蓝猪耳花器官的发生与发育

玄参科植物蓝猪耳（Torenia fournieri）的萼片、花冠、雄蕊和雌蕊原基都具两侧对称性,且为合萼、合瓣花,雄蕊着生在花冠上,子房两心皮两室。花器官分化顺序为萼片、雄蕊原基、花瓣原基、雌蕊原基。5枚萼片原基发生顺序不一致,其式样为近轴面1原基－远轴面2原基－2侧生原基,萼片原基的发育是同步的;雄蕊原基先于花瓣原基发生,但其发育比花瓣原基缓慢,4枚雄蕊原基几乎同时发生;5枚花瓣原基同时发生,且远轴面的两枚花瓣原基后来有愈合迹象。与同科Agalinis densiflora花发育比较,两种植物花器官原基发生的时间和先后顺序有较大的差异。与同科地黄属（Rehmannia）、苦苣台科（Gesneriaceae）异叶苣苔属（Whytockia）、尖舌苣苔属（Rhynchoglossum）和台闽苣苔属（Titanotrichum）的花器官发生和发育比较,发现玄参科和苦苣苔科的花器官发生和发育关系比较复杂,5属并不能笼统划分为两种不同的式样,认为以子房室数和胎座类型划分玄参科和苦苣苔科的可靠性仍需进一步探讨。     

黄金树花器官发生及发育的形态观察

利用普通光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对黄金树花器官的发生及发育过程进行了观察.结果显示:(1)黄金树花器官的形态发生及发育过程集中于3月下旬-5月上旬;(2)花原基分化形成花的整个过程符合一般的分化顺序:花萼原基-花冠原基-雄蕊原基-雌蕊原基,且各原基在分化顺序上存在交叉;(3)花药及胚珠的发育与花器官的形态发生之间有明显的连续性,当花蕾直径为3.0 mm左右时花粉母细胞及完整的花粉囊壁形成,直径达到3.5 mm左右时胚珠中出现孢原细胞的分化,它直接起大孢子母细胞的功能.     

黄金树花器官发生及发育的形态解剖学研究

 利用普通光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对黄金树花器官的发生及发育过程进行了观察。结果显示：（1）黄金树花器官的形态发生及发育过程集中于3月下旬～5月上旬进行,速度较快,历时较短。（2）花原基分化形成花的整个过程符合一般的分化顺序：花萼原基－花冠原基－雄蕊原基－雌蕊原基,且各原基在分化顺序上存在交叉。（3）花药及胚珠的发育与花器官的形态发生之间有明显的连续性,当花蕾直径为3.0 mm左右时花粉母细胞及完整的花粉囊壁形成,直径达到3.5 mm左右时胚珠中出现孢原细胞的分化,它直接起大孢子母细胞的功能。     

草原龙胆( Eustoma grandiflorum )单、重瓣花器官分化的形态学观察

 本篇论文主要研究了草原龙胆单重瓣花器官的发育特征。取花部发生的第1个和第2个花芽为试材, 直接用于实体解剖观察。结果表明: 1. 单瓣花和重瓣花花芽分化过程均可分形态分化前期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期5个时期, 各轮花器官按照向心顺序发育。2. 到雌蕊原基形成为止, 单瓣花花器官各原基的分化过程大约需要12 d, 重瓣花的整个分化过程大约需要15 d。3. 单瓣花和重瓣花都包含5枚萼片、5枚雄蕊和1枚雌蕊, 而单瓣花花瓣是5枚, 重瓣花约是15枚。     

菜心生长发育及产品器官形成的研究——花芽形态建成

作者对我国特产蔬菜“菜心”(Brassica parachinensis Bailey)三个品种的花芽形态发育进行解剖学研究。菜心花芽的形态发育过程,可划分为八期:0级——花原基未分化期;1级——花原基将分化期;2级——花原基分化始期;3级——花原基增大、伸长期;4级——萼片形成期;5级——雌、雄蕊形成期;6级——花瓣形成期;7级——胚珠和花药形成期。当幼苗展出第2～3片真叶时,茎端生长锥开始分化花原基。展出第5～6片真叶时,第一花原基发育成一完整花蕾体。 菜心单花器官分化的顺序是萼片、雌蕊、雄蕊、最后是花瓣。 菜心早、中、迟三个品种花芽的形态发育过程相同,且都在第2～3真叶幼苗开始,但发育过程顺次延迟,可以从幼苗生长状态,了解其内部发育程度,早期找到相应趋势的指标,为控制菜心生长发育提供依据。     

