湛江地区海水鱼类网箱养殖存在的问题及建议

海水鱼类网箱养殖是一个新兴课题,最早起源于日本。90年代在广东省湛江市沿海等地兴起,规模很大,但在养殖方法及病害防治方面,却存在很多问题,造成养殖户很大的损失。现将有关问题进行总结并提出建议如下：一、海区的选择及网箱的设置1．海区要选择有一定深度,底质最好是泥沙底,潮流畅通,水质新鲜,风浪较小的沿海内湾。湛江市的特呈岛海城基本上能满足以上要求,但问题是特呈岛靠近湛江港,进出轮船多,污染大。而南三岛五里及雷州市乌石等地的海区较浅,水流不够畅通,加上附近有淡水冲击,水质混浊,因此建议这两个地区的养殖户…     

Effects of formalin chemotherapeutic treatments on biofilter efficiency in a marine recirculating fish farming system

Formalin (a 33–38% aqueous formaldehyde solution) is currently used for bath treatments to control ectoparasitic infections of fish. Its effects on nitrification were evaluated in a semi-closed pilot scale saltwater recirculating turbot culture system. Tested treatments included 1 h static exposure to 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 90 mg l⁻¹ formaldehyde without flushing, and long-term (i.e., 2, 4 and 6 h) exposures with constant 60 mg l⁻¹ formaldehyde in a recirculating system. Formaldehyde has no apparent effect on the ammonia oxidative bacterial community. However, a significant effect on nitrite oxidation was observed in 1 h static exposures of concentrations higher than 40 mg l⁻¹, and in recirculating system exposures of 60 mg l⁻¹ formaldehyde for more than 4 h. Repeated treatments may be hazardous for nitrifying bacteria, which could induce an increase in nitrite concentration. Nitrite concentrations should be monitored when treatments are repeated or when they last a long time in recirculating aquaculture systems.     

我国渔业科技发展特点及展望

为进一步研究鱼类糖代谢与鸢尾素(irisin)之间的关系,亟需制备irisin抗体并检测其应用可靠性。本实验通过构建Rosetta-irisin表达载体,经蛋白纯化、透析、超滤后免疫小鼠,获得相应多克隆抗体并检测其特异性和抗体效价。建立irisin检测方法,检测口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)、RNAi实验后鲤血清irisinA和irisinB的含量变化。免疫荧光检测鲤脑、肠道、心脏、肝胰脏irisin的表达及OGTT后,检测上述组织irisin含量变化。检测鲤肌细胞分化前后FNDC5 mRNA表达差异及irisin含量变化。结果显示,Rosetta-irisin表达载体在IPTG诱导4 h对鲤irisinA/B蛋白表达较BL21-irisin表达载体提高2.3/1.6倍;irisinA和irisinB抗体效价分别为9.0×10⁴和2.7×10⁵,不存在交叉反应,可分别对鲤血清irisinA和irisinB进行测定;OGTT后,irisinA和irisinB呈现出不同的合成变化;RNAi后,irisin含量显著降低;免疫荧光结果显示,irisin在脑中表达最高,肝胰脏次之,心脏、肠道中相对较少;OGTT后,脑、肠道、心脏和肝胰脏中irisinA和irisinB荧光强度显著增加。荧光定量表达分析与免疫荧光结果显示,鲤肌细胞分化后,FNDC5和irisin含量显著降低。综上,本实验制备了高亲和力和特异性的鲤irisinA和irisinB抗体,并检测其应用可靠性。该抗体的获得为系统研究irisin对鲤糖代谢的调控机制奠定基础。同时,鲤irisin检测方法可普遍用于其他鱼类irisin蛋白质水平的定量研究。

     

The importance of live‐feed traps – farming marine fish species

This article analyses the challenges of different live‐feed regimes for the rearing of marine finfish larvae and discusses the potential alternative live feeds to avert a future live‐feed trap. Live feeds are indispensable for the successful rearing of larvae of most marine fish species. Brine shrimps (Artemia) and rotifers comprise the live feeds of choice in marine aquaculture today. However, their nutritional composition is deficient in especially essential fatty acids, and enrichment with fish oil is needed. Fish oil is considered a limited resource owing to its origin in fully exploited wild fish stocks. Moreover, fluctuations of the natural population of Artemia will, most likely, influence future availability and prices. This emphasizes the need for optimal exploitation of available live‐feed resources and development of new sustainable alternatives, such as copepods. An array of solutions to these problems are presented to avoid a future live‐feed trap and to reduce dependence on limited resources that influence future production possibilities, species diversification, price volatility and productivity in the aquaculture sector.     

