,蛋黄和肝脏胆固醇水平显著降低（Ｐ     

The activity of diagnostic enzymes and the concentration of lipids in the blood vessels of cattle

Blood vessel walls are shown to contain creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and aspartate transaminase activity. The activity of these enzymes in the serum may be enhanced by leakage from damaged blood vessels.The activity of the enzymes alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase as well as the content of triglycerides, cholesterol and lipoproteins are very low in the vascular tissue and are unlikely to be of diagnostic value in vascular tissue injury.     

铜对肉鸡肝线粒体Ca~(2+)、8-OHdG含量及膜电势的影响

将200羽1日龄Cobb商品代肉鸡随机分为4组,各组日粮中铜含量分别为:对照组(Ⅰ组)11mg/kg、试验Ⅱ组110mg/kg、试验Ⅲ组330mg/kg、试验Ⅳ组550mg/kg。饲养至10、20、30、40及50d时每组各取5只鸡用于采集肝脏样品,提取肝脏线粒体测定其膜电势及Ca2+、8-OHdG含量。试验结果显示:随着铜质量浓度的增加及饲喂时间的延长,线粒体膜电势降低,Ca2+和8-OHdG含量升高,表明饲喂高铜日粮可导致肝细胞凋亡。     

日粮锌水平在家禽抗热应激中的作用

热应激会降低家禽的采食量和养分利用率,使得家禽生产性能和生产力下降,从而带来经济损失。热应激还可造成氧化应激,降低家禽体内的抗氧化水平,增加氧化损伤和降低血浆中抗氧化性维生素(如VE、VA和VC)和矿物质(如Zn)的含量。锌在家禽和哺乳动物发挥着非常重要的生物学作用。锌是许多生物酶的必要组成成分,也是许多金属酶的催化成分;锌是机体维持正常免疫功能、骨骼发育和维持机体正常机能所必需的营养物质;锌具有抗氧化作用,参与机体抗氧化系统的组成。本文主要综述了锌在家禽抗热应激中的作用。     

Influence of direct-fed fibrolytic enzymes on diet digestibility and ruminal activity in sheep fed a grass hay-based diet

Six rumen-fistulated Merino sheep were used in a crossover design experiment to evaluate the effects of an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparation (12 g/d; ENZ), delivered directly into the rumen, on diet digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis. The enzyme contained endoglucanase and xylanase activities. Sheep were fed a mixed grass hay:concentrate (70:30; DM basis) diet at a daily rate of 46.1 g/kg of BW(0.75). Samples of grass hay were incubated in situ in the rumen of each sheep to measure DM and NDF degradation. The supplementation with ENZ did not affect diet digestibility (P = 0.30 to 0.66), urinary excretion of purine derivatives (P = 0.34), ruminal pH (P = 0.46), or concentrations of NH(3)-N (P = 0.69) and total VFA (P = 0.97). In contrast, molar proportion of propionate were greater (P = 0.001) and acetate:propionate ratio was lower (P < 0.001) in ENZ-supplemented sheep. In addition, ENZ supplementation tended to increase (P = 0.06) numbers of cellulolytic bacteria at 4 h after feeding. Both the ruminally insoluble potentially degradable fraction of grass hay DM and its fractional rate of degradation were increased (P = 0.002 and 0.05, respectively) by ENZ treatment. Supplementation with ENZ also increased (P = 0.01 to 0.02) effective and potential degradability of grass hay DM and NDF. Ruminal fluid endoglucanase and xylanase activities were greater (P < 0.001 and 0.03, respectively) in ENZ-supplemented sheep than in control animals. It was found that ENZ supplementation did not affect either exoglucanase (P = 0.12) or amylase (P = 0.83) activity. The results indicate that supplementing ENZ directly into the rumen increased the fibrolytic activity and stimulated the growth of cellulolytic bacteria without a prefeeding feed-enzyme interaction.     