番木瓜长圆型两性花花器官分化的解剖观察

采用石蜡切片技术,观察研究番木瓜长圆型两性花的花器官发生和分化过程及其与外部形态关系。结果表明,番木瓜两性花的发育方式属于向心式,花部各器官由外向内依次分化发生。发育进程可以分为花芽未分化期、花芽分化期、花萼原基分化期、花冠原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期和雌蕊原基分化期。花芽分化启动的时间非常短,在外部形态直径小于0.4mm左右时,花芽已开始分化。雄蕊发育早于雌蕊,花粉粒成熟时,大孢子处于球形胚或心形胚阶段。     

紫花地丁开放花与闭锁花的发育及可溶性糖与淀粉含量的研究

紫花地丁(Viola philippica)为典型的两型花自花受精植物,具有开放花和闭锁花混合繁育系统。通过对开放花和闭锁花花芽形态发育的比较发现:开放花与闭锁花在花芽发育早期形态相似,4轮花器官原基均正常发生。出现明显差异的时期为4轮花器官原基形成以后,小孢子发育时期为产孢细胞阶段,开放花的5个花瓣与5枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有4个花药室;而闭锁花只有2枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有2个花药室,其余雄蕊与所有的花瓣依然为器官原基状态,不再发育。通过对花芽与叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量的检测发现,花器官原基形成之后,开放花与闭锁花形态出现明显差异阶段开始,随着花芽的发育,可溶性糖与淀粉含量均呈上升趋势,且开放花花芽中的含量均明显高于对应发育阶段闭锁花花芽;而开放花植株的叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量均低于闭锁花植株叶片,说明开放花所需要的能量高于闭锁花,推测可溶性糖与淀粉含量的差异与两型花发育有一定的关系。     

中国水仙花芽分化的研究

1.中国水仙每个3年生鳞茎约有花序3～7枝;3～11朵花组成一伞形花序。花各部分轮状排列。 2.中国水仙花芽分化可分为8个时期:叶芽期、花序原基形成期、佛焰状总苞形成期、花原基形成期、花被形成期、雄蕊形成期、雌蕊形成期和副花冠形成期。 在漳州地区,中国水仙花芽分化开始于7月上旬,7月中旬佛焰状总苞原基出现,7月下旬花原基出现。在第一朵花中,外轮花被原基出现于8月上旬,8月中旬内轮花被原基出现,8月中旬末至下旬中期外轮雄蕊原基出现,8月下旬内轮雄蕊原基出现,9月上旬心皮原基出现,9月中旬胚珠原基出现于中轴中部,9月下旬副花冠原基出现。小孢子母细胞减数分裂发生于11月中旬,大孢子母细胞减数分裂发生于10月中旬。同一花序中,每1朵花各部分的分化都较前1朵花同一部分的分化推迟约1个发生期。     

西瓜3种性型花器官性别分化的细胞形态学观察

以西瓜3种性型(雌雄异花同株系、全雌系和完全花雄花系)的雄花、雌花和完全花3种花芽为材料,制成石蜡切片,进行西瓜花芽不同发育时期的细胞形态学观察。结果表明:西瓜3种性型之间性别分化起始及同种性别之间花器官发育过程并没有明显的形态学差异。雄花、雌花和完全花3种花芽分化首先要经过一个两性期,即雄蕊原基和雌蕊原基同时存在时期,在两性期之前三者不存在明显的形态学差异;当花芽长度为0.8~1.0mm时两性期结束,开始雄花、雌花和完全花的差异发育,此后雄花和完全花的雄蕊原基快速增大,雌花和完全花的雌蕊原基开始分化为柱头和子房。在3种花芽发育过程中,完全花的花芽在两性期后明显比同时期的雄花、雌花的花芽长度更长。全雌系中的"畸形雌花"出现在两性期后,雌蕊原基的凹陷发育过程受阻,而本该停止发育的雄蕊原基继续分化,最终发育成可产生少量成熟花粉粒的雄蕊。     