浅谈池塘养殖鱼类浮头的预测方法

淡水池塘里的溶氧随着气温、季节、天气变化而改变。可从以下几方面进行预测：一、看天气（1）在夏秋高温季节傍晚下雷阵雨,最容易引起重浮头式泛池,夏秋季节遇上晴天吹南风、气温高,到了夜里吹北风．气温迅速下降,俗称“南撞北”,或者夜里风力较大,气温下降快,也容易引发浮头。（以上三种情况．主是是上下水层对流快,下层氧债迅速上升,增大耗氧层．使全池缺氧）。（2）遇上连绵阴雨、光照条件差．水中光合作用弱、大雾、气温低、半夜或上半夜就可能浮头。（3）久睛未雨加上大量施肥、水质肥．一旦天气转阴．不雷阵雨极易浮头。二…     

新加坡观赏鱼产业发展的机遇与挑战

新加坡是一个小岛国,农业用地及用于养鱼的海域面积均很有限。但新加坡观赏鱼产业相当独特和成功,是世界第一观赏鱼出口国,向80多个国家出售超过1 000种鱼类,2016年的年收入达到4 300万美元。该产业的成功主要源于其在许可证颁发,生物安全控制,养殖,包装,运输和疾病控制等各方面所具有的独特特征。新加坡正在努力驯养和培育许多高价值的海洋物种和新的淡水物种,并开发新型的循环水养殖系统。上游研究侧重于开发和使用基因组工具来培育新品种并维持野外种类的遗传多样性。但由于养殖鱼类的空间有限,邻国竞争激烈,该行业面临诸多挑战,其市场份额正在减少。在这篇综述中,我们将总结新加坡观赏鱼产业的现状和发展,讨论其面临的挑战,并提出保持该产业领先地位的建议。     

新加坡观赏鱼产业发展的机遇与挑战（英文）

新加坡是一个小岛国,农业用地及用于养鱼的海域面积均很有限。但新加坡观赏鱼产业相当独特和成功,是世界第一观赏鱼出口国,向80多个国家出售超过1 000种鱼类,2016年的年收入达到4 300万美元。该产业的成功主要源于其在许可证颁发,生物安全控制,养殖,包装,运输和疾病控制等各方面所具有的独特特征。新加坡正在努力驯养和培育许多高价值的海洋物种和新的淡水物种,并开发新型的循环水养殖系统。上游研究侧重于开发和使用基因组工具来培育新品种并维持野外种类的遗传多样性。但由于养殖鱼类的空间有限,邻国竞争激烈,该行业面临诸多挑战,其市场份额正在减少。在这篇综述中,我们将总结新加坡观赏鱼产业的现状和发展,讨论其面临的挑战,并提出保持该产业领先地位的建议。     

Edwardsiella tarda isolated in integrated fish farming

The use of pig manure in fish farming reduces the environmental pollution from this material and gives it an economic application. However, the microbiological implications of such a process are not completely understood. Five hundred and forty tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. from an integrated fish farm (using pig excrements as food) were collected and evaluated microbiologically for the presence of Edwardsiella tarda. Samples of the external surface (skin, gills and fin), intestines and muscle were analysed. E. tarda was isolated from 93 (17.2%) of the external surface samples, 77 (14.3%) of the muscle samples and 61 (11.2%) of the intestine samples. These rates were compared using the chi‐squared test, which showed that the skin samples had higher contamination than the others. Selenite–cystine (SC) broth was better than Rappaport–Vassiliadis (RV) enrichment broth for the microbiological assay. Salmonella–Shigella (SS) agar presented superior performance to that of Hektoen enteric (HE) medium. The combination SC and SS showed the best efficiency for E. tarda detection, isolating the bacterium in 107 (6.6%) out of 1620 samples studied.     