日粮锌铜水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和免疫器官发育的影响

试验选用378只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)公雏,采用3×2因子设计,通过饲养试验和屠宰试验研究了日粮添加不同水平的Zn(25mg/kg、85mg/kg、165mg/kg)和Cu(10mg/kg、25mg/kg)对肉仔鸡生产性能和免疫器官发育的影响。饲养试验结果表明:①除在1～3周龄,处理Ⅱ(Zn85mg/kg和Cu10mg/kg)和处理V(Zn85mg/kg和Cu25mg/kg)与处理Ⅲ(Zn165mg/kg和Cu10mg/kg)的日增重差异显著(P<0.05)外,其它各阶段,各处理的生产性能均差异不显著(P>0.05);②Zn水平除对1～3周龄的日增重有显著影响外(P<0.05),对其它各阶段的生产性能无显著影响(P>0.05);③Cu水平及Zn、Cu互作对各阶段的生产性能亦无显著影响(P>0.05)。屠宰试验结果表明:Zn、Cu水平及Zn、Cu互作对肉仔鸡的免疫器官重量及其指数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果表明,肉仔鸡日粮中适宜的Zn添加量为85mg/kg,Cu添加量10mg/kg和25mg/kg均属合理添加量;当日粮中Zn、Cu添加水平分别在25～165mg/kg和10～25mg/kg时,Zn、Cu水平及其互作对免疫器官重量及其指数无显著影响。     

Effects of source and level of copper on performance and liver copper stores in weanling pigs

Five 28- to 33-d experiments involving 460 crossbred pigs weaned at 28 +/- 2 d of age (initial weight, 6.7 to 8.1 kg) were conducted to determine the effects of feeding high dietary levels of Cu sulfate (CuSO4) or Cu oxide (CuO) on rate and efficiency of gain and liver Cu stores of weanling pigs. The pigs were housed in groups of five to six/pen and fed a fortified, unmedicated, corn-soybean meal-dried whey basal diet (1.1% lysine, 30 ppm Cu). In Exp. 1 and 2, pigs (eight replicates) were fed the basal or the basal plus 125 or 250 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or CuO for 28 d. In Exp. 3 and 4, four replications were fed the same diets as in Exp. 1 and 2 plus two additional diets (500 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or CuO). In Exp. 5, dietary levels of 0, 125, 250, 375 or 500 ppm Cu from CuSO4 were evaluated using four replications. At the end of each experiment, the liver from one pig in each pen was collected for Cu analysis. Overall, rate and efficiency of gain were improved (P less than .01) by feeding 125 or 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4, with the 125 ppm dietary level being about 75% as effective in stimulating growth as 250 ppm. Performance of pigs was not different from controls when the highest (500 ppm) level of Cu (from CuSO4) was fed. Liver Cu increased 10- to 70-fold when 250 to 550 ppm Cu from CuSO4 was included in the feed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

高铜对雏鸡血液生化指标的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏420只,随机分为7组,分别饲以含铜11 mg/kg的基础日粮和含铜量分别为100（Ⅰ）、200（Ⅱ）、300（Ⅲ）、400（Ⅳ）、500（Ⅴ）、600 mg/kg（Ⅵ）的6种高铜日粮6周,探讨高铜对雏鸡某些血液生化指标的影响。结果显示：高铜Ⅰ组的血清铜蓝蛋白与铜锌SOD酶活性显著升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;高铜Ⅵ组的红细胞数量、血红蛋白含量和血清铜蓝蛋白活性降低,与对照组比较差异显著（P〈0.05）;高铜Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组的血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性、血清尿素氮和肌酐含量,血清铜和肝铜含量显著升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。     

高铜对雏鸡血清中含铜酶活性的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉鸡420只,随机分为7组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu11mg/kg)、高铜日粮[Cu100mg/kg(Ⅰ组)、Cu200mg/kg(Ⅱ组)、Cu300mg/kg(Ⅲ组)、Cu400mg/kg(Ⅳ组)、Cu500mg/kg(Ⅴ组)、Cu600mg/kg(Ⅵ组)]6周。结果显示:与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组雏鸡血清铜蓝蛋白活性显著升高,Ⅴ、Ⅵ组显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),表明100mg/kg和200mg/kg的铜能显著提高雏鸡血清铜蓝蛋白活性,而铜高于500mg/kg时能使其活性降低;铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性变化不明显(P>0.05)。