核桃花器官变异研究

 观察胡桃花器官变异类型及其特点,制作石蜡切片对两性花变异类型的花芽分化进程进行了研究。用6个早实胡桃材料和2个晚实胡桃材料作亲本,选配10个杂交组合,得到2942个实生杂种苗。在具有早实胡桃为亲本的杂交组合和早实胡桃自然授粉的2648株实生单株中,到播种后第3a累计结实实率为20.34％,晚实胡桃294株实生后代无早结果现象。在538株早实杂种苗中,共有12个单株在2a生时发生了花器变异,变异类型包括两性花类型、穗状花类型、穗状花具分枝类型、穗状花雌雄同序类型、柱头变异类型和雌花序莲座状类型。连续5年观察表明,仅有来自于新1号×香玲杂交组合的C3单株二次花的雌雄同花变异在不同年份稳定表现。在一些早实品种（如香玲）的徒长枝上也具有两性花变异。胡桃两性花变异的形态发育进程属于向心式：花序原基－花原基－花被原基－雄蕊原基－雌蕊原基－子房原基。胡桃的花器官变异是早实胡桃二次开花过程发生的。早实胡桃花器官变异类型的存在为胡桃的早实特性和花器官发育研究提供了珍贵的材料。     

Current status of commercial Calibrachoa cultivars as assessed by morphology and other traits

To study the morphological diversity of the popular ornamental crop Calibrachoa, traded since the 1990s, floral and vegetative characters of 91 commercial cultivars were compared to those of natural species. Floral colours were classified according to the ISCC-NBS system and the CIE LAB system. The numerical data obtained by measuring 19 floral and vegetative characters was tested with principal component (PC) analysis. Floral colour classes of commercial cultivars were divided into 37 groups according the ISCC-NBS system, whereas those of natural species were divided into 9 groups. These tendencies were readily observable in the scatter diagrams of the a* vs. b* values and the C* vs. L* values. As the result of PC analysis, six PCs were obtained. For PC4, which negatively correlated with the degree of nocturnal corolla limb closure, the majority of natural species showed negative scores whereas the majority of cultivars had positive PC4 scores. In terms of PC2 (flower size), PC3 (growth form), PC5 (floral shape) and PC6 (leaf shape), natural species were dispersed in a range wider than the cultivars. These results suggest that Calibrachoa cultivars possess more highly variable floral colour than natural species, and breeding programmes to diversify the floral colour seem to have progressed rapidly. The tendency of natural species to close the corolla limb toward evening has been removed almost completely from the cultivars. The floral size, growth form, floral shape and leaf shape of the cultivars were rather uniform compared to those of natural species.     

Change in flower morphology of Torenia fournieri Lind. induced by forchlorfenuron application

We induced various flower morphologies in torenia (Torenia fournieri Lind.) by the application of forchlorfenuron (CPPU). Those morphologies were the combination of four basic morphological changes, the development of serrate petals, incised petals, a paracorolla, and an increased number of floral organs. These morphological changes occurred systematically depending on the floral stage at the time of CPPU application. Serrate petals were induced when CPPU was applied during the stages of corolla development, whereas application at younger stages induced petal incision. The serrate petal margin resulted from preferential proliferation of cells around the vascular bundles, whereas petal incision likely resulted from the lateral outgrowths of petal. A paracorolla was induced at the adaxial petal face when CPPU was applied between the sepal development stage and early corolla development. The paracorolla appears to have arisen from the lateral outgrowths of the stamen. The numbers of stamens, petals, and sepals increased when CPPU was applied at and before the differentiation of sex organs and the corolla. Enlargement of the floral meristem probably caused this increase. Application of N⁶-benzylaminopurine and zeatin did not induce these morphological changes.     

百脉根LjCYC1基因致非洲紫罗兰花形改变

利用农杆菌介导法将百脉根花对称性基因LjCYC1转入非洲紫罗兰,进一步探讨其作用和功能。非洲紫罗兰LjCYC1转化植株的表型发生以下变化：（1）花的对称性明显改变,由辐射对称变为两侧对称,出现频率为14.3%;（2）花瓣向花冠基部裂开,且花瓣数减少,出现频率为57.1%;（3）部分或全部雄蕊花瓣化,出现频率为17.1%;（4）雌蕊花瓣化或退化,出现频率为11.4%。     

Comparison of floral ontogeny in wild-type and double-flowered phenotypes of Syringa vulgaris L. (Oleaceae)

A comparative study of floral ontogeny in normal and double-flowered phenotype of Syringa vulgaris was conducted using the epi-illumination light microscopy. In the wild phenotype, floral differentiation starts with calyx inception and the formation of four sepals in orthogonal positions (two median and two lateral). The corolla emerges as a continuous ring-like structure leading to the appearance of four petal lobes alternating with the sepals. Androecium was formed by initiation of two stamen primordia in transverse plane and finally the bicarpellate gynoecium emerges in median position. In the case of the double-flowered lilac, there are supernumerary petals in an additional whorl. In double-flowered phenotype, a ring meristem is formed acropetally after the first petal whorl initiates. Stamens and carpels initiated similarly in double-flowered as well as in wild-type plants. However, position of stamens deviates from the typical transverse situation. It seems that the appearing of an extra petal whorl did not exhibit any adverse effect on the initiation of other whorls, in terms of organ identity. Therefore, it would be suggested that the double-flowered phenotype of Syringa represents a case of neoheterotopy, with formation of an extra petal whorl, rather than a case of homoheterotopy with transformation of an ancestral androecium whorl into petals.     