Fish-management relationships in Israeli commercial fish farming

To analyse the relationships among fish species performance and management procedures, a database was built up with data from 31 fish farms during the period 1976–1987 (1673 observations) and analysed through multivariate statistics (factor analysis). The data include nurseries, grow-out and operational ponds with mono- and polycultures of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, tilapia hybrid, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and mullet, Mugil cephalus. The main conclusions include the following. (1) The highest total yields and best tilapia performances were obtained in polyculture ponds where tilapia was the main species. (2) The best carp performances occurred in grow-out polyculture ponds where carp was the main species. Carp performance was improved in polycultures with mullet and silver carp, irrespective of whether tilapia were present or not. (3) Carp and tilapia yields increased as the nutritional inputs (feed pellets, sorghum pellets, manure), pond size and culture duration increased. The effect of the nutritional input was not linear, but logarithmic. (4) Growth rate of common carp was more affected by total density and stocking size than that of tilapia. Better carp and tilapia growth occurred in grow-out ponds when stocked at large sizes and cultured during short periods, mainly when both species were present. (5) Carp growth varied with the geographical region and size of fish pond, being better in smaller than in larger ponds due to reduced access to natural benthic food in deep ponds.     

Use of macrobenthic infaunal communities in the monitoring and control of the impact of marine cage fish farming

Benthic macrofaunal community changes are used extensively to monitor the impact of polluting discharges to the marine environment. Regulatory and pollution control authorities have recognized the particular value of the well studied and reported responses of infaunal communities to organic pollution including wastes from aquaculture. Benthic systems are embraced in both the consent (licence) to discharge and monitoring procedures for marine cage fish farms in the Clyde River Purification Board's (CRPB) area. The relevant protocols of the CRPB are described and data are presented from impact studies throughout west central Scotland, focussing on the sedimentary environment (macrobenthos, organic carbon and redox: Eh). Macrobenthic infaunal responses, though not fully understood, were considered to provide the best measure to date of determining the impacts of organic wastes from cage fish farming and a possible way forward in developing benthic Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for aquaculture. Some patterns in physico-chemical data were identified, but frequently, the relationship both with benthic infaunal data and each other were inconsistent. Grossly impacted faunal communities varied little between sites and could readily be described by the simple community determinands of abundance (A), species richness (S) and Shannon Weiner diversity index (H). Moderate to lightly impacted zones were less easily defined but detailed faunal studies have allowed the selection of some widely distributed marker species. However, site-specific observations emphasized the site individuality and difficulties of setting EQSs across the industry. Using the principles of enhanced species populations and by identifying marker species, measurable impacts were found to extend further than previously reported. In naturally enriched systems, like the Firth of Clyde and some sea lochs, difficulty in separating slight effects from background was experienced. Continued monitoring and impact assessment, as well as building a better biological data base, may help develop appropriate benthic EQSs relating to aquaculture.     

海蜇养殖技术之一:海蜇池塘养殖技术

海蜇是一种大型水母,高蛋白、低脂肪,具有很高的经济价值。海蜇的人工养殖蓬勃发展,2003年,东营区海洋与渔业局利用新开发的池塘进行海蜇养殖试验,取得成功。现将试验总结如下:一、养殖池条件1.水源 养殖用水为无污染、饵料生物丰富的自然海水。2.海蜇池 养殖池为2002年冬季新开发的池塘,面积共计200亩,池深2.5m~3.0m,养殖水深2.0m~2.5m,软泥底质,池坡较陡,池塘两端设有进、排水闸。二、放苗前的准备工作1.消毒 用漂白粉30ppm~50ppm进行全池泼洒消毒。2.注水 池塘消毒后,在进、排水口各设置40目~60目的围网进行注水。三、苗种放…     

鳜鱼养殖技术之三池塘主养鳜鱼试验

为了促进南昌市鳜鱼养殖水平的提高,加快鳜鱼产业化的发展。笔者于2001年在南昌市向塘镇进行了池塘主养鳜鱼试验,现将试验情况介绍如下。 一、材料与方法 1.苗种来源、数量和规格 2001年6月15日从南昌市水产试验场引进3万尾鳜鱼夏花,平均规格为2.8cm/尾.进行养殖试验。同时,5月份从广东引进鲮鱼水花6000万尾作为前期配     

关于黄鳝的养殖技术池塘网箱养鳝套养鱼种高产技术

为了探索池塘养殖高产高效模式,南昌市水产养殖场于1998年开始在该市桃溪队进行池塘网箱养鳝套养夏花鱼种试验,经过几年的摸索,科学的管理,取得了较好的经济效益.现将2000年6月至2001年1月一个生产周期的主要技术措施总结如下:     

镢鱼养殖技术之二湖泊网箱养殖鳜鱼技术

为了充分利用湖泊水面,提高鳜鱼养殖经济效益,2004年,我们在余姚市黄家埠镇杏山湖进行了网箱养殖鳜鱼实验,试养18口网箱鳜鱼,养殖面积1080m2,总产量2658kg,单位产量2.46kg/m2,获纯利润5.7万余元.     

香鱼养殖技术之二河道网箱养殖香鱼技术

香鱼(plecoglossus altivels)为一年生洄游性鱼类,每年的2月~5 月在海里越冬的幼鱼(体长2cm~3cm)便从入河口上溯,并在河川中生长发育,9月~11月多在中下游的浅滩处产卵,亲鱼产卵后因身体瘦弱而大部分死亡。为探索利用冷水河道开展网箱养殖香鱼,2003 年 3月 25日至 7月 28日,我们在湖南省郴州市东江河道开展了试验,并取得成功,现将试验报告如下: 一 、河 道 条 件 与 网 箱 设 置 网箱设置于东江湖下游的东江 河段,为东江湖流出的底层水,常 年水温13℃~15℃,水量、水位和 流…     

鳜鱼养殖技术之一水库网箱养殖鳜鱼技术

福建水口电站建成后,闽江河道变宽,水流变缓,水质变肥,小型野杂鱼虾增多,十分有利于鳜鱼的繁衍生长。库区群众采捕、收购野生苗种进行网箱养殖,充分利用丰富的饵料鱼资源,在3m×3m×2m的网箱中放养尾重50g左右的鱼种200尾/箱,经过6个多月的饲养尾重可增至500g左右,平均单个网箱     

之一水库网箱养殖鳜鱼技术

鳜鱼俗名桂花鱼、季花鱼,是一种经济价值较高的名贵淡水鱼类.由于受到苗种、饲料等条件的制约,其集约化养殖发展较慢,我们通过4年的水库网箱养殖试验,积累了一些经验,取得了较好的经济效益,现将采取的主要技术总结如下:     

香鱼养殖技术之一香鱼无公害池塘养殖技术

香鱼属鲑形目、香鱼科,是一年生小型经济鱼类,一般个体体重在100g~150g,最大个体体重达 300g以上,深受消费者的青睐。当前,为了国内和国际市场的需求,发展无公害香鱼养殖,提供更多优质的香鱼水产品,是今后香鱼人工养殖业的发展方向。现将香鱼无公害人工养殖技术介绍如下: 一     

Effects of marine fish farming on nutrient composition and plankton communities in the Eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey)

The hypothesis that the presence of fish farming zones affects the water quality and plankton communities was investigated in an Aegean Sea fish farm during February, June, September and January 2000–2001. In the spatial coverage, a total of 12 stations were sampled; three of them were reference stations. A variance analysis was applied to the measurements made at the stations near the fish farms and at the control stations. While no significant differences in concentrations of nutrients, chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen were detected between the stations and the control sites within one season, significant differences were detected between the parameter values measured except for total dissolved phosphorus and dissolved organic phosphorus at different seasons. The seasonal differences were also significant with regard to the biodiversity. Together with these temporal differences in general, there was a higher diversity of species at the control site as compared with the other stations in September, which was the key season to detection of significant changes. The most important consideration is that it is not sufficient to take the instantaneous values for the physico‐chemical variables; rather, it is necessary to monitor the biological parameters in order to define the differences in the ecosystem.