GhMADS3基因组成型表达对矮牵牛花形和花色的影响

 利用农杆菌介导法将GhMADS3基因转入矮牵牛。对14株转基因植株进行分析鉴定, GUS染 色表明外源基因在转基因植株中表达, PCR检测显示GhMADS3整合到矮牵牛的基因组中, RT-PCR分析表 明GhMADS3在转基因植株中表达。转基因植株花器官普遍较野生型小, 花萼膨大、顶尖向内弯翘, 花冠深 裂且边缘伴有不规则褶皱, 柱头裸露在外, 花器官颜色较野生型变淡甚至完全白化。测定花瓣、花萼中花 色素苷和花萼中叶绿素含量, 结果表明转基因植株均较对照偏低。说明GhMADS3的导入使得矮牵牛花形、 花色发生改变。     

托桂花型菊花花发育的组织结构观察

采用石蜡切片技术对托桂型菊花和非托桂型菊花的花发育过程以及花瓣的组织机构进行观察。结果表明：菊花的花芽分化可分为花序分化和小花分化两个阶段,托桂和非托桂型菊花的花芽分化过程在小花花冠伸长期开始出现差异,桂瓣的发育过程中组织结构的变化更类似于舌状花;成熟的桂瓣和舌状花一样,其花瓣结构均由上下表皮细胞和内部多层叶肉细胞构成,而非托桂花型菊花管状花花瓣仅有上下表皮细胞。桂瓣内层细胞旺盛的分裂能力以及发达的维管束组织可能是菊花形成托桂花型的重要原因。     

连翘花芽分化及发育的初步研究

 利用普通光学显微镜和扫描电镜对连翘的花芽分化及发育过程进行了观察。观察结果如下:(1) 连翘花芽分化期为5月中下旬～7月中旬, 整个过程可分为未分化期、分化初期、花萼原基分化期、花冠和雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期。(2) 雌雄蕊的发育紧随着花芽分化的完成而进行。9月上旬花药中分化出花粉母细胞和完整的花粉囊壁; 10月下旬胚珠的发育进入大孢子母细胞阶段。     

Water deficits promote flowering in Rhododendron via regulation of pre and post initiation development

Flowering is generally considered to be advanced by water deficits in many woody perennial species. A long-standing paradigm being that as a plant senses severe environmental conditions resources are diverted away from vegetative growth and towards reproduction before death. It is demonstrated that in Rhododendron flowering is promoted under water deficit treatments. However, the promotion of flowering is not achieved via an increase in floral initiation, but through separate developmental responses. If regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is imposed prior to the time of initiation, fewer vegetative nodes are formed before the apical meristems switch to floral initiation, and chronologically, floral initiation occurs earlier. Both RDI and partial rootzone drying (PRD) treatments stimulate the development of more flowers on each inflorescence if the treatments are continued after the plant has undergone floral initiation. However, floral initiation is inhibited by soil water deficits. If the soil water deficit continues beyond the stages of floral development then anthesis can occur prematurely on the fully formed floral buds without a need for a winter chilling treatment. It is hypothesised that inhibition of floral initiation in plants experiencing severe soil water deficits results from the inhibitory action of ABA transportation to the apical meristem from stressed roots. It is demonstrated that ABA applications to well-watered Rhododendron inhibit floral initiation.     

几个油桃品种需冷量的研究

采用河北顺平露地栽培油桃早红珠、曙光与瑞光5号枝条为试材,比较了不同低温累积量下的萌芽率,并采用7.2℃低温模型和犹他模型对3个品种的需冷量进行估算。结果表明:瑞光5号的需冷量最高,花芽与叶芽分别为7607、00 h;曙光需冷量最低,花芽与叶芽均为640 h;早红珠介于二者之间,花芽与叶芽需冷量分别为7006、40 h;同一品种需冷量年际间差异不大;通过对7.2℃低温模型和犹他模型作比较,发现在该地区7.2℃低温模型更适